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This open access book positions itself at the intersection of world literature studies, literary anthropology and philosophical critiques of 'world' and 'globe' concepts. Doing so, it investigates how literature imagines and shapes worlds for its readers through linguistically specific cosmopolitan-vernacular dynamics, both at the level of textual engagement and on a material level of textual production and circulation. Moving from textual analyses in Part One – 'Worlds in Texts' – to combined analyses of texts, media and agents in the literary field in Part Two – 'Texts in Worlds' – the concerns of these nine chapters range from multilingualism, genre and style to material forms such as the little magazine or the scrapbook archive and finally to activities such as travel (as a writing profession) and literary promotion. With this focus on practice – which geographically engages with Constantinople, China, Russia, western Europe, North America, southern Africa and India – contributors demonstrate methodologically how world literature studies can bring the empirically specific detail to bear on global modes of analysis. It is precisely through such a dual optic that the world-making capacity of literature becomes apparent.

The variable "attribute salience" is described as the characteristics of a given issue that is portrayed in media coverage or other communication channels. It is generally measured in addition to issue salience and issue valence in order to analyze media portrayals of events, actors, or public discourses. Attribute salience is often measured in order to explore how particular issues are presented (instead of which in general), thereby contributing to second-level agenda-setting effects (McCombs et al., 1997). Field of application/theoretical foundation: Attribute salience is analyzed across different subfields of communication and media research, including the field of public diplomacy. In public diplomacy research, scholars measure attribute salience in the context of political communication or the representation of countries in the news media as well as on social media. Researchers embed the concept of attribute salience or issue attributes mainly in agenda-setting theory (McCombs & Shaw, 1972), analyzing it as an independent variable to derive with implications of news media coverage on audiences' evaluations of certain issues. References/combination with other methods of data collection: When it comes to analyses on attribute salience in the context of issues and its link to public perceptions, a mixed-method study design incorporating content analysis in combination with surveys is used to validate attribute salience. Example study: Zhang et al. (2018) Information on Zhang et al., 2018 Authors: Zhang et al. Research question/research interest: Effects of agenda-building of Chinese state-sponsored media on news media coverage in Taiwan and Singapore during Hong Kong Protest Object of analysis: Newspaper (several English newspapers and newswires published in China, Singapore, and Taiwan; not explicated) Time frame of analysis: 1 May 2014 to 30 April 2015 Information about Variable Level of analysis: Article Values: (1) Substantive issue attributes (frame): (a) Conflict (b) Cooperation (c) Problem ...

This paper aims to determine the popularity of candidates on the internet through internet user behavioral tendencies (netizens) in surfing and using social media. Second, to find out interest netizens' in two popular issues, namely the 2020 regional elections or the Covid-19 pandemic issue. The author used Habermas' new public sphere theory. Data were collected from internet searches and official social media as primary data, then the data were analyzed using an inductive-descriptive approach with qualitative content analysis techniques, where data were identified and arranged systematically, then abstracted by analyzing one data. With others in depth and concluded as conclusions. This study concludes that netizens in Bandar Lampung had a greater attention to the issue of the Covid-19 pandemic than the issue of the 2020 simultaneous regional elections, as evidenced by tracing around the Covid-19 pandemic issue which was more popular than searches around the Simultaneous Pilkada 2020. This study also concluded that it was still not optimal. The campaign through social media of the three candidate pairs in the 2020 Bandar Lampung Pilkada, was marked by the low tendency of internet users to pay attention to the three candidate pairs on their official social media. ; Kampanye melalui media sosial dan dalam jaringan (daring) diharapkan menjadi solusi atas persoalan Pilkada Serentak 2020 di tengah kondisi pandemi Covid-19. Sejumlah pasangan calon melalui tim pemenangannya telah resmi mendaftarkan sejumlah akun media sosial resmi ke Komisi Pemilihan Umum (KPU). Namun, kampanye melalui media sosial nampaknya menemui sejumlah hambatan mulai dari atensi publik yang lebih berfokus pada pemulihan ekonomi di tengah pandemi, angka penetrasi internet yang belum optimal, hingga ketersediaan sumberdaya manusia dalam pengelolaan akun media sosial calon yang belum optimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh jawaban bagaimana popularitas isu pilkada serentak 2020 dibanding dengan isu Covid-19, serta bagaimana popularitas ...

