Suchergebnisse

Intergroup argumentation is an important aspect of civic activism, but it has yet to be studied from an interaction perspective. Using group argumentation research as a foundation, this study analyzed intergroup argumentation complexity and strategy by applying the Conversational Argument Coding Scheme (Canary, Ratledge, & Seibold, 1982) to a Lawrence, KS, USA, city commission meeting. Analysis found that Wal-Mart officials spent the majority of their speaking time framing their positions (i.e., delimitors), whereas city commissioners spent most of their time seeking convergence, and the public spent more time than the other groups using generative mechanisms. Findings suggest the need to distinguish between argument effectiveness and argument complexity, an important theoretical implication for argumentation research.

This paper provides an introductory discussion of Bayesian statistics and their applicability to OD evaluation. Bayesian statistics provide an alternative to traditional statistics in the evaluation of OD interventions. Bayesian statistics allow for the explicit quantification of prior probabilities and give management and consultants control over the determination of the practical significance of an intervention. This makes Bayesian evaluation methods a more flexible tool for investigating dynamic interventions in systems. A discussion of the role of subjectivity in Bayesian statistical analysis and examples of how Bayesian evaluation strategies may be used in OD settings are provided.

A volunteer patient was examined by five dentists experienced in caring for geriatric patients. The patient and dentist interaction was videotaped and reviewed to evaluate a previously generated hypothesis regarding the diagnosis process. This descriptive study suggests that dentists experienced in geriatric care did assess and evaluate a wide range of patient characteristics. However, they did not follow the previously hypothesized process in arriving at an appropriate treatment plan. Instead, they relied heavily on past experiences with similar situations. The possible implications of this process for treatment planning and teaching of geriatric dentistry are discussed.

English
Traditional forms of participation and consultation have been widely criticised as limited, but there is also resistance to expanding citizen involvement in decision making. This raises the question of how to achieve democratic legitimacy. New Zealand's government is encouraging innovative deliberative techniques, including citizens' juries, in local authority decision making. One very contentious experiment has dampened New Zealand's enthusiasm for citizens' juries. This article reviews that experience and makes some comparisons with Britain. It also reviews another initiative: a tribunal deciding whether to continue fluoridation of a municipal water supply. Finally, the article considers prospects for fostering more effective citizen engagement in community decisions in New Zealand.

Intro -- MODELS AND METHODS FOR SUPPORTING DECISION-MAKING IN HUMAN HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1: CALCULATING CHARACTERIZATION OF MONOPSONIC DEGREE IN THE RECYLCLES SOLID WASTE MARKET IN METROLPOLITAN REGIONS OF BRAZIL -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- THEORETICAL APPROACH -- EMPIRICAL INSTRUMENTS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2: ESTIMATION OF DERIVATIVES FROM ECONOMY TO ENVIRONMENT: A STUDY OF THE MANAGEMENT OF EUTROPHICATION OF A FRESH WATER BASIN'S DATA -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- ESTIMATING DERIVATIVES: DIRECT AND INDIRECT APPROACHES -- Kernel Based Solutions -- Some Kernel Estimators of the Derivatives -- ADDITIVE MODELS -- A SIMULATION STUDY OF THE QUALITY OF THE WATER IN A BASIN -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3: MODELING ENVIRONMENTAL PHENOMENA AND MEDICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PATIENTS: CASE STUDIES -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES: BIODIVERSITY -- A MEDICAL STUDY OF DISEASE MANAGEMENT -- The Problem -- Logistic Regression -- ROC Curves -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4: ANALYSIS OF EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL DISCHARGE AND AWARENESS PROGRAMS ON JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS SPREAD USING MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND SIMULATION -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- MATHEMATICAL MODEL -- DISEASE FREE EQUILIBRIUM -- STABILITY OF DISEASE FREE EQUILIBRIUM -- NUMERICAL SIMULATION -- MATLAB SIMULATION -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5: ESTIMATION AND COMPARISON OF THE LIKELIHOOD RATIOS OF BINARY DIAGNOSTIC TESTS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- LIKELIHOOD RATIOS OF A BDT -- ESTIMATION OF THE LRS OF A BDT -- Estimation Subject to a Cross-Sectional Study -- Estimation Subject to a Case-Control Study -- Application to the Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer.

In the foreign policy arena, decision-making represents that area of governmental action where domestic and foreign interests intermesh. Regardless of size, resources or power, all states operate in an international environment not of their own making and not under their own control. This international system creates and limits the state's possible actions and reactions. At the same time, all those involved in national foreign policy making act in a domestic context which shapes the national interest and the choice of options. Given this Janus-like position, nations respond to common problems but evolve distinctive and different methods of handling them. A comparison between British and American practice reveals striking parallels and contrasts.

Abstract
Science plays a crucial role in much personal and societal decision making, including the development of public policy and regulations, the forumulation the development, and the preservation of public end environmental health. Nevertheless, recent scholarship has shown that the incorporation of science into public decision making in fraught with a great deal of complexity. This essay introduces two special sections of Public Affairs Quarterly (appearing in July 2017 and October 2017), which together explore cutting-edge questions about how science can be used responsibly to inform socictal decisions. The articles in these sections examine how to respond productively to scientific dissent and how to develop regulatory and legal institutions that treat science with appropriate respect without granting inappropriate decision-making power to the scientific community.

"This book synthesizes major psychological theories and show that any moral dilemma can be solved by using the correct positive mindset, based on psychological theory and superimposing a basic "ethical" template to reach a conclusive decision. It also shows the process, step by step, to a successful outcome toward ethical problem solving and decision making"--