El Seminario Internacional en Práctica Pedagógica es una apuesta académica que surgió desde la Facultad de Educación, Artes y Humanidades de la Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander para convocar a expertos académicos de diferentes países para reflexionar sobre la educación y su sentido, y la reconfiguración de las comprensiones sobre aquello que hacen los actores educativos en los diversos campos del saber, todo esto alrededor de la práctica pedagógica, tomando especial relevancia en la investigación educativa actual y cuestionando académicamente lo que se ha constituido dentro de este campo de la teorización y actuación educativa. En el año 2011 se realizó la primera versión presentando más de 60 ponencias en el ámbito nacional e internacional con la participación de países como: España, Argentina, Uruguay y Venezuela, además de los más destacados conocedores del tema de las principales universidades del país. Posteriormente en el año 2017 se realiza el segundo seminario internacional con el propósito de promover el diálogo y la reflexión respecto a las comprensiones sobre la práctica pedagógica, con miras a constituir redes de intercambio investigativo, académico e intelectual que permitan consolidar el discurso de la pedagogía. En esta tercera versión del Seminario Internacional en Práctica Pedagógica la Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander y la Facultad de Educación presentará más de cien ponencias de alto nivel en 6 ejes temáticos contando con participantes internacionales de España, República Dominicana, México, Argentina, Venezuela, Mozambique y de Colombia de diversas instituciones educativas de la geografía nacional, disertaciones que sin lugar a dudas ampliarán el campo de conocimiento de las prácticas pedagógicas desde diferentes perspectivas teóricas. ; PONENCIAS INTERNACIONALES Effectiveness of flipped-classroom in enhancing english-speaking skills among university students Relaciones de interdependencia en el entorno personal de aprendizaje Hacia una gestión gerencial disciplinar enfocada en la inteligencia y en la innovación para lograr organizaciones educativas inteligentes Incidencia de la jornada única en la calidad educativa de las instituciones oficiales del municipio de Montería Una mirada histórico-política del liderazgo escolar en los sistemas educativos de Latinoamérica Formación de interventores educativos mediados por elementos curriculares en acción para el aprendizaje social Modelo de evaluación de política educativa enfocada en el desarrollo de competencias digitales (programa república digital- educación, República Dominicana) Una lectura simbólica al pacto de convivencia escolar desde la socio estética y la civilidad. Calidad de las publicaciones científicas en el ámbito de la educación Educación y tic's. un problema no resuelto en las instituciones educativas Analysis of the variability and correlation of physicochemical parameters of water in the process of rearing aquatic species in aquaculture . PONENCIAS NACIONALES Métodos autobiográficos para la reconstrucción de trayectorias migratorias de niños, niñas y adolescentes Articulación entre los errores y las dificultades en los procesos cognitivos de los estudiantes Brechas de rendimiento académico por género en saber pro en los programas de la universidad Simón Bolívar sede Cúcuta Diagnóstico del uso de las redes sociales por estudiantes de educación básica secundaria y su posible uso educativo Didáctica emergente y formación de estudiantes de instrumentación quirúrgica en contextos hospitalarios: Creatividad e innovación El conflicto fronterizo con Venezuela después de cinco años de cierre ¿Existen diferencias de género en los estudiantes al enfrentarse a la resolución de tareas algebraicas? Geometry for graphic designers: Approaches to the study of representation and dimension Internacionalización de la educación superior en el marco de la construcción del conocimiento La articulación curricular en el inicio de la secundaria, para la minimización del fracaso escolar La educación virtual y su impacto en la formación académica de los estudiantes de pregrado de la universidad de Pamplona La formación bioética en el ámbito de la educación pública escolar La formación del docente de emprendimiento en la educación media en Bogotá: Un campo por explorar desde la realidad en los colegios Pensamiento científico y aprendizaje por descubrimiento: Una estrategia desarrollada a través de un laboratorio virtual Perspectivas de la educación 4.o: Una mirada desde la actual sociedad de américa latina Práctica pedagógica, un escenario de emociones, reflexiones e investigación desde el diario de campo Profile of physics learning in engineering and science programs due to the influence of covid-19 confinement State tests at the francisco de paula santander university. statistical analysis of the results The specialized knowledge of a new generation of mathematics teachers under stem training Estrategias didácticas empleadas por los docentes para la evaluación en el área de filosofía del instituto técnico María Inmaculada de Villa del Rosario Fortalezas y debilidades de la participación académica de estudiantes venezolanas del programa de trabajo social de la universidad Francisco de Paula Santander en la ciudad de Cúcuta Gestión de la calidad para universidades públicas Implementación de casos prácticos como una de las estrategias de aprendizaje incorporando la robótica (lego/fischer technik) en la enseñanza de la matemática en el grado séptimo del colegio Isidro Caballero Delgado de Floridablanca, Santander La gestión escolar y su relación con el liderazgo para el aprendizaje desde la percepción del director La libre expresión artística una alternativa pedagógica para mejorar las relaciones interpersonales La práctica pedagógica una apuesta vital para la evaluación docente Mirada hermenéutica de la calidad educativa en las instituciones oficiales de San José de Cúcuta, Colombia Participación y educación: Pedagogía comunitaria para la gestión integral del recurso hídrico . Relación entre las estrategias de planificación y los grados de autonomía promovidos en la enseñanza de la relación perímetro-área desde una perspectiva visual. el caso de un educador matemático en formación A geometric interpretation of the multiplication of complex numbers Análisis de la variabilidad y correlación de los parámetros fisicoquímicos del agua en el proceso de cría de especies acuáticas en aquicultura Caracterización de las prácticas pedagógicas desde las concepciones de los docentes y procesos didácticos en Colombia Characterization of error sources in an inertial unit. (IMU) bno055 using allan variance and nonlinear. Adjustment of parameters Competencias científicas en el proceso de aprendizaje de la física: Un análisis en la educación secundaria Competencias de los profesores de ciencias naturales-física y de dibujo técnico. un análisis a partir de la percepción de los estudiantes Estrategia pedagógica para el manejo adecuado de los residuos sólidos, en la I.E. Francisco José de Caldas, del municipio de Tibú y en la I.E. la Garita del municipio de Los Patios, Norte de Santander Formación en el área de la lengua española, retos para las prácticas pedagógicas Impacto de la metodología ecbi en el aprendizaje de un curso de física Indicadores de la idoneidad afectiva e interactiva del enfoque ontosemiótico que afectan a la enseñanza del cálculo diferencial Un instrumento metodológico para caracterizar los errores de conversión presentes en la resolución de problemas de ecuaciones de primer grado con una incógnita La práctica pedagógica en el ciclo básico del diseño arquitectónico La práctica pedagógica profesional el corazón de la formación docente en la Licenciatura de Lengua Castellana de la acultad de Ciencias de la Educación de la universidad del Tolima y las instituciones educativas oficiales de Ibagué Mappings by the complex exponential function Measurement of emotional variables through a brain-computer interface (bci) in the interaction with books with augmented reality in higher education Objeto virtual de aprendizaje para la enseñanza de conceptos básicos de ondas mecánicas y óptica geométrica para grado once Orientaciones pedagógico-didácticas para el desarrollo del pensamiento matemático en niños con síndrome de down Propuesta curricular de las prácticas pedagógicas de la Licenciatura en Filosofía de la escuela de Ciencias de la Educación de la UNAD desde la perspectiva de la calidad y educación inclusiva Sistematización implementación de una estrategia de apropiación de la CTEI que promueva el pensamiento crítico en niños, niñas y jóvenes de las IE del Tolima Sociedad de la cuarentena: Formación de sujetos econoglobales frente a sujetos comprensivos, analíticos y críticos Alternatives for critical points of vehicular accident according to statistical analysis An approach to the didactics of physics for structural engineering from an artistic perspective Cinema as an experience of perception and a pedagogical tool in architecture Contributing factors in academic performance and troubles associated with teaching in areas of Physics in engineering students of Francisco de Paula Santander university Diagnosis of capacity and road service level using the hcm 2000 method Digital computer graphics in learning from applied computation in mechanical physics Enfoque dialógico-crítico facilitador de una práctica incluyente pensada desde las tic Física y urbanismo: Influencia del modelo metodológico en los jóvenes sordos Formación de maestros investigadores en el contexto de una educación emergente Percepciones de estudiantes universitarios sobre migración: apuntes para una apuesta curricular Project based pedagogy in the development of physical-mathematical thinking Representaciones sociales y prácticas pedagógicas: una reflexión en contextos afectados por el conflicto armado Responsabilidad social universitaria: Reflexiones sobre su impacto en contextos emergentes . Stress fracture of non-reinforced concrete: analytical solutions and experimental development Valor del acompañamiento andragógico en la transformación de las prácticas pedagógicas ; Comite científico internacional PhD. Alicia Inés Villa - Universidad Nacional de la Plata (Argentina) PhD. Tomás Izquierdo Rus - Universidad de Murcia (España) PhD. Raquel Fernández Cézar - Universidad Castilla la Mancha (España) PhD. Martha Vergara Fregoso - Universidad de Guadalajara (México) PhD. Javier Rodríguez Moreno - Universidad de Jaén (España) PhD. Alex Javier Montes Miranda - Instituto de Formación Docente (República Dominicana) PhD. Sergio Afonso Mulema Universidad de Licungo (Mozambique) PhD. Rosario Haydeé Ramírez Sánchez - Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador - Instituto de Mejoramiento Profesional del Magisterio (Venezuela) PhD. Ely Dannier Valbuena Niño - Laboratorio de Desarrollo de Productos - Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, (España) - Fundación of Researchers in Science and Technology of Materials PhD. Horacio Aldemar Ferreira - Universidad Católica de Córdoba (Argentina) ; Comité científico nacional PhD. José Arlés Gómez Arévalo - Fundación Universitaria Juan N. Corpas (Colombia) PhD. Gustavo Adolfo Marmolejo - Universidad de Nariño (Colombia) PhD. Diego Fernando Barragán Giraldo - Universidad de la Salle (Colombia) PhD. Oscar Leonardo Mosquera - Escuela Militar de Cadetes-Ejercito Nacional (Colombia) PhD. Juan Gabriel Bastida Martínez - Universidad Católica (Colombia) PhD. Cecilia Garzón Daza - Fundación San Martín (Colombia) PhD. Sulgey Bolivia Caicedo - Universidad de Pamplona (Colombia) PhD. Audin Aloiso Gamboa Suárez - Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander (Colombia) PhD. Jesús Ernesto Urbina Cárdenas - Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander (Colombia) PhD. Eduard Puerto Cuadros - Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander (Colombia) PhD. William Ricardo Avendaño Castro - Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander (Colombia)