Mass media play an especially important role in democratic societies. They are presupposed to act as intermediary vehicles that reflect public opinion, respond to public concerns and make the electorate cognizant of state policies, important events and viewpoints. The fundamental principles of democracy depend upon the notion of a reasonably informed electorate. The `propaganda model' of media operations laid out and applied by Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky in Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media postulates that elite media interlock with other institutional sectors in ownership, management and social circles, effectively circumscribing their ability to remain analytically detached from other dominant institutional sectors. The model argues that the net result of this is self-censorship without any significant coercion. Media, according to this framework, do not have to be controlled nor does their behaviour have to be patterned, as it is assumed that they are integral actors in class warfare, fully integrated into the institutional framework of society, and act in unison with other ideological sectors, i.e. the academy, to establish, enforce, reinforce and `police' corporate hegemony. It is not a surprise, then, given the interrelations of the state and corporate capitalism and the `ideological network', that the propaganda model has been dismissed as a `conspiracy theory' and condemned for its `overly deterministic' view of media behaviour. It is generally excluded from scholarly debates on patterns of media behaviour. This article provides a critical assessment and review of Herman and Chomsky's propaganda model and seeks to encourage scholarly debate regarding the relationship between corporate power and ideology. Highly descriptive in nature, the article is concerned with the question of whether media can be seen to play a hegemonic role in society oriented towards legitimization, political accommodation and ideological management.

In 2010, the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC), a government agency in
Nigeria, launched a technological scheme called Mobile Authentication Service to equip drug users in Nigeria with
the knowledge of how to identify genuine drugs they have bought. This study examined public awareness and use of
the Mobile Authentication Service in identifying counterfeit drugs in Rivers State Nigeria. The study was anchored
on diffusion of innovation theory. It adopted the survey research method. A sample size of 384 was drawn from the
population. The study applied multi-stage sampling, simple random sampling and purposive sampling techniques.
Questionnaire and interview served as instruments for data collection. Data generated were analyzed using
qualitative and quantitative methods. The percentage and Likert scale mean value methods were adopted using the
mean score benchmark of 2.5. Findings revealed among others that inspite of the Rivers State residents' awareness
of the Mobile Authentication Service, majority of them do not know how the scheme works and majority do not also
apply it before taking their drugs. Based on the findings, the researchers recommended that the agency should redouble its efforts in creating public awareness on how the Mobile Authentication. Service works using the Mass
Media. The agency should also initiate programme(s) in the media specially designed to inform and educate Rivers
State residents on the danger of not applying the MAS scheme before taking their drugs.

The goal of this thesis is to create a new theoretical framework to examine and understand the meaning of an art object and its relational social existence. This thesis serves as a critique on contemporary media culture and hierarchical social oppression. At the same time, it adopts a pseudoscientific way to introduce notions of art's autonomy and its opposition to social functionality. By merging political theories on individualism, capitalism, and metaphysics with foundational structures of art creation, I am attempting to construct a new system of thinking that challenges traditional ways of understanding mediums, functions and the viewer's relationship with art objects. My thinking links beauty with violence as a necessary attribute to the creation of art. This argument is central to my thesis and to my theoretical framework. This book is also a formula for my own art practice and for being a good human artist. It records and inspires my life long study of aesthetics and of beauty as a metaphysical object.

Charts new directions for interdisciplinary research on refugee writing and representationPlaces refugee imaginaries at the centre of interdisciplinary exchange, demonstrating the vital new perspectives on refugee experience available in humanities researchBrings together leading research in literary, performance, art and film studies, digital and new media, postcolonialism and critical race theory, transnational and comparative cultural studies, history, anthropology, philosophy, human geography and cultural politicsRead the IntroductionThe refugee has emerged as one of the key figures of the twenty-first-century. This book explores how refugees imagine the world and how the world imagines them. It demonstrates the ways in which refugees have been written into being by international law, governmental and non-governmental bodies and the media, and foregrounds the role of the arts and humanities in imagining, historicising and protesting the experiences of forced migration and statelessness.Including thirty-two newly written chapters on representations by and of refugees from leading researchers in the field, Refugee Imaginaries establishes the case for placing the study of the refugee at the centre of contemporary critical enquiry."

Das Buch gibt einen Einblick in die diskurstheoretischen Grundlagen und Begründung der "Kritischen Diskursanalyse" sowie in deren empirische Anwendung auf dem Gebiet der Analyse von Medien- und Alltagsdiskursen, insbesondere zu den Themenbereichen Einwanderung, Rassismus und Biopolitik. Die Rezension diskutiert vor allem die Frage der theoretischen Begründung eines diskurskritischen Vorgehens und dessen methodischer Umsetzung. Kritisiert wird der Versuch, normative Geltungsansprüche einer diskurskritischen Position vor allem aus der Diskurstheorie FOUCAULTs zu begründen. Hinsichtlich des methodischen Vorgehens stellt sich die Frage nach angemessenen Gütekriterien für die Dateninterpretation, ein Problem, das in der diskursanalytischen Methodendiskussion bislang insgesamt noch nicht befriedigend beantwortet ist. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0702274 ; The book presents an overview of the theoretical foundation of Critical Discourse Analysis and its empirical application in the field of the analysis of media- and everyday discourses. It focuses particularly on the areas of migration, racism and biopolitics. The review note mainly discusses the question of the theoretical reasoning of critical discourse orientation and its methodological implementation. The question is opened up as to whether a critical position can be founded on FOUCAULT's theory of discourse alone. Regarding the methodological approach, the lack of criteria for the validity of data analysis is criticized—thus addressing a problem that is not yet solved in the field of discourse analysis in general. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0702274 ; El libro presenta un amplio panorama de los presupuestos teóricos del Análisis Crítico del Discurso y de su aplicación empírica en el análisis de los discursos cotidianos y de los medios de comunicación. Presta una especial atención a temáticas como la migración, el racismo o la biopolítica. La revisión discute, esencialmente, la cuestión del razonamiento teórico del discurso crítico y su implementación metodológica. Uno de ...

