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Complex adaptive systems are a special kind of self-organizing system with emergent properties and adaptive capacity in response to changing external conditions. In this article, we investigate the proposition that international environmental law, as a network of treaties and institutions, exhibits some key characteristics of a complex adaptive system. This proposition is premised on the scientific understanding that the Earth system displays properties of a complex adaptive system. If so, international environmental law, as a control system, may benefit from the insights gained and from being modelled in ways more appropriately aligned with the functioning of the Earth system itself. In this exploratory review, we found evidence suggesting that international environmental law is a complex system where treaties and institutions self-organize and exhibit emergent properties. Furthermore, we contend that international environmental law as a whole is adapting to exogenous changes through an institutional process akin to natural selection in biological evolution. However, the adequacy of the direction and rate of adaptation for the purpose of safeguarding the integrity of Earth's life-support system is questioned. This paper concludes with an emphasis on the need for system-level interventions to steer the direction of self-organization while maintaining institutional diversity. This recommendation stands in contrast to the reductionist approach to institutional fragmentation and aims at embracing the existing complexity in international environmental law. Adapted from the source document.

Two consequences of the internationalization of economic activities that has taken place since the early 1960s have been that, within the international trading system, participant states have become more vulnerable and sensitized to the economic conditions obtaining in other countries; and economic actors have, in general, become more transnational and universal in their orientation and more aware of worldwide business possibilities. Consequently, visible trade flows have been progressively transformed through global raw material sourcing, production location and marketing; and invisible trade has been restructured by global deposit sourcing and lender servicing. Both types of international exchange required extensive external production networks which had to be newly created by international capital transfers and institutional migration. Despite the outward manifestation of these infrastructures, international exchange tensions nevertheless remained because of 'the continued existence of still mainly nationally based political systems' and the conflicts of interest and uncertainties created by the asserted extra-territorial orientation of national tax and legal system's, These problems were largely untouched by the harmonization and liberalization processes attempted by industrial nations under the aegis of GATT and other international institutions. As a result, the transnational operations of multinational companies have often had to be channelled to parts of the world where their activities are least frustrated by obstructive interventionist policy in order to secure particular objectives.

Ancien Directeur scientifique de l'Institut de recherche stratégique de l'Ecole militaire(Ministère de la défense), Frédéric Ramel est aujourd'hui membre du CERI (Centre deRecherches Internationales) et directeur du Département d'étude politique de Sciences Po. Sesrecherches portent sur les études stratégiques et sur les liens entre relations internationales etpensée politique. Il est l'un des pionniers de l'étude des usages de l'esthétique (et notammentde la musique) dans les relations internationales en coordonnant avec Cécile Prévost-Thomasen 2018, leur ouvrage : International Relations, Music and Diplomacy. Sounds and Voices onthe International Stage.

Ancien Directeur scientifique de l'Institut de recherche stratégique de l'Ecole militaire(Ministère de la défense), Frédéric Ramel est aujourd'hui membre du CERI (Centre deRecherches Internationales) et directeur du Département d'étude politique de Sciences Po. Sesrecherches portent sur les études stratégiques et sur les liens entre relations internationales etpensée politique. Il est l'un des pionniers de l'étude des usages de l'esthétique (et notammentde la musique) dans les relations internationales en coordonnant avec Cécile Prévost-Thomasen 2018, leur ouvrage : International Relations, Music and Diplomacy. Sounds and Voices onthe International Stage.

Despite growing international environmental interdependence, the international system lacks a central authority to foster environmental protection. As a consequence, countries have adopted different policies to reduce international environmental problems. More specifically, costly regulations are not universally supported. In order to explain the success and failure of international environmental regulation, it is necessary to systematically focus on the factors that shape the environmental foreign policy of sovereign states. Since such an approach is missing from the literature, we develop an interest-based explanation of support for international environmental regulation and postulate what impact it should have on state preferences for international environmental regulation. Specifically we apply our framework to two prominent cases of negotiations on atmospheric pollution control, namely, efforts to protect the stratospheric ozone layer and the regulation of transboundary acidification ("acid rain") in Europe.

Part I: The context of IHRM: challenges, strategies, and external forces -- Part II: Cross-cultural and diversity management -- Part III: Global staffing and management of global mobility -- Part IV: People issues in global teams, alliances, mergers, and acquisitions -- Part V: Responsible leadership in a global and cross-cultural context

AbstractThe dichotomy between jurisdiction and admissibility developed in public international law has drawn much attention from arbitrators and judges in recent years. Inspired by Paulsson's 'tribunal versus claim' lodestar, attempts have been made to transpose the distinction from public international law to investment treaty arbitration, yielding a mixed reception from tribunals. Remarkably, a second leap of transposition has found firmer footing in commercial arbitration, culminating in the prevailing view of the common law courts in England, Singapore and Hong Kong that arbitral decisions on admissibility are non-reviewable. However, this double transposition from international law to commercial arbitration is misguided. First, admissibility is a concept peculiar to international law and not embodied in domestic arbitral statutes. Second, its importation into commercial arbitration risks undermining the fundamental notion of jurisdiction grounded upon the consent of parties. Third, the duality of 'night and day' postulated by Paulsson to distinguish between reviewable and non-reviewable arbitral rulings is best reserved to represent the basic dichotomy between jurisdiction and merits.