The need to interconnect people and services grows everyday. Companies are aware of the need to unite and offer common services as a way to win new users and simplify their management. Similarly, governments and institutions see the need to migrate their services to the digital world to cover the ever increasing demand for e-management, which streamlines procedures and saves costs. Identity Management Systems offer users tools and mechanisms to help them in the task of controlling credentials and personal information. These mechanisms range from the credential management and privacy assurance to Single Sign-On among others. From the point of view of Service Providers, Identity Management Systems allow the simplification of user management, since they assume the delegation of the authentication process and credential storage. The integration of heterogeneous authentication and authorization protocols as well as identity information from different sources are not trivial given the wide variety of technologies available. Their integration thanks to identity management mechanisms allow us to move toward new richer and safer scenarios, with new services and online procedures that simplify and streamline people's lives. IdM must be leveraged as a key technology of the Future Internet, tackling problems like the integration of heterogeneous services and technologies from an IdM perspective as well as backward compatibility and a new access control infrastructure that are required by IdM solutions. On a higher level, Identity federations are based on the establishment of trust agreements between organizations that allow any user in the federation to access resources and services of any federated organization thanks to a unique digital identity, which is common to the whole federation. This federated identity, valid for all federated services, simplifies the credential control by the user and the user management by service providers. This thesis studies the existing identity management mechanisms and the most popular identity federations to establish common features and open challanges in order to define new and better mechanisms that enable rich and powerful identity management and trust control functions over them. The main focus is to analyse, design, and validate solutions that enable digital identity management through the interoperability of authentication and authorization infrastructures at different levels, from the improvement of identity management and trust control mechanisms to the interfederation level. For each of these approaches the following methodology has been followed 1. Analysis of the technological context and related state of the art. 2. Proposal and design of an interoperability solution to improve existing mechanisms. 3. Design and implementation of the necessary software based on development in an iterative incremental model. 4. Validate the designed solutions by means of analytical models and prototype implementations, taking into account such important factors as functionality, security, feasibility, usability or performance, as well as measuring its impact on the user experience through different metrics. The results of this thesis can be grouped in three blocks according to the objectives in which the work has been focused: • To improve Identity Management capabilities: we have analyzed the main authentication and authorization protocols in the area of IdM, in order to propose advanced mechanisms for IdM architectures, being the main features: partial identities, anonymity functions, better privacy and access control policies (including Deductive Policies). This latter contribution was sent as proposal to XACML 3.0 standardization group. Finally, we have defined SWIFT architecture using formal language, and used it as base for the complete implementation of a functional prototype of the architecture to its validation. • To improve Trust Management: we have implemented the WS-Trust library to use it in the implementation of the GEMBus Security Service based on Security Token Service. To improve the trust management, we have proposed an interoperability solution to integrate WS-Trust and OAuth security standards that have enabled the interaction between heterogeneous authorization technologies. Finally, a complete GEMBus pilot has been deployed to validate the architecture and the interoperability proposal. • To improve interfederation interoperability: we have reviewed the main identity federations in the area of in the area of education, research and government institution, identifying the main requisites and open challenges in the identity federation interoperability problem. We have analyzed and compared eduGAIN and STORK~2.0 federations, in order to define the required interoperability mechanisms to reach their integration, as result we have proposed the introduction of the eduPEPS. Finally, we have validated the integration proposed thought the eduPEPS implementation and the deployment of complete testbed. La necesidad de interconectar personas y servicios crece cada día. Los usuarios demandan mecanismos que garanticen la privacidad y la seguridad en el uso de los sistemas informáticos, al tiempo que requieren que todos los servicios estén conectados y disponibles. Por otra parte, las instituciones públicas y privadas, así como las empresas trabajan intensamente en aumentar el uso y la calidad de sus redes y servicios, siempre estudiando nuevas formas de mejorar sus recursos y crear otros nuevos. Debido a las diversas opciones de federaciones de identidad con diferentes mecanismos de autenticación, se realiza un gran esfuerzo en homogeneizar e integrar las infraestructuras de autenticación y autorización existentes (AAI). Los Sistemas de Gestión de Identidad (IdM, abreviatura del término inglés Identity Management) ofrecen a los usuarios herramientas y mecanismos para ayudarles en la tarea de controlar sus credenciales e información personal. Estos mecanismos incluyen desde la gestión de la privacidad y la seguridad, hasta el mecanismos más complejos como el Single Sign-On, entre otros. Desde el punto de vista de los Proveedores de Servicios, los Sistemas de Gestión de Identidad permiten simplificar la gestión de los usuarios gracias a la delegación del proceso de autenticación y el almacenamiento de credenciales. La integración de protocolos de autenticación y autorización heterogéneos, así como la interoperabilidad de información de identidad de diferentes fuentes no son tareas triviales debido a la gran variedad de tecnologías disponibles. Su integración gracias a los mecanismos de gestión de identidad permite avanzar hacia nuevos escenarios más ricos y seguros, con nuevos servicios y procedimientos online que simplifican y agilizan la vida de las personas. La gestión de la identidad debe aprovecharse como una tecnología clave para el Internet del futuro. En un nivel superior, las federaciones de identidad se basan en el establecimiento de acuerdos de confianza entre organizaciones que permiten a cualquier usuario de la federación acceder a los recursos y servicios de cualquier organización federada gracias a una identidad digital única común. Esta identidad federada, válida para todos los servicios dentro de la federación, simplifica el control de credenciales así como la gestión de usuarios por los proveedores de servicios. Esta tesis estudia los mecanismos existentes de gestión de identidad así como las federaciones de identidad más populares para establecer características y necesidades comunes, definiendo sobre ellas nuevos y mejores mecanismos que permitan una gestión de la identidad y un control de la confianza más rico y potente. El objetivo principal es analizar, diseñar y validar soluciones que permitan la gestión de la identidad digital a través de la interoperabilidad de infraestructuras de autenticación y autorización a diferentes niveles, desde la mejora de los mecanismos de gestión de la identidad y del control de acceso, hasta el nivel de interconexión de federaciones. Para cada uno de estos enfoques se ha seguido la siguiente metodología 1. Análisis del contexto tecnológico y del estado del arte relacionado 2. Propuesta y diseño de una solución de interoperabilidad que mejore los mecanismos existentes. 3. Diseño e implementación del software necesario basando el desarrollo en un modelo incremental iterativo. 4. Validación de la solución propuesta a través del desarrollo de un prototipo completo de la arquitectura teniendo en cuenta factores importantes como la funcionalidad, la seguridad y el rendimiento, para demostrar su viabilidad técnica, así como medir su impacto en la experiencia de usuario a través de diferentes métricas. Los resultados de esta tesis pueden agruparse en tres bloques según los objetivos en los que se ha centrado el trabajo: • Para mejorar las capacidades de gestión de la identidad se ha llevado a cabo un análisis de los principales protocolos de autenticación y autorización en el área del la gestión de la identidad con el fin de contribuir en la propuesta de mecanismos avanzados como las identidades parciales, anonimato, mejoras en la privacidad y en las políticas de control de acceso (incluyendo las políticas distribuidas propuestas como extensión al estándar XACML3.0). Se ha realizado una descripción en leguaje formal de la arquitectura SWIFT así como un prototipo funcional de la arquitectura para su validación. • Para mejorar la gestión de la confianza: se ha implementado la librería WS-Trust para usarla dentro de Servicio de Seguridad de la solución GEMBus. Para mejorar este servicio de gestión de la confianza centrado en el intercambio de tokens de seguridad se ha propuesto una solución de interoperabilidad entre los estándares WS-Trust y OAuth 2.0. Finalmente, se ha validad la arquitectura GEMBus y la solución de interoperabilidad propuesta a través de un piloto completo. • Para mejorar la interoperabilidad entre federaciones de identidad se ha realizado un análisis completo de la federaciones más importantes en las áreas de educación, investigación y instituciones gubernamentales, identificando los principales requisitos y desafíos relativos a su interoperabilidad. Se usado como base las federaciones de eduGAIN y STORK 2.0 para analizar, comparar y definir los mecanismos de interoperabilidad necesarios para conseguir su integración, proponiendo como resultado la incorporación de una entidad intermedia denominada eduPEPS. Finalmente, se ha realizado la validación de la solución propuesta a través de la implementación y despliegue de un tesbed completo de ambas federaciones y el eduPEPS.