The 'end of history' has not taken place. Ideological and economic crisis and the status quo of neoliberal capitalism since 2008 demand a renewed engagement with Marx. But if we are to effectively resist capitalism we must truly understand Marx: Marxism today must theorise how communication technologies, media representation and digitalisation have come to define contemporary capitalism. There is an urgent need for critical, Marxian-inspired knowledge as a foundation for changing the world and the way we communicate from digital capitalism towards communicative socialism and digital communism. Rereading Marx in the Age of Digital Capitalism does exactly this. Delving into Marx's most influential works, such as Capital, The Grundrisse, Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts, The German Ideology and The Communist Manifesto, Christian Fuchs draws out Marx's concepts of machinery, technology, communication and ideology, all of which anticipate major themes of the digital age. A concise and coherent work of Marxist media and communication theory, the book ultimately demonstrates the relevance of Marx to an age of digital and communicative capitalism

Intro -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- I.1 About This Book -- I.2 Definitions -- I.3 London and Amsterdam Compared -- I.4 Academic and Social Relevance -- I.5 Means of Comparison -- I.6 Sources and Methods -- I.7 Structure -- Notes -- References -- Media Articles -- Publications -- Internet Sources -- Part I: Framework, Background, and Subject -- 1. Theoretical Approach -- 1.1 Bourdieu's Theory of Practice -- 1.2 Social Identity Theory -- 1.3 Thurlings' Theory of the Social Position, Attitude, and Strategy of Minorities -- 1.4 Research on Contemporary Jewish-Muslim Relations in Europe -- 1.5 Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- 2. Historical Roots -- 2.1 The Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries -- 2.2 The Nineteenth Century -- 2.3 The Twentieth Century up to and Including the Second World War -- 2.4 From the Second World War to the Rushdie Affair -- Notes -- References -- 3. Jews and Muslims in London and Amsterdam -- 3.1 Jews in London -- 3.2 Muslims in London -- 3.3 Jews in Amsterdam -- 3.4 Muslims in Amsterdam -- 3.5 Jews and Muslims in London and Amsterdam Compared -- 3.5.1 Size -- 3.5.2 Recognisable Identity -- 3.5.3 Organisation -- 3.5.4 Social Position -- 3.5.5 Transnational Ties -- Notes -- References -- Media Articles -- Publications -- Internet Sources -- 4. Developments in Jewish-Muslim Relations -- 4.1 Origins -- 4.2 Jewish-Muslim Relations in London -- 4.2.1 The 1990s: An Auspicious Start -- 4.2.2 The 2000s: Explosive Growth -- 4.2.3 The 2010s: Stabilisation and Moderate Growth -- 4.3 Jewish-Muslim Relations in Amsterdam -- 4.3.1 The 1990s: A Cautious Beginning -- 4.3.2 The 2000s: Strong Growth -- 4.3.3 The 2010s: Moderate Growth -- 4.4 Jewish-Muslim Relations in London and Amsterdam Compared -- 4.4.1 Beginnings.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Janet Cooke's Redemption, -- Are Journalists Listening? -- Taking a Closer Look, -- The Organization of the Book, -- 1 How Journalists Talk About Ethics -- The Case of Janet Cooke, -- Ethics in Theory and Practice, -- Conversations About Ethics, -- Why Journalists Can't Theorize, -- 2 Talking in Code(s): The Foundations of Journalism Ethics -- Explicit Formulations of Ethical Principles, -- Why These Rules? -- The Ideological Function of Journalistic Principles, -- 3 Contemporary Ethical Concepts in Historical Context -- The Early Partisan Press and Impartiality, -- The Post-Civil War Press and Sensationalism, -- The Call to Order and the Rule of Objectivity, -- Professionalism, Objectivity, and Power, -- Objectivity in Theory and Practice, -- The Rise of Social Responsibility, -- The Decline of Objectivity, -- The Cooke Case in Cultural and Historical Context, -- 4 Journalism Since Cooke: The Corporate Cultural Revolution -- The Increasing Irrelevance of Journalism Ethics, -- Technological Innovation, -- The Corporate Cultural Revolution, -- The Public and the Reader-Customer, -- The Graphics Revolution, -- Is Journalism Dead? -- Does Journalism Have a Future? -- 5 Objectivity's Legacy -- Is Objectivity Dead? -- Defining Objectivity, -- Facts and Pictures, -- A Simple View of Objectivity, -- The Newspaper as a Picture of Daily Reality, -- What's Wrong with Objectivity in Practice? -- 6 The Myth of Neutrality and the Ideology of Information -- The Myth of Neutrality, -- Journalists as Newsmakers, -- The News Media as More Than Information Services, -- The News Media and the Construction of Social Reality, -- The Importance of Community and the Public Sphere, -- 7 Toward a Pragmatist Ethical Theory for Journalism

