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Abstract
Science plays a crucial role in a great deal of personal and societal decision making, including the development of public policy and regulations, the formulation of legal decisions, and the preservation of public and environmental health. Nevertheless, recent scholarship has shown that the incorporation of science into public decision making is fraught with a great deal of complexity. This essay introduces the second of two special sections of Public Affairs Quarterly, which together comprise six articles that explore cutting-edge questions about how science can be used responsibly to inform societal decisions. The articles in this second section explore how to develop regulatory and legal institutions that treat science with appropriate respect without granting inappropriate decision-making power to the scientific community.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the variety of dichotomies related to disaster management with an objective to gain a better understanding of how and when dichotomous thinking can improve disaster management, especially in the discourse of disaster management politics.


Design/methodology/approach
This is a reflective essay that surveys dichotomies from multiple disciplines in respect to their potential contributions to disaster management.


Findings
Thinking about disaster management as a collection or series of dichotomies may help to better understand the sources, vulnerabilities, approaches, modes, methods and modes for related decision-making scenarios, particularly in the political realm.


Research limitations/implications
The world is not so simply divided at every turn and dichotomous thinking may harbor biases, mask ignorance and/or offend postmodern notions of alterity.


Practical implications
Portraying disaster management through dichotomies is an efficient way for experts to convey information and structure decisions for political agendas.


Originality/value
This study presents a unique perspective of disaster management and how it may shape the thinking and decision making of disaster management politics.

ABSTRACTTwo cases help students identify the influence that self-interest can have on ethical decision making and encourage them to practice "giving voice to values." The learning objectives are to: (1) increase student awareness of the role of ethical fading in unethical decision making; (2) develop critical-thinking skills for ethical decision making; and (3) practice applying moral imagination to resolve ethical dilemmas. Specifically, we designed these case scenarios to develop skills in recognizing and resolving ethical dilemmas. Post-case survey responses indicate that beyond meeting the learning objectives, students personally relate to the protagonists. The cases are appropriate for graduate or undergraduate accounting courses, including capstone accounting courses, in which ethics, auditing, forensic accounting, and/or the professional code of conduct are discussed. Implementation guidance and Teaching Notes are provided to aid instructors seeking to motivate in-class discussions of the current and future ethical decisions students may face.

With the rise of computer algorithms in administrative decision-making, concerns are voiced about their lack of transparency and discretionary space for human decision-makers. However, calls to 'keep humans in the loop' may be moot points if we fail to understand how algorithms impact human decision-making and how algorithmic design impacts the practical possibilities for transparency and human discretion. Through a review of recent academic literature, three algorithmic design variables that determine the preconditions for human transparency and discretion and four main sources of variation in 'human-algorithm interaction' are identified. The article makes two contributions. First, the existing evidence is analysed and organized to demonstrate that, by working upon behavioural mechanisms of decision-making, the agency of algorithms extends beyond their computer code and can profoundly impact human behaviour and decision-making. Second, a research agenda for studying how computer algorithms affect administrative decision-making is proposed.

The theory of Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) was introduced in the second half of the twentieth century and aids the decision maker to resolve problems when interacting criteria are involved and need to be evaluated. In this paper, we apply MCDM on the problem of the best drug for rheumatoid arthritis disease. Then, we solve the MCDM problem via -Sugeno measure and the Choquet integral to provide realistic values in the process of selecting the most appropriate drug. The approach confirms the proper interpretation of multi-criteria decision making in the drug ranking for rheumatoid arthritis.

Intro -- MODELS AND METHODS FOR SUPPORTING DECISION-MAKING IN HUMAN HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1: CALCULATING CHARACTERIZATION OF MONOPSONIC DEGREE IN THE RECYLCLES SOLID WASTE MARKET IN METROLPOLITAN REGIONS OF BRAZIL -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- THEORETICAL APPROACH -- EMPIRICAL INSTRUMENTS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2: ESTIMATION OF DERIVATIVES FROM ECONOMY TO ENVIRONMENT: A STUDY OF THE MANAGEMENT OF EUTROPHICATION OF A FRESH WATER BASIN'S DATA -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- ESTIMATING DERIVATIVES: DIRECT AND INDIRECT APPROACHES -- Kernel Based Solutions -- Some Kernel Estimators of the Derivatives -- ADDITIVE MODELS -- A SIMULATION STUDY OF THE QUALITY OF THE WATER IN A BASIN -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3: MODELING ENVIRONMENTAL PHENOMENA AND MEDICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PATIENTS: CASE STUDIES -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES: BIODIVERSITY -- A MEDICAL STUDY OF DISEASE MANAGEMENT -- The Problem -- Logistic Regression -- ROC Curves -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4: ANALYSIS OF EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL DISCHARGE AND AWARENESS PROGRAMS ON JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS SPREAD USING MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND SIMULATION -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- MATHEMATICAL MODEL -- DISEASE FREE EQUILIBRIUM -- STABILITY OF DISEASE FREE EQUILIBRIUM -- NUMERICAL SIMULATION -- MATLAB SIMULATION -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5: ESTIMATION AND COMPARISON OF THE LIKELIHOOD RATIOS OF BINARY DIAGNOSTIC TESTS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- LIKELIHOOD RATIOS OF A BDT -- ESTIMATION OF THE LRS OF A BDT -- Estimation Subject to a Cross-Sectional Study -- Estimation Subject to a Case-Control Study -- Application to the Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer.

Participative decision-making is known as a significant element for effective educational supervision. Not only does it facilitate the execution of decisions but also heads towards the teacher's respect and empowerment. Principals act as a pivotal person in maintaining and establishing school participative decision-making. The purpose of the research was to study the perception of teachers towards principals' participative decision-making practices in government and private elementary schools of Lucknow, India. To collect the essential data for the study, the descriptive survey method was applied. Random sampling technique was used to select 80 elementary school teachers out of which 40 (10x4) teachers were taken from government schools and (10x4) teachers from private schools and 8 school principals through comprehensive sampling technique. The study has revealed that among the perception of government and private elementary school teachers regarding participative decision making the teachers of private schools are participating more in the decision-making practices in comparison to the government school teachers whereas, some of the government school principals believe that due to the job security some teachers do not initiate more in any extra duty and they do not make active participation in decision making. Teachers usually have a much more comprehensive awareness of their work management; the decision will be taken with a clearer understanding if teachers participate in decision making. Hence, participative decision-making has always been recognized as a vital element in making teachers feel appreciated and empowered.