OpsommingDie behoefte aan doeltreffende kommunikasie in 'n samelewing, saam met die taalwerklikhede van die openbare domein, noodsaak dat taaldienslewering in 'n veeltalige land 'n prominente rol speel. Gevolglik word die opleiding van professionele tolke aan ons tersiêre instellings noodsaaklik, aangesien die tolkpraktyk in 'n veeltaligheidskonteks bevorder behoort te word. Tolkopleiers beskou blootstelling aan en ondervinding in die tolkpraktyk as 'n onmisbare onderdeel van die opleidingsprogram vir beginnertolke. Hierdie artikel is 'n voorafstudie wat fokus op die interaksie met taalgemeenskappe en diensleer vanuit die perspektief van tolkopleiding. Winston (2005:223) voer aan dat "practicum, service learning, and interacting with community groups all reinforce the underlying understanding that students need […] to learn through interactive, collaborative experiences with others". Hierdie aktiwiteite is "student-centered learning activities that foster the development of critical thinking, decision-making, and self-assessment that are essential to interpreting effectively and competently" (ibid.). Kritiese denke, etiese besluitneming en selfassessering is kernvaardighede wat studente benodig vir die tolkpraktyk. Volgens die beginsels van gesonde gemeenskapsinteraksie moet diensleer nie as 'n lukraak aktiwiteit beoefen word waar die studente vrye teuels gegee word nie, maar dit behoort ingebed te wees in 'n akademiese kursus en formeel geassesseer word. Studente behoort op so 'n wyse na te dink oor die diensleeraktiwiteit dat hulle verdere begrip van en groter waardering vir die dissipline kry, sowel as 'n verhoogde bewustheid van persoonlike eiewaarde en verantwoordelikheid teenoor die burgerlike samelewing ontwikkel (Bringle en Hatcher 1995:12). Teen hierdie agtergrond ondersoek die artikel die interaksie van die leerlingtolke met die taalgemeenskappe en die rol wat diensleer in hulle opleiding speel. Die diensleer in hierdie konteks is kursusgebaseerd en kredietdraend. Deur die tolkgebeure behoort die studente insgelyks meer kennis te bekom van en ervaring te verkry in die tolkpraktyk, maar ook in die waarde daarvan vir interkulturele kommunikasie. Die bereiking van hierdie uitkomste word beoordeel deur refleksie oor die diensleerervaring van die leerlingtolke. Die metodologie vir hierdie artikel behels 'n teoretiese verkenning van die veld, 'n kritiese ondersoek na die studente se ervaring soos deur hulleself opgeteken en laastens 'n besinning oor die gepaardgaande uitdagings.The value and challenges of service learning for interpreter training: the experience of the interpreting training programme at Stellenbosch UniversityExtended abstractThe quest for effective communication in society and the language realities of the public arena, necessitate that language service delivery in a multilingual country should play a prominent role. Consequently, the training of interpreting professionals becomes indispensable in our tertiary institutions, as interpreting practice in a multilingual context needs to be encouraged. Trainers of interpreters perceive exposure to and experience in the interpreting practice as an essential part of the training programme of these novice interpreters.This article is a preliminary study that reflects on the role of interaction with the community and service learning in interpreter training. According to Winston (2005:223) "practicum, service learning, and interacting with community groups all reinforce the underlying understanding that students need […] to learn through interactive, collaborative experiences with others". These activities are "student-centered learning activities that foster the development of critical thinking, decision-making, and self-assessment that are essential to interpreting effectively and competently" (ibid.). Critical thinking, ethical decision making, and self-assessment are core skills for students in interpreting. According to community interaction principles, service learning should not be seen as a random activity where students have carte blanche, but it should be embedded in an academic course and formally assessed. Students should reflect on the service learning activity in such a way that they gain further understanding and broader appreciation of the discipline, and a sense of personal value and civic responsibility (Bringle and Hatcher 1995:12).Against this backdrop, this article investigates the interaction of the trainee interpreters with the language community and the role of service learning in their training. Through the interpreting experience, students should not only be able to gain more knowledge of and appreciation for the discipline, but also the value thereof for intercultural communication. Whether these outcomes are achieved, is assessed by reflection on the service learning encounter of the trainees. The methodology of this study constitutes a theoretical investigation of the field, a critical examination of the students' experiences as documented by them, and lastly a reflection on the challenges involved.It is envisaged that interaction with the community will contribute to an environment where student learning is enriched and research relevance is enhanced. It is argued that community interaction supports the institutional commitment to reciprocity, redress, development and transformation. This interaction can take on various shapes and forms within the context of higher education as highlighted in the article. These include, among others, community-based research, participatory action research, professional community service and service learning. In its fullest sense, community interaction is the combination and integration of teaching and learning (i.e. service learning). Different forms of community engaged learning can be identified. These forms may be placed on a continuum between two important distinctions, namely the primary beneficiaries of the service (i.e. the community or student) and the primary goal of the service (i.e. community service or learning).Within the framework of Kolb's cycle (1984:41) for the learning experience, one is fully aware of the educational advantages service learning has for the trainee interpreter. The service learning component for the interpreting students entails that students should deliver an interpreting service to various linguistic communities. Within an up-and-coming multilingual country, one would assume that it would be rather easy to obtain the appropriate sites to deliver such a service, but this is easier said than done. In the Western Cape there is a great need for liaison interpreters in the healthcare setting (see Levin 2005; Schlemmer 2005; Lesch 2007:74). In accordance with the categories of service learning, as mentioned in the article, both the community (i.e. the healthcare community including the professional service provider and the patient) and the trainee interpreter would benefit from this relationship. However, there are various challenges; for instance, at one tertiary institution the healthcare management are in agreement regarding the importance of healthcare interpreting, but fall short of giving permission to accommodate the trainee interpreters at their institution. The main concerns are ethical issues, including the possibility of incorrect information being conveyed by the trainee and the confidentiality of patient information. One agrees that this is a valid concern, but in a survey conducted by Feinauer and Lesch (2009) at this very healthcare institution, it was established there was only one untrained interpreter for this major institution. The gap between theory and practice is evident – to argue in favour of political correctness, but to practice the opposite.Kolb's concept of experiential learning (as in the case of the trainee interpreter) further explores the critical pattern of learning from experience through reflection to conceptualisation and action, returning to further experience. Concrete experience entails direct practical experience. Witter-Merithew and Johnson discovered that when students work together to reflect on their work, they "gain deeper levels of understanding" (2005:45). Reflective observation focuses on what the experience means to the individual and requires observation, examination, analysis and interpretation of a specific concrete experience. Abstract conceptualisation gives meaning to discoveries by relating them to other discoveries, other forms of knowledge; and active experimentation is taking further action and testing conceptualisations (and their implications) in different situations.Research has shown that service learning is a powerful pedagogy and it involves expertise. For students to have the best possible gain from the exercise it should be structured to enhance student development. This cycle provides the student with the means to create a link between learning experiences, theoretical grounding of these experiences and the real world. Furthermore, it provides room for active experimentation that can transform conceptualisation, test abstraction in practice, and construct and modify the next concrete experience. According to Sax and Astin (1997), the outcomes of service learning are aimed at academic development, life skills, including racial tolerance and cultural understanding (especially in intercultural communication).As language is often undervalued, it is important to opt for a community interaction activity involving language that demonstrates an impact on the community, but most importantly also adds value for interpreter training purposes. The students should build on their experience and, as a matter of importance, share it with their peers. The interpreting internship, in accordance with Bringle and Hatcher (1995), is credit bearing. Students are required to share their experience regarding problems, challenges, positive experiences, etc. with the group during the practical sessions. However, most importantly, it is expected of them to compile a detailed written report towards the end of the academic year.Apart from the legislative and institutional framework such as policies, mission statements, etc., it is important, from within the interpreting programme itself, to believe in the value of the internships and to foster the partnerships with the community. It is a primary aim to establish collaborative working relationships with different communities where intercultural communication plays an important role. The importance of a language intermediary therefore becomes important within the extended communication process. These partnerships will provide the potential for a comprehensive framework and strategy for community engagement and service learning for interpreting. However, as mentioned in the article, various challenges remain.Much of the learning for interpreters takes place in practice where they have hands-on experiences. For students this learning occurs during their practicum where they learn experientially while interpreting under the supervision of a mentor. Apart from existing challenges, lecturers should attempt to develop service learning partnerships and opportunities for students to experience their future career first-hand. This theory, and the four learning abilities of the cycle, directly relate to how interpreting students learn as they advance. It exposes the trainee to relevant skills regarding different models of interpreting, for example the "black box" or advocacy model. From the lecturers' point of view, this service learning cycle also provides the opportunity and impetus for relevant curriculum development.Learning through experience is an important aspect of training for all interpreters. Service learning should therefore not be done haphazardly, but trainers and mentors should understand the learning cycle and how each step works to guide students or protégés through the learning process. In doing so, the trainee will be provided with "a rich learning experience and an avenue […] to achieve life-long skills refinement" (Bentley-Sassaman 2009:67).