The aim is to explore political actorness of international internetaudience, describing networks as a political phenomenon, assessing relations within the international internet-community, defining internet-audience identity, and compiling global effects of international audience' s online activities. The research based on interpreting Latour's actor-network theory, the Habermas' theory of communicative action, and the theory of the political reality construction reveals that the international audience concept is simultaneously narrower than a mass audience and broader than a language community. Our findings indicate that the international internet-audience is a specific segment of politically engaged citizens supporting, generating, and disseminating political ideas in the network space, primarily in social networks, beyond national, linguistic, and ethnic borders. This content is represented in government officials' rhetoric, media coverage, public discourse of political actors and, thus, can reach a wider audience. Consequences of online activities can be found in both network forms of political participation (liking, sharing or commenting a political post; writing political content online; signing online petitions; contacting politicians and media online; donating), and in the local and global offline activities (picketing; participating in protest marches; membership in political organizations; volunteering; partaking in "colourcoded" revolutions). Parallel to conscious attempts of constructing international audience identity for solving foreign policy challenges citizens' self-identity is formed in the global political space. Together with horizontally integrated architecture of the internet-audience and relations based on partnership and trust between its members local, multicultural, international, cosmopolitan or transnational identity is developed.

AbstractThe Islamic State (IS), which controlled significant territory in Iraq and Syria between 2014 and 2017, engaged in a wide repertoire of violence against civilians living in these areas. Despite extensive media coverage and scholarly attention, the determinants of this pattern of violence remain poorly understood. We argue that, contrary to a widespread assumption that the IS wielded violence indiscriminately, it systematically targeted different social groups with distinct forms of violence, including sexual violence. Our theory focuses on ideology, suggesting it is a necessary element of explanations of patterns of violence on the part of many armed actors. Ideologies, to varying extent, prescribe organizational policies that order or authorize particular forms of violence against specific social groups and institutions that regulate the conditions under which they occur. We find support for our theory in the case of sexual violence by IS by triangulating between several types of qualitative data: official documents; social media data generated by individuals in or near IS-controlled areas; interviews with Syrians and Iraqis who have knowledge of the organization's policies including victims of violence and former IS combatants; and secondary sources including local Arabic-language newspapers. Consistent with our theory, we find that the organization adopted ideologically motivated policies that authorized certain forms of sexual violence, including sexual slavery and child marriage. Forms of violence that violated organizational policies but were nonetheless tolerated by many commanders also occurred and we find evidence of two such practices: gang rape of Yazidi women and forced marriage of Sunni Muslim women.

Purpose
This two-country comparative study's purpose is to investigate antecedents to, and the consequences of a sense of belonging to a firm's Facebook community.


Design/methodology/approach
The model was grounded in the theory of sense of community and tested through structural equation modelling. Consumer panels were used via online surveys.


Findings
Of the three antecedents hypothesised to influence an individual's sense of belonging, enjoyment is a very strong predictor in both countries; while the credibility of posts was also a significant predictor for Australia, but not for South Africa. The findings also show no direct relationship between a sense of belonging and continuing behaviour. However, for both countries, there is a strong relationship between a sense of belonging and the involvement with firm offerings in Facebook; and that involvement is significant for the intention to continue engaging with firms through this social media environment.


Research limitations/implications
The findings support the framing of the study, in the sense of community theory and enhance researchers' understanding of the role of a sense of belonging in moving visitors from simply clicking "like" to a deeper sense of engagement with the firm's social media community and the flow-on effect to managerial relevant outcomes.


Originality/value
The model is developed from the theory of sense of belonging, thus providing a fresh perspective to this research context. Additionally, there is limited research into the psycho-social antecedents and the outcomes of consumers' sense of belonging to a firm's Facebook community.