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Abstract: This article enumerates the myriad direct and indirect consequences of sanctions on
the visual arts. The author draws on ten years of research on the circulation of Iranian art through international exhibitions and the global art market, particularly in the geographies of the United Arab Emirates, Europe and the USA, a time period that encompasses both the Obama-era sanctions on Iran as well as the Trump-era sanctions. Technically, artworks fall under the category of "information and informational materials" and are not under sanction. Yet, given how U.S. sanctions ban any institutions from engaging in financial transactions with Iran, the trade and/or exhibition of art is sanctioned in practice. The idea that art is an exceptional field of life that should be protected evolves quite directly from the philosophy of Emmanuel Kant. In simple terms, his ideas about the role of art in society underpin Western ideals of art and the value system embedded within the sanctions. For Kant, art is as a vehicle for expressing both truth and beauty. Unpolluted by either the political or economic, art should occupy its own autonomous sphere. When "Art" embodies these ideas, it is frequently imagined as a salve, a balm to the ills of society, or a mirror to its problems. The artist is a special genius, both a voice and savior for society. The Iranian artist specifically is then savior of the nation. What happens to these voices and their art when sanctions designed to strangle a nation are deployed? What obstacles do they create for this vehicle of salvation?

This study contributes to the substance abuse treatment literature by examining recidivism across treatment groups, the level of aggregation between the individual and the program. The sample consisted of 618 drug-involved offenders who participated in 12 different treatment groups within a single prison. Reincarceration significantly varied across groups, controlling for time at risk and treatment modality. This between-unit variation was explained by individual level treatment response measures and control variables. Results demonstrated that treatment effectiveness is impacted by the group in which the individual participates. These findings have substantial implications for correctional treatment theory, research, and policy.

The formation of the historical city texture of Nicosia, the capital of Cyprus, began during the Lusignan Period. St. Sophia Cathedral and St. Catherine Church, which have an important place in the formation of the texture, are two of the few works of art still surviving today. Being a period of destruction for the city, in general, The Venetian Period provided the city walls to Nicosia which still surround the historical texture. The Ottoman Period brought a change to the historical city texture and Islamic culture and Turkish Architectural construction style replaced the Christian cultures. A number of architectural works from this period, still existing within the walled city of Nicosia, provided a great contribution to the formation and development of the present day texture, as well as for its sustainability. The British Period is one which brought novelty to the city texture of Nicosia. With demolition of historical works and changes in the street and square dimensions, British Colonial Architecture displays the traces of the recent past. The administrative buildings constructed in place of the demolished Lusignan Palace, still serve at present. With the beginning of the Period of the Republic in 1960, Nicosia underwent a fast process of development as an important capital in the Middle East. The traditional visuality in the city texture left its place to contemporary constructions and formations. The inter-communal conflicts, which started in 1964 on the other hand, negatively affected the formation and development of the city texture, and there was a period of stagnation until the 70s. The new developments observed since the 70s and the insufficiency of precautions to protect historical texture, caused a deterioration the city texture. With the position of an open-air museum, Nicosia with its history of over twenty-five centuries has a very rich historical city texture with the legacies of various cultures which reigned over Cyprus and is sustainable in the present, and is therefore an important cultural and touristic center Keywords: Cyprus, Nicosia, Historical City Texture, Walled City, Sustainability.

There have been many attempts to apply evolutionary models to social change. This article takes Darwin's account of artificial – as well as natural – selection as its starting point. It thereby brings together human intention and learning – the arts of civilisation – and the unintended processes of change with which evolutionary models are more usually concerned. It argues that policy science should be an evolutionary science, studying endogenous processes of technological and institutional transformation; but that it must be more than this, articulating political goals and policy trade-offs and illuminating the arts of civilisation as applied to society as a whole.