Diffusion du document : publique Diplôme : Dr. d'Universite ; The French government has committed itself to an ambitious target of boosting the offshore wind power capacity to reach 6 GW by 2020. Wind turbines onshore as well as offshore are highly contested on visual grounds. Affected stakeholders, ranging from business and property owners, fishermen and elected municipal planners, fear significant negative economic impacts on their 'business' or their 'property'. In the French Mediterranean region of the Languedoc Roussillon, the expectation is that the tourist industry will be chagrined in the presence of an offshore wind farm – giving a windy and cemented image of the region. Since talks began about 10 years ago, on the potential for 'harvesting' the winds of the Mediterranean Sea, many postulates have been made with regard to the impact on coastal tourism. In particular, resistance mounted when plans to include the Languedoc Roussillon in the 2011 tender for the construction of 2 GW wind power capacity were materialising. In this light, it was considered of pertinence to investigate how offshore wind farms, installed at realistic distances from the coast (5, 8 or 12 km), would affect coastal tourism. Additionally, it was considered of interest to help define strategies that coastal community resort may adopt to boost visiting numbers or profit margins with or without wind farms. To answer these questions a full-scale choice experiment valuation survey with over 350 tourists was undertaken in the summer of 2010 on Languedoc beaches. Our survey results show (in chapter 3) that average visual disamenity costs tends to zero, when an offshore wind farm is installed somewhere between 8 and 12 km from the shore. We also find that there is considerable demand for "sustainable" coastal community resorts that favours local produce, bicycling, public transport, energy and water saving devices. Thus, our estimates show that a wind farm installed 8 km from the shore could be 'compensated for' through the simultaneous 'greening' of the coastal community resort. If in addition a wind farm is associated with artificial reefs and recreational user access, our results point to an actual rise in tourist related revenues when the wind farm is located min. 5 km from the coast. The policy recommendation is thus two fold: Everything else equals, a wind farm located 12 km offshore will have no negative incidence on tourism. With simultaneous application of a coherent environmental policy and wind farm associated recreational activities, wind farm siting can be conceived from 5 km and outwards. In a latter stage (chapter 5) we explicit account for the well-established fact that humans' over-estimate losses compared with equal-sized gains, in our econometric estimations. By incorporating so-called gain-loss asymmetry in the utility function, we observe that the WTP to remove wind farms had they already been installed is half the compensation required to accept their presence during a vacation. The disamenity costs associated with wind farm installation are thus of a significantly smaller magnitude had the wind farms already been installed. On the other hand, the welfare benefits associated with eco-efficiency and wind farm associated recreational activities are larger had they already been invigorated. The verdict is that asymmetry should be accounted for, or at least recognised in stated preference valuation studies that simultaneously use utility increasing and utility decreasing attributes. Finally, the thesis highlights (in chapter 4) that it is not only relevant to understand how the tourist industry and Languedoc service sector may be affected by the installation of offshore wind farms. It is similarly relevant to gain an insight into the wider factor governing public acceptance of offshore wind farm projects. In that regard the thesis provides evidence that there has been an excessive and not very constructive focus on NIMBYism as a mean to explain resistance to wind farm proposals. A large range of factors drives preferences for or against the installation of offshore wind farms - these have a direct bearing on the visual evaluation of wind turbines in the seascape. We find that concerns over the efficiency and costliness of wind energy and localized consequences on noisescape, seascape, fauna and flora, exacerbates disamenity costs. Climate change concern and aversion to traditional fuels on the other hand serve to lessen disamenity costs of wind farm installation. Similarly, respondents with a higher education also experiences a smaller disutility costs from the presence of wind turbines. Finally, it is noteworthy that nationality stands out as the single most important socio-demographic determinant of preferences for/against the installation of wind farms. This alerts us about the degree to which nation specific energy policies, social norms, and lobbying may be part of leading to widely divergent evaluations. Conclusively, preferences for the siting of energy producing facilities are inherently and deeply heterogeneous. This heterogeneity can fruitfully be addressed in valuation studies to help design efficient, sustainable policies and define dynamic responses to these. ; Le gouvernement français s'est engagé sur un ambitieux objectif de développer l'éolien offshore pour atteindre une capacité de 6 GW d'ici 2020. La construction d'éoliennes terrestres, tout comme les éoliennes offshore, est très contestée en raison de leur impact visuel sur le paysage. Dans la région française du Languedoc Roussillon, les acteurs concernés (industrie touristique, commerces, pêcheurs, élus locaux), craignent que la construction de parc éoliens offshore aie des effets néfastes sur le tourisme, en donnant à la région une image industrialisée et « bétonnée ». Jusqu'à présent, en mer du Nord, il n'a jamais été mis en évidence que la construction de parcs éoliens offshore ait réellement affecté l'attractivité touristique des côtes environnantes. On peut se demander si ce constat peut être extrapolé à la cote méditerranéenne. Depuis une dizaine d'années, lorsqu'ont débuté les débats sur la possibilité d'exploiter les vents méditerranéens, beaucoup de préjugés sont apparus sur l'impact potentiel négatif que cela pourrait avoir sur le tourisme. La réticence a d'autant plus augmenté lorsque le Languedoc Roussillon a été inclus dans le zonage de l'appel d'offre concernant la construction de 2 GW de parcs éoliens. Il était donc pertinent de mener une enquête auprès des touristes du littoral pour évaluer comment l'installation de parcs éoliens, installés à des distances réalistes des côtés, pourrait affecter le tourisme balnéaire. Par ailleurs, il était également intéressant de proposer des stratégies que les stations balnéaires pourraient adopter pour augmenter le nombre de touristes et leurs profits, avec ou sans parc éolien. Pour répondre à ces questions, une enquête d'évaluation mobilisant la méthode des « choice experiment », a été réalisée durant l'été 2010, auprès de plus de 350 touristes, sur les plages languedociennes. Les résultats de cette enquête, présentés au chapitre 3, montrent que les coûts liés à la nuisance visuelle s'annulent lorsque le parc éolien est installé à des distances comprises entre 8 et 12 km de la côte. L'enquête a également mis en évidence une forte demande pour la mise en place de démarches éco responsable (favorisant les produits locaux, le vélo, les transports publics et les économies d'eau et d'énergie) par les stations balnéaires. Ainsi, nos résultats montrent que la nuisance vécue par l'installation d'un parc à 8 km de la cote serait compensée par la mise en place simultanée d'une « démarche verte ». Par ailleurs, la construction de récifs artificiels associé au parc éolien, qui permettrait l'accès à des loisirs récréatifs (plongée sous marine par ex.) générerait, d'après nos résultats, une augmentation des dépenses des touristes, si ce parc était installé à une distance d'au moins 5 km de la côte. De nos résultats émergent deux principaux constats : - L'implantation d'une éolienne à 12 km de la côte, sans aucune évolution de la station par ailleurs, n'aurait pas d'incidence négative sur le tourisme. - Si la station balnéaire met simultanément en place des actions environnementales et des activités récréatives, le parc éolien peut alors être conçu à partir d'une distance de 5 km de la côte. L'écart entre le Consentement à Payer pour un bien et le Consentement à Recevoir une compensation pour renoncer à ce même bien est un phénomène très largement mis en évidence en économie de l'environnement. Dans une seconde partie de la thèse, nous prenons en compte dans nos estimations économétriques cet écart entre les pertes et des gains dans la fonction d'utilité. En tenant compte de cette asymétrie, nous estimons une réduction de moitié de la nuisance vécue par rapport aux éoliennes si le parc éolien est déjà installé. D'un autre côté, les bénéfices liés aux activités récréatives et à une démarche éco responsable sont perçu comme plus élevés si ces activités étaient déjà mises en place. La thèse démontre également la nécessite de prendre en compte des facteurs globaux influençant l'acceptation publique de ces parcs. Traditionnellement, le syndrome NIMBY , a été utilisé comme le composant explicatif principal pour expliquer la résistance aux futurs projets de parcs. Cependant, un grand nombre de facteurs influence directement les préjugés et donc la « perception visuelle » des parcs éoliens. D'une part, certains facteurs aggravent la nuisance vécue tels que les préoccupations relatives à l'efficacité énergétique des éoliennes, leur coût énergétique, leurs conséquences en terme de nuisance sonore, leur impact sur le paysage, la faune et la flore locales. D'autre part, des facteurs comme la préoccupation relative au changement climatique associée et l'aversion pour les énergies fossiles et le nucléaire diminuent la nuisance vécue par rapport aux éoliennes. Les répondants qui ont un niveau d'études élevé ont également une nuisance vécue moins importante concernant la présence d'éoliennes. Finalement, on remarque que le facteur le plus déterminant parmi les variables socio démographiques impactant sur la position favorable ou non pour la présence d'éoliennes est la nationalité : les ressortissants des pays du nord de l'Europe y sont plus favorables que les français. Cela nous alerte sur l'importance de l'impact des politiques énergétiques, des normes sociales et du lobbying sur les évaluations. En conclusion, les préférences pour l'emplacement des sites de production énergétiques sont profondément hétérogènes. Cette hétérogénéité peut être mise en évidence par le biais d'études d'évaluation économiques et ainsi apporter des réponses pertinentes pour la mise en place de politiques efficaces et durables.