This article relates the effectiveness of the European Union's (EU) effectiveness to its international actorness in negotiations on international food standards taking place in the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). Actorness is taken to result from EU competence, preference homogeneity and processes of socialisation among EU Member State representatives. In the 2009 negotiations on growth promoters for livestock, whose use the EU opposes, the Commission took the lead. It was trusted and supported by the EU Member States, but its dominant role resulted in them being rather passive. As a result, the EU's potential to negotiate effectively in the CAC was not used in its full potential.

Aus dem Vorwort: Diese Studie entstand in den Jahren 1972/73 am Institut für Weltwirtschaft in Kiel. Die dort laufenden Arbeiten an einem umfangreichen Forschungsprojekt über den Strukturwandel in der wachsenden Weltwirtschaft haben dazu angeregt, Wachstum und Strukturwandel in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland zu untersuchen, einem Lande, das mehr als die meisten anderen Länder in die internationale Arbeitsteilung und in die internationalen Faktormärkte integriert ist. Mit der Studie soll unter diesem Aspekt ein empirischer Beitrag zur Wachstums- und Strukturanalyse der westdeutschen Wirtschaft geleistet werden, der auch eine Voraussetzung zukünftiger Entwicklungslinien einschließt. Das Ziel besteht darin, eine Wachstumsprognose für die westdeutsche Wirtschaft abzuleiten, bei der nationale Zeitreihenanalysen mit internationalen Querschnittsanalysen kombiniert werden. Dabei handelt es sich um eine Potentialanalyse in dem Sinne, daß untersucht wird, unter welchen plausiblen Bedingungen sich als Resultate eine bestimmte Wachstumsrate ergibt. Strategische Größen sind dabei das zukünftige Faktorangebot und die zukünftigen Produktivitätssteigerungen.

In an increasingly integrated world where political and economic issues are deeply intertwined, the regulation of international business activity raises complex problems in international law. The existence of the multinational corporation, which is possessed of multiple identities and therefore subject to the jurisdiction of both "home" nations, where it is headquartered, and "host" nations, where its subsidiaries are located, makes the potentiality of jurisdictional disputes among nations particularly acute. While attempts to apply United States law to American foreign subsidiaries virtually ensures conflicts among jurisdictions, excusing subsidiaries from compliance with domestic law could seriously undermine comprehensive regulatory activity. It could also provide a substantial incentive for companies to shift operations abroad so as to escape U.S. jurisdiction altogether.

On June 23, 2016, the people of the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union. We examine how this decision (henceforth, Brexit) has impacted international student applications in the United Kingdom. Using administrative data spanning from 2013 through 2019, along with a quasi-experimental approach, we find evidence of Brexit curtailing the growth rate of international student applications by 14 percent. The impact appears larger for applications to pursue STEM studies and for those received by more selective universities, suggestive of students with more alternatives choosing to study elsewhere. Furthermore, applications appear to have dropped the most among EU students originating from countries with weaker labor markets and economies for whom the ability to stay in the United Kingdom after their studies might have been a critical pull factor. Finally, the drop in applications has resulted into fewer international enrolments. Given the contributions of international student exchanges to research, development and growth, further research on the implications of Brexit for UK universities and the ability to attract valuable talent is well-warranted.

AbstractThe continuous transfer of authority from the national sphere to inter-governmental organizations gives rise to an increasing risk that States may be mandated by their obligations under these organizations to take measures that are inconsistent with their obligations under International Human Rights Law. Drawing on the approaches of various international, regional and national jurisdictions, this article explores two possible models for restructuring International Law that could ensure that human rights obligations remain effective. The 'international constitutional' approach would ensure that human rights are enshrined within the 'constitutional' instruments of IGOs, preventing incompatible rules from emerging. The 'parochial' approach would ensure that human rights as protected at the national or regional level would take precedence over conflicting international obligations.

The adoption and ratification of new conventions and treaties under international law designed to protect both Indigenous peoples and the rights of nature have resulted in successful rulings by local, federal, and regional courts in favor of Indigenous groups engaged in class-action suits against their governments. In 2012 and 2019, respectively, the Sarayaku Kichwa and the Huaorani and Cofán peoples of the Ecuadorian Amazon won cases against the Ecuadorian government for its lack of consultation on planned oil exploration. Such cases upholding the correct application of the right to Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC) under international treaties are rare; more often, Western judicial systems and environmental impact assessments have been used to serve corporate interests, as exemplified by the Aguinda v. Texaco case initiated in 1993 and the planned operations of Andes Petroleum in Orellana province 2019–2020, respectively. Indigenous and non-Western epistemologies tend to be incompatible with state-driven liberal secular capitalism—hence Indigenous efforts to prevent land seizures and the expansion of the extractive frontier into Indigenous territories in the Amazon rainforest have been undermined by the imperatives of modernization/developmentalism. These same forces have stimulated demand for gold, the legal and illegal mining of which, along the Napo river, have caused the contamination of the waters of the Amazon, threatening the health of Indigenous and non-indigenous riverine communities.