El propósito de este artículo es poner sobre la mesa los problemas éticos y políticos a los que nos enfrentamos en el momento de pensar el arte transgénico. El texto consta de tres partes que buscan dar al lector, en primer lugar, las herramientas conceptuales necesarias para pensar el arte transgénico inserto dentro del panorama de la estética contemporánea; con este fin se presentan dos obras de Eduardo Kac, principal exponente del movimiento: Génesis y GFP Bunny. Posteriormente, acudiendo a algunas ideas de Jacques Ranciére, se propone una lectura ético-política del arte transgénico y se abre un camino de discusión para pensar el rol de la bioética en un mundo en el que la manipulación genética y el upgrade de los cuerpos es una realidad. ; The purpose of this article is to discuss the ethical and political problems that we face when we think of transgenic art. The paper is articulated in three parts that seek, in the first place, to give readers the conceptual tools necessary to think of the transgenic art inserted within the panorama of contemporary aesthetics. In order to fulfill this purpose the paper presents two Works by Eduardo Kac, leading exponent of the movement: Genesis and GFP Bunny. Later, visiting some ideas of Jacques Ranciére, an ethicalpolitical reading of transgenic art is proposed and a path of discussion is opened to think the role of bioethics in a world where genetic manipulation and the upgrade of bodies is a reality.

The collapse of the U.S.S.R in 1990 had a variety of wide-ranging and long-lasting effects throughout Central Asia. Having awoken from more than seventy years of colonial rule, the newly independent States and peoples found themselves in a tenuous position. Economic, Political, and Social upheaval sent reverberations throughout the region and had a direct impact on the citizens of these new republics. This paper focuses on the experiences of the individual-- the ways in which the collapse affected the daily lives and concerns of the population. In order to fully understand the implications of the Soviet dissolution, a focus has been placed on several important and high-risk groups: women, ethnic minorities, and religious adherents. These individual stories complement the history of the collapse and are meant to give a personal context and increased insight into the days leading up to and following the Soviet collapse. In focusing on a wide-ranging and inclusive set of participants, an effort has been made to best capture the collective memory of Central Asia in regards to the U.S.S.R. Specific attention has also been focused on the development of national identities in the wake of regional independence.

"In a key contribution to postcolonial art history, Katrin Nahidi offers a comprehensive study of Iranian modernist art since the 1950s. Using extensive fieldwork, interviews, and archival research, Nahidi contextualizes these artworks and shows their crucial role in shaping ideas around national identity and anti-colonialism"--

Survival analysis was used to determine the predictors of discharge from a methadone maintenance treatment program for heroin addicts at high-risk for HIV infection and/or transmission. A consistent set of predictors was identified that was associated with treatment discharge at 90 days, 12 months, 18 months, and 24 months. Individuals who, at intake, were HIV seropositive, were younger, used cocaine, drank alcohol daily, and scored high on measures of depression and interpersonal problems were at a higher risk for discharge. Receipt of enhanced methadone treatment, which included case management services, group participation, psychiatric services, contingency-based reinforcers, and transportation assistance, was associated with a higher probability of retention, particularly in the first 90 days. These findings can be used to target individuals who are vulnerable to early discharge from treatment and to provide adjunctive services that may improve retention. Several of these predictors, particularly cocaine use and psychological problems, have also been associated with HIV risk among methadone clients. Increasing retention in methadone treatment will not only improve treatment efficacy but will also address the public health imperative to limit the transmission of HIV.

If ignored, noncompliance with a treatment or nonresponse on outcome measures can bias estimates of treatment effects in a randomized experiment. To identify and estimate causal treatment effects in the case where compliance and response depend on unobservables, we propose the parametric generalized endogenous treatment (GET) model. GET incorporates behavioral responses within an experiment to measure each subject's latent compliance type and identifies causal effects via principal stratification. Using simulation methods and an application to field experimental data, we show GET has a dramatically lower mean squared error for treatment effect estimates than existing approaches to principal stratification that impute, rather than measure, compliance type. In addition, we show that GET allows one to relax and test the instrumental variable exclusion restriction assumption, to test for the presence of treatment effect heterogeneity across a range of compliance types, and to test for treatment ignorability when treatment and control samples are balanced on observable covariates.