El ser humano con su inteligencia y conocimiento debería ser un elemento clave en el logro de un mejor desarrollo sostenible. Son evidentes los casos en que por desconocimiento o por omisión, se han desaprovechado o esterilizado los recursos naturales o no se han prevenido ni manejado adecuadamente los desastres naturales. El subsuelo y sus procesos tienen así implicaciones dentro del ordenamiento del territorio, con un sinnúmero de variables que generalmente son difíciles de cuantificar, ponderar e integrar. Se han hecho muchos intentos de diseños metodológicos para abordar el tema del ordenamiento territorial. En este documento se presenta una propuesta integral considerando con mayor relevancia al subsuelo más los aspectos bióticos y antrópicos. Este documento titulado "Consideración del subsuelo en el ordenamiento territorial" es una propuesta metodológica para la gestión del ordenamiento territorial de las regiones, haciendo énfasis en el subsuelo. Se demuestra como éste ocupa un papel determinante dentro de los criterios de construcción de propuestas, escenarios y finalmente en el desarrollo humano. Tres casos de estudios son desarrollados. Se tienen varias metodologías e infinidad de casos dentro del estado del arte que se revisó para el ordenamiento territorial. Mucho de lo reportado hace hincapié en lo urbano, turístico, económico, legal, político, cultural, entre muchas variables. Sin embargo, el subsuelo, la geología, los recursos minerales y las restricciones naturales allí presentes, son poco considerados en la mayoría de planes, metodologías y sobre todo en los casos de estudio. Esas son razones para proponer una metodología que haga énfasis en el subsuelo y que no solo se quede en lo conceptual, sino que se muestre con ejemplos concretos. El subsuelo estaría conformado por los recursos minerales e hídricos subterráneos, y también por las restricciones naturales, como la sismicidad, los volcanes, y deslizamientos, entre otros. Ello a su vez tiene implicaciones con la edafología, con las geoformas, con la geografía, con lo biótico (flora y fauna) y lo antrópico (poblacionales, educación, salud y cultura). Así que podría evidenciarse que considerar el subsuelo es fundamental dentro de cualquier proceso de ordenamiento del territorio. El subsuelo debería estar siempre presente dentro de las variables a considerar, ya que representa el largo plazo. El hecho de que algunos proyectos, ciudades, y regiones hayan sido planificados u ordenados sin considerar el subsuelo, y no hayan tenido incidentes, no quiere decir que sean correctos. Se tiene el caso de ciudades o regiones planificadas que después de varias décadas han sido arrasadas por deslizamientos, flujo de lodos, actividad sísmica, o simplemente no dispongan de materiales para la construcción, agua para consumo o energía. El propósito de este documento es el de presentar una metodología de ordenamiento territorial integral, holística, soportada en el subsuelo, que involucre diversos componentes y variables como el medio físico, biótico y antrópico. En la metodología se presenta un dimensionamiento de cómo las diferentes variables puede ser medidas, correlacionadas e integradas jerárquicamente con el fin de ir construyendo indicadores del geopotencial, biopotencial y el sociopotencial. Posteriormente se puede estimar la capacidad de acogida de un territorio frente a diferentes usos y a sus potenciales. Se van generando indicadores integrados frente a los diferentes conflictos ambientales y con los conocimientos de las personas que intervienen en los procesos de planificación y desarrollo, se pueden construir diferentes escenarios de ordenamiento territorial. La metodología se aplica para tres regiones en Colombia. La primera es una región de carácter amplio y diverso en cuanto a los aspectos geográficos, humanos y culturales, como lo es el Departamento de Cundinamarca, con más de 20 mil km2 de área, donde el componente físico tiene una mayor consideración. Un segundo caso es considerado a nivel más local, donde los diferentes componentes del sistema son tratados, haciendo énfasis en lo social y cultural hasta construir escenarios de desarrollo a nivel del municipio de La Peña. Y el tercer caso, es una propuesta para el ordenamiento de la minería de arcillas en la ciudad de Bogotá, donde se trata de racionalizar el uso del recurso mineral, haciéndolo en las zonas con mayor potencialidad y sin tanta dispersión en el territorio, haciéndolo compatible con otras demandas de uso del suelo principalmente. En los tres casos se parte de información del territorio, se estiman los diferentes potenciales y las restricciones, se determinan las capacidades de acogida, involucrando los diferentes actores, comunidades, políticos, y profesionales interdisciplinarios; además, se proponen diferentes escenarios de ordenamiento territorial, acorde con principios de alto consumo, de conservación o de sostenibilidad de la naturaleza. Esta metodología presenta algunas limitaciones y requiere ciertos ajustes para que tenga un mayor impacto en la sociedad civil; las limitaciones son más que todo de carácter político, ya que por más planteamientos objetivos que se hagan, la toma de decisiones está influenciada por los sentimientos, las presiones, los compromisos, y el ego. Sin embargo, se espera que esta contribución mas técnica desde las geociencias y los recursos naturales tenga una mayor relevancia en el desarrollo de la comunidad humana mundial. ; Human being with their intelligence and knowledge should be a key factor to achieve a better sustainable development. There are obvious cases which many resources have been sterilized due to decisions without non appropriate information or its omission, and natural hazards had had no prevention and even adequate management. The subsoil and its process have implications in the land use planning, with several variables that are difficult to quantify to average and to integrate when land use planning of the regions is made. Many methodological designs have made to approach the land use planning. This document tries to give a holistic proposal with more relevance to the subsoil, biotic and anthropogenic factors. This untitled document "Consideration of subsoil in the land use planning" is a methodological proposal for the regional management and planning for the regions with emphasis on the subsoil. It is demonstrated how subsoil has an important role when is used as a criteria to construct proposals, scenarios and human development. Three study cases are analyzed. There are several methodologies and infinity cases according to revised state of the art. Most of the reported does emphasis in urban, tourism, economy, legal and cultural among many variables. However subsoil, geology, mineral resources and natural hazards are few considered in most of plans, methodologies and study cases. These are reasons to propose a methodology with main emphasis in the subsoil, not only in conceptual terms, but with concrete equations and examples. Subsoil could be conformed by the mineral and groundwater resources and by the natural restrictions, such as the seismcity, volcanoes and landslides. All of these features have also some implications into the edaphology, geoforms, geography, biota (flora and fauna) and the anthropogenic matters (population, education, health and culture). In this way, the subsoil is a fundamental aspect in any territorial management process. Subsoil should be included within the set of variables to be considered. It represents de long term. The fact than some projects, cities and regions have been planned and ordered without considering the subsoil and any incident has occurred; does not mean that this is correct. In spite of the previous considerations, the cases of planned cities or regions are know, and after several decades have been devastated by landslides, floods, seismic activity, or simply they do not have building materials, water to consumption or energy. The purpose of this document is to show an integral, holistic methodology based in the subsoil, whose involve several and diverse components and variables such as the environment, biota and anthropogenic. The methodology shows a background of how the different variables can be measured, correlated and integrated hierarchically with the purpose of build indicators of the geopotential, biopotential and sociopotential. Subsequent, the carrying capacity of the territory for the different uses and to their potentials can be estimated. Integral indicators commence to be generated to respect of the different environmental conflicts and with the knowledge of the people who takes part in the processes of planning and development, different scenarios of environmental land use planning may be constructed. The methodology is applied for three regions in Colombia. First region is of huge and diverse character in the geographic, human and cultural aspects, as the Department of Cundinamarca, with and area more than 20.000 km2, in which the physical component has a greater relievance. A second case is considered as a local level, which the different components of the system are treated, making emphasis in the social and cultural matters to construct scenario of development in the La Peña municipality. The third case is a proposal for the ordering of the clay mining in the city of Bogotá, to rationalize the use of the mineral resource, doing it in the zones with greater potentiality and without much dispersion in the territory, doing it compatible with other use demands of the soil. The existent information of the territory is used for the three cases. The different potentials and restrictions are assessed, the carrying capacity is also determined, involving the different actors, such as the communities, politicians, and interdisciplinary professionals. Different scenarios of land use planning are proposed, according to the high consumption, conservation or sustainability principles for the nature. This methodology presents some limitations and requires certain adjustments to have a greater impact in the civil society. The limitations are mainly of the political character, because besides to many clear proposals, the decision making is influenced by the feelings, the pressures, the commitments, and the ego. Nevertheless, it is hope that this technical contribution from the geosciences and natural resources has a greater relevance in the development of the world-wide human community. ; Postprint (published version)
El ser humano con su inteligencia y conocimiento debería ser un elemento clave en el logro de un mejor desarrollo sostenible. Son evidentes los casos en que por desconocimiento o por omisión, se han desaprovechado o esterilizado los recursos naturales o no se han prevenido ni manejado adecuadamente los desastres naturales. El subsuelo y sus procesos tienen así implicaciones dentro del ordenamiento del territorio, con un sinnúmero de variables que generalmente son difíciles de cuantificar, ponderar e integrar. Se han hecho muchos intentos de diseños metodológicos para abordar el tema del ordenamiento territorial. En este documento se presenta una propuesta integral considerando con mayor relevancia al subsuelo más los aspectos bióticos y antrópicos. Este documento titulado "Consideración del subsuelo en el ordenamiento territorial" es una propuesta metodológica para la gestión del ordenamiento territorial de las regiones, haciendo énfasis en el subsuelo. Se demuestra como éste ocupa un papel determinante dentro de los criterios de construcción de propuestas, escenarios y finalmente en el desarrollo humano. Tres casos de estudios son desarrollados. Se tienen varias metodologías e infinidad de casos dentro del estado del arte que se revisó para el ordenamiento territorial. Mucho de lo reportado hace hincapié en lo urbano, turístico, económico, legal, político, cultural, entre muchas variables. Sin embargo, el subsuelo, la geología, los recursos minerales y las restricciones naturales allí presentes, son poco considerados en la mayoría de planes, metodologías y sobre todo en los casos de estudio. Esas son razones para proponer una metodología que haga énfasis en el subsuelo y que no solo se quede en lo conceptual, sino que se muestre con ejemplos concretos. El subsuelo estaría conformado por los recursos minerales e hídricos subterráneos, y también por las restricciones naturales, como la sismicidad, los volcanes, y deslizamientos, entre otros. Ello a su vez tiene implicaciones con la edafología, con las geoformas, con la geografía, con lo biótico (flora y fauna) y lo antrópico (poblacionales, educación, salud y cultura). Así que podría evidenciarse que considerar el subsuelo es fundamental dentro de cualquier proceso de ordenamiento del territorio. El subsuelo debería estar siempre presente dentro de las variables a considerar, ya que representa el largo plazo. El hecho de que algunos proyectos, ciudades, y regiones hayan sido planificados u ordenados sin considerar el subsuelo, y no hayan tenido incidentes, no quiere decir que sean correctos. Se tiene el caso de ciudades o regiones planificadas que después de varias décadas han sido arrasadas por deslizamientos, flujo de lodos, actividad sísmica, o simplemente no dispongan de materiales para la construcción, agua para consumo o energía. El propósito de este documento es el de presentar una metodología de ordenamiento territorial integral, holística, soportada en el subsuelo, que involucre diversos componentes y variables como el medio físico, biótico y antrópico. En la metodología se presenta un dimensionamiento de cómo las diferentes variables puede ser medidas, correlacionadas e integradas jerárquicamente con el fin de ir construyendo indicadores del geopotencial, biopotencial y el sociopotencial. Posteriormente se puede estimar la capacidad de acogida de un territorio frente a diferentes usos y a sus potenciales. Se van generando indicadores integrados frente a los diferentes conflictos ambientales y con los conocimientos de las personas que intervienen en los procesos de planificación y desarrollo, se pueden construir diferentes escenarios de ordenamiento territorial. La metodología se aplica para tres regiones en Colombia. La primera es una región de carácter amplio y diverso en cuanto a los aspectos geográficos, humanos y culturales, como lo es el Departamento de Cundinamarca, con más de 20 mil km2 de área, donde el componente físico tiene una mayor consideración. Un segundo caso es considerado a nivel más local, donde los diferentes componentes del sistema son tratados, haciendo énfasis en lo social y cultural hasta construir escenarios de desarrollo a nivel del municipio de La Peña. Y el tercer caso, es una propuesta para el ordenamiento de la minería de arcillas en la ciudad de Bogotá, donde se trata de racionalizar el uso del recurso mineral, haciéndolo en las zonas con mayor potencialidad y sin tanta dispersión en el territorio, haciéndolo compatible con otras demandas de uso del suelo principalmente. En los tres casos se parte de información del territorio, se estiman los diferentes potenciales y las restricciones, se determinan las capacidades de acogida, involucrando los diferentes actores, comunidades, políticos, y profesionales interdisciplinarios; además, se proponen diferentes escenarios de ordenamiento territorial, acorde con principios de alto consumo, de conservación o de sostenibilidad de la naturaleza. Esta metodología presenta algunas limitaciones y requiere ciertos ajustes para que tenga un mayor impacto en la sociedad civil; las limitaciones son más que todo de carácter político, ya que por más planteamientos objetivos que se hagan, la toma de decisiones está influenciada por los sentimientos, las presiones, los compromisos, y el ego. Sin embargo, se espera que esta contribución mas técnica desde las geociencias y los recursos naturales tenga una mayor relevancia en el desarrollo de la comunidad humana mundial. ; Human being with their intelligence and knowledge should be a key factor to achieve a better sustainable development. There are obvious cases which many resources have been sterilized due to decisions without non appropriate information or its omission, and natural hazards had had no prevention and even adequate management. The subsoil and its process have implications in the land use planning, with several variables that are difficult to quantify to average and to integrate when land use planning of the regions is made. Many methodological designs have made to approach the land use planning. This document tries to give a holistic proposal with more relevance to the subsoil, biotic and anthropogenic factors. This untitled document "Consideration of subsoil in the land use planning" is a methodological proposal for the regional management and planning for the regions with emphasis on the subsoil. It is demonstrated how subsoil has an important role when is used as a criteria to construct proposals, scenarios and human development. Three study cases are analyzed. There are several methodologies and infinity cases according to revised state of the art. Most of the reported does emphasis in urban, tourism, economy, legal and cultural among many variables. However subsoil, geology, mineral resources and natural hazards are few considered in most of plans, methodologies and study cases. These are reasons to propose a methodology with main emphasis in the subsoil, not only in conceptual terms, but with concrete equations and examples. Subsoil could be conformed by the mineral and groundwater resources and by the natural restrictions, such as the seismcity, volcanoes and landslides. All of these features have also some implications into the edaphology, geoforms, geography, biota (flora and fauna) and the anthropogenic matters (population, education, health and culture). In this way, the subsoil is a fundamental aspect in any territorial management process. Subsoil should be included within the set of variables to be considered. It represents de long term. The fact than some projects, cities and regions have been planned and ordered without considering the subsoil and any incident has occurred; does not mean that this is correct. In spite of the previous considerations, the cases of planned cities or regions are know, and after several decades have been devastated by landslides, floods, seismic activity, or simply they do not have building materials, water to consumption or energy. The purpose of this document is to show an integral, holistic methodology based in the subsoil, whose involve several and diverse components and variables such as the environment, biota and anthropogenic. The methodology shows a background of how the different variables can be measured, correlated and integrated hierarchically with the purpose of build indicators of the geopotential, biopotential and sociopotential. Subsequent, the carrying capacity of the territory for the different uses and to their potentials can be estimated. Integral indicators commence to be generated to respect of the different environmental conflicts and with the knowledge of the people who takes part in the processes of planning and development, different scenarios of environmental land use planning may be constructed. The methodology is applied for three regions in Colombia. First region is of huge and diverse character in the geographic, human and cultural aspects, as the Department of Cundinamarca, with and area more than 20.000 km2, in which the physical component has a greater relievance. A second case is considered as a local level, which the different components of the system are treated, making emphasis in the social and cultural matters to construct scenario of development in the La Peña municipality. The third case is a proposal for the ordering of the clay mining in the city of Bogotá, to rationalize the use of the mineral resource, doing it in the zones with greater potentiality and without much dispersion in the territory, doing it compatible with other use demands of the soil. The existent information of the territory is used for the three cases. The different potentials and restrictions are assessed, the carrying capacity is also determined, involving the different actors, such as the communities, politicians, and interdisciplinary professionals. Different scenarios of land use planning are proposed, according to the high consumption, conservation or sustainability principles for the nature. This methodology presents some limitations and requires certain adjustments to have a greater impact in the civil society. The limitations are mainly of the political character, because besides to many clear proposals, the decision making is influenced by the feelings, the pressures, the commitments, and the ego. Nevertheless, it is hope that this technical contribution from the geosciences and natural resources has a greater relevance in the development of the world-wide human community. ; Postprint (published version)
L'articolo non vuole affrontare il più vasto tema di "fascismo e biblioteche", la politica bibliotecaria e le realizzazioni del ventennio in questo campo, ma si propone lo scopo di iniziare una ricostruzione della presenza e delle posizioni dei bibliotecari in questa fase della storia della società italiana. Il periodo fascista è un periodo di modernizzazione tecnica delle biblioteche italiane ma anche di irrigidimento del sistema bibliotecario italiano. Nasce in questo periodo una rappresentanza professionale dei bibliotecari (l'Associazione dei bibliotecari italiani, nel 1930) e qualche anno prima era stato costituito un vertice amministrativo (la Direzione generale delle accademie e biblioteche, nata nel 1926 e rimasta sostanzialmente la stessa fino ad oggi) che agiva come filtro fra la politica e la professione.La presa del fascismo tra i bibliotecari italiani, negli anni intorno alla Marcia su Roma, è molto limitata. Molti liberali considerarono il fascismo come un "male minore" rispetto alle tensioni sociali del 1919-1920, ma sono pochissimi e di scarsa importanza i bibliotecari che aderirono al fascismo prima della Marcia su Roma, come il conte Giuseppe Lando Passerini (1858-1932), bibliotecario alla Nazionale di Firenze e alla Laurenziana, o Antonio Toschi, bibliotecario a Bologna. Nessuna personalità importante del mondo delle biblioteche aderì al Manifesto degli intellettuali del fascismo (1925) scritto da Giovanni Gentile; pochi sono anche gli aderenti alla risposta preparata da Benedetto Croce, ma fra questi troviamo Emidio Martini, direttore della Biblioteca nazionale di Napoli in pensione.Tra gli esponenti del Partito Fascista troviamo alcuni direttori di biblioteca, come Italo Lunelli (1891-1960) direttore della Biblioteca comunale di Trento e Leonardo D'Addabbo (1893-1958) direttore della Biblioteca consorziale di Bari, che però non ebbero un ruolo significativo nella professione. Il personaggio più interessante è Piero Zama (1886-1984), fondatore del Partito fascista a Faenza e direttore della Biblioteca comunale della città dal 1920 al 1957. Zama però si staccò dal fascismo per il suo carattere reazionario e venne poi perseguitato.Le biblioteche furono spesso, invece, dei rifugi relativamente tranquilli per le persone contrarie al Fascismo. Alla Biblioteca Vaticana lavorarono Gerardo Bruni (1896-1975) e Igino Giordani (1894-1980), che avevano collaborato con don Sturzo nel Partito popolare e che furono mandati dalla Biblioteca a studiare biblioteconomia in America, nel 1927. Più tardi lavorò alla Vaticana anche Alcide De Gasperi, presidente del Consiglio dopo la Liberazione. Nelle biblioteche statali venivano spesso destinati insegnanti di liceo e professoni universitari antifascisti che il Regime voleva togliere dall'insegnamento: per esempio Bianca Ceva ed Elena Valla alla Biblioteca nazionale di Milano, il filosofo Giuseppe Rensi alla Biblioteca universitaria di Genova e Pilo Albertelli (1907-1944), eroe della Resistenza, alla Biblioteca nazionale di Roma.Nel periodo fascista venne costituita, dopo il Congresso mondiale delle biblioteche e di bibliografia tenuto nel 1929 a Roma e Venezia, l'Associazione dei bibliotecari italiani (dal 1932 Associazione italiana per le biblioteche), controllata dal Ministero dell'educazione nazionale ma indipendente dal Partito. Il Partito fascista costituì una propria Sezione Bibliotecari nell'Associazione fascista del pubblico impiego e poi nell'Associazione fascista della scuola: queste associazioni ebbero larghe adesioni, per i vantaggi che offrivano, ma non svolsero attività significative nel campo delle biblioteche. La relativa autonomia dell'AIB dalla pressione del Fascismo fu resa possibile dal prestigio del presidente, l'uomo politico e professore Pier Silverio Leicht, e dalla Direzione generale delle accademie e biblioteche, che gestiva il settore delle biblioteche limitando per quanto possibile l'ingerenza politica e ideologica.I direttori delle biblioteche statali che non erano favorevoli al fascismo restarono di solito ai loro posti, ma negli anni Trenta la tessera del Partito nazionale fascista diventò necessaria per i funzionari dello Stato e alcuni bibliotecari antifascisti vennero destituiti, come Pietro Zorzanello dalla Biblioteca Palatina di Parma nel 1934 e Anita Mondolfo dalla Biblioteca nazionale di Firenze nel 1937. Nel 1938 vennero licenziati dallo Stato i bibliotecari ebrei. Parecchi bibliotecari antifascisti preferirono prendere la tessera del PNF e rimanere ai propri posti, dove potevano operare per le biblioteche e, dalla fine degli anni Trenta, per la loro protezione dai rischi e dai danni della guerra.Dal 1934 nei congressi dell'Associazione italiana biblioteche diventò obbligatorio portare la camicia nera, divisa del Partito fascista, ma le fotografie della sala del convegno nel 1934 e nel 1940 mostrano che solo pochi bibliotecari la indossavano, o indossavano l'uniforme degli impiegati dello Stato introdotta nel 1938, mentre la maggioranza continuava a indossare i propri abiti borghesi. La fascistizzazione del mondo delle biblioteche fu soprattutto burocratica e rituale, imposta dall'esterno ma limitata ai discorsi ufficiali nei congressi e sulla rivista del Ministero, non incise in maniera rilevante sulla cultura dei bibliotecari, che cercarono di contrastarla in maniera coperta o di ignorarla. ; The article does not try to deal with the more extensive theme of "fascism and libraries", library policy and the achievements of the fascist regime in this field, but aims at a understanding of the presence and positions of librarians in this stage of the history of Italian society. The fascist period is one of technical modernization of Italian libraries but also of fixation of the Italian library system. This period sees the birth, in 1930, of a professional representation of librarians (the Association of Italian librarians), and a few years earlier of a top government unit, the General Direction of Academies and Libraries (established in 1926 and still basically the same to this day), that acted as a filter between politics and the profession. The grasp of fascism among Italian librarians, in the years around the March on Rome (1922), was very limited. Many liberals considered fascism as a "lesser evil" with respect to the social tensions of 1919-1920, but the librarians who supported fascism before the March on Rome were few and of little importance. Among these were count Giuseppe Lando Passerini (1858-1932), librarian at the National Library of Florence and at the Laurenziana, and Antonio Toschi, librarian in Bologna. Not one important personality of the library world supported the Manifesto of the intellectuals of fascism (1925) written by Giovanni Gentile; few were also the supporters of the reply drafted by Benedetto Croce, but among these we find Emidio Martini, retired director of the National Library of Naples.Among the exponents of the Fascist Party we find some library administrators, such as Italo Lunelli (1891-1960) director of the Public Library of Trent and Leonardo D'Addabbo (1893-1958) director of the Consortium Library of Bari, who however did not have a significant role in the profession. The most interesting personality is Piero Zama (1886-1984), founder of the Fascist Party in Faenza and director of the Municipal Library of the city from 1920 to 1957. Zama, however, abandoned fascism because of his reactionary evolution and was subsequently persecuted.Libraries were often a sort of hideout for those contrary to fascism. Gerardo Bruni (1896-1975) and Igino Giordani (1894-1980), who had worked with don Sturzo in the Popular Party, were sent by the Vatican Library to study librarianship in America, in 1927, and later also Alcide De Gasperi, president of the Council of Ministers after the Liberation, worked in the Vatican Library. Anti-fascist high school teachers and university professors that the regime wanted to remove from teaching were often destined to state libraries: for example Bianca Ceva and Elena Valla to the National Library of Milan, the philosopher Giuseppe Rensi to the University Library of Genoa and Pilo Albertelli, Resistance hero, to the National Library of Rome.After the World Congress of Libraries and Bibliography held in Rome and Venice in 1929, the Association of Italian Librarians (from 1932 the Italian Association for Libraries, AIB) was founded, under the control of the Minister for National Education but independent of the Fascist Party. The Fascist Party formed its own Librarians' Section in the Fascist Association of Civil Servants and later in the Fascist School Association: these Associations were widely supported, due to the advantages that they offered, but they carried out no significant activities in the library field. The relative independence of the AIB from the pressure of Fascism was made possible through the prestige of its president, the politician and professor Pier Silverio Leicht, and through the General Direction of Academies and Libraries, that controlled the library sector and limited as much as possible any political and ideological interference.The directors of state libraries who were not in favour of fascism usually remained in their positions, but in the 1930s the membership card of the National Fascist party became necessary for civil servants and some anti-fascist librarians lost their posts. Among these were Pietro Zorzanello, director of the Palatine Library of Parma, in 1934 and Anita Mondolfo, director of the National Library of Florence, in 1937. Jewish librarians were dismissed by the State in 1938. Many anti-fascist librarians preferred to take out a membership card of the National Fascist Party and remain in their positions, where they were able to work for libraries and, from the end of the 1930s, for their protection from the risks and dangers of the war.From 1934 it became obligatory to wear a black shirt, the uniform of the Fascist Party, in the national conferences of the Italian Library Association, but photographs of the convention hall in 1934 and 1940 show that only a few librarians wore it. A number wore the uniform of the civil service, introduced in 1938, but the majority continued to wear their own civilian clothes. The fascistization of the library world was above all bureaucratic and ritual, imposed from the outside but limited to official speeches in congresses and on the Ministry journal. It did not leave much of a mark on the culture of the librarians, who sought to counter it in a veiled manner or at least to ignore it.
ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas tentang Peran Komisi Pemilihan Umum Daerah Dalam Membangun Partisipasi Politik Masyarakat Pada Pemilihan Kepala Daerah (Studi Pemilihan Kepala Daerah Kabupaten Kubu Raya Tahun 2018). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan Normatif Sosiologis. Kesimpulan dari tesis ini adalah Pola dan bentuk kinerja KPUD Kabupaten Kubu Raya untuk membangun partisipasi politik masyarakat pada Pemilihan Kepala Daerah di Kabupaten Kubu Raya Tahun 2018 yaitu Melakukan Sosialisasi Ke Masyarakat Kabupaten Kubu Raya, bertujuan untuk meningkatkan partisipasi masyarakat agar bersedia memberikan suaranya pada saat pemungutan suara. Kemudian Penyebaran Informasi Melalui Alat-Alat Peraga. Alat peraga yang dilakukan KPUD Kabupaten Kubu Raya yaitu .(Baliho, Poster, Pamflet, Pin, Spanduk, Stiker Pada Mobil/Motor/Rumah). Ini dilakukan oleh KPUD Kabupaten Kubu Raya Menjelang Pemilihan Kepala Daerah Di Kabupaten Kubu Raya Tahun 2018. Kemudian Program Relawan Demokrasi (Relasi). Program relawan demokrasi adalah gerakan sosial yang dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan partisipasi dan kualitas pemilih dalam menggunakan hak pilih. Dan Sosialisasi Mobil Keliling. Upaya terkhir yang dilakukam oleh KPUD Kabupaten Kubu Raya dalam meningkatkan partisipasi pemilih masyarakat yaitu KPUD Kabupaten Kubu Raya mensosialisasikan pelaksanaan Pilpres melalui promosi mobil keliling. Minimnya partisipasinya politik masyarakat pada Pemilihan Kepala Daerah merupakan bentuk kegagalan KPUD dalam menjalankan perannya untuk membangun partisipasinya politik masyarakat di pengaruhui beberapa faktor-faktor yaitu Faktor pekerjaan (Faktor Ekonomi) : Jika di lihat dari bentuk mata pencaharian masyarakat di Kabupaten Kubu Raya yang berbeda-beda bahwasannya sebagian besar masyarakat berkerja sebagai petani sehingga lebih banyak yang menghabisan waktu di luar rumah seperti keladang berdagang berkebun dan sebagainya. Padahal dalam pelaksanaan pemilu atau pesta rakyat yang diselenggarakan seharusnya masyarakat dapat menyampaikan aspirasi politiknya dengan ikut serta menyampaikan suara dan hak pilihnya. Faktor kesadaran masyarakat : Faktor lain yang mempengaruhi kurangnya partisipasi masyarakat yaitu, dikarenakan belum adanya fasilitas pendidikan seperti perguruan tinggi di daerah tersebut sehingga mengharuskan pemuda/pemudi yang ingin melanjutkan pendidikannya pergi keluar daerah. Maka dari itu karena jauhnya jarak untuk pulang kekampung mempengaruhi tingkat kesadaran akan hak politik dan suara mereka, pemuda/pemudi lebih memilih tidak menggunakan hak suaranya (golput) dari hal tersebut berpengaruh pada kesadaran dan juga menjadi alasan untuk tidak ikut sertanya masyarakat maupun pemuda/pemudi pada pemilihan kepala daerah yang berlangsung. Sosialisasi politik : Disetiap akan dilaksanakan pilkada ataupun pemilu legislatif panitia PPS (Panitia Pemungutan Suara) selalu memberikan pemahaman ataupun sosialisasi kepada masyarakat agar ikut serta dalam pemilihan umum yang salahsatunya dengan cara memberikan surat pilih. Faktor-faktor dominan yang menyebabkan minimnya partisipasi politik masyarakat dalam pemilihan daerah mempunyai korelasi langsung dengan peran KPUD Kabupaten Kubu Raya yaitu Letak Geografis yang mana Kabupaten Kubu Raya mempunyai 9 kecamatan yang tersebar dan beberapa diantaranya, daerahnya sangat susah dijangkau dan curam sekali. Jika menuju lokasi harus melewati perkebunan, jalanan berbatu-batu yang belum kena aspal, jalan yang berlobang dan jalan berkelok – kelok yang di tepi kanan kirinya terdapat jurang dan daerah perairan terpanjang di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat, letak geografis menjadi faktor penghambat KPUD Kabupaten Kubu Raya, itu dikarenakan jalan antara lokasi sosialisasi dan TPS kurang dapat dijangkau oleh masyarakat. Dikeranakan akses jalan yang belum merata di daerah perairan dan jalan-jalan yang masih banyak rusak di Kabupaten Kubu Raya. Pola Pikir Masyarakat Kabupaten Kubu Raya masih ada yang mempunyai mata pencaharian bertani dan berladang. Tidak semua kesejahteraan masyarakatnya tersebar merata oleh karena itu masih ada saja di beberapa daerah yang tingkat ekonomi dan pendidikannya masih rendah, tidak memperdulikan bahkan acuh terhadap Pada Pemilihan Kepala Daerah di Kabupaten Kubu Raya Tahun 2018. Masalah Daftar Pemilih Tetap (DPT) yang mana KPUD Kabupaten Kubu Raya sudah berusaha untuk mengatasi masalah DPT dengan cara memberitahukan kepada masyarakat bahwa masyarakat yang belum terdaftar dalam DPT agar segara mendaftarkan dirinya ke Panitia Pemungutan Suara (PPS) di kantor desa atau kelurahan. Akan tetapi masalah Daftar Pemilih Tetap (DPT) selalu saja muncul, dimana masih banyak pemilih yang belum terdaftar atau sudah terdaftar tetapi tidak masuk ke DPT. Kendala Pada Saat Melakukan Sosialisasi yaitu Keterbatasan dana. Kurang antusiasnya masyarakat, yang menghadiri sosialisasi hanya pihak-pihak tertentu, seperti tokoh masyarakat, RT, dan RW. Kurang adanya kepedulian dari masyarakat seperti kelompok perempuan, khususnya ibu-ibu, pemilih pemula yang terkadang menolak pada saat akan diberikan sosialisasi. Pada saat pemberian undangan, calon pemilih tidak berada di rumah. Sikap acuh yang ditunjukkan masyarakat pada saat diberikan sosialisasi. Masyarakat beranggapan memilih maupun tidak sama saja karena tidak akan berdampak pada kehidupannya. Masyarakat lansia sulit untuk diberikan sosialisasi karena salah satu faktornya yaitu sering lupa walaupun sudah diberikan pengetahuan tentang pemilu. Kata Kunci: Peran, Komisi Pemilihan Umum Daerah, Membangun, Partisipasi Politik. ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the Role of the Regional Election Commission in Building Community Political Participation in the Election of Regional Heads (Study of the Election of Regional Heads of Kubu Raya in 2018). The method used in this study is the Sociological Normative approach. The conclusion of this thesis is that the pattern and form of performance of the Election Commission of Kubu Raya Regency to build community political participation in the Election of Regional Heads in Kubu Raya in 2018 is to socialize to the community of Kubu Raya Regency, aiming to increase community participation to be willing to vote at polling . Then Disseminate Information Through Teaching Aids. The props performed by the Election Commission of Kubu Raya Regency are (Billboards, Posters, Pamphlets, Pins, Banners, Stickers on Cars / Motorbikes / Houses). his was done by the Election Commission of Kubu Raya Regency Ahead of the Election of Regional Heads in Kubu Raya Regency in 2018. Then the Democratic Volunteer Program (Relations). The democratic volunteer program is a social movement intended to increase the participation and quality of voters in exercising their right to vote. And Mobile Car Socialization. The last effort carried out by the Election Commission of Kubu Raya Regency in increasing community voter participation, namely the Election Commission of Kubu Raya Regency, socialized the implementation of the Presidential Election through the promotion of mobile cars. he lack of public participation in the elections of Regional Heads is a form of failure of the Election Commission in carrying out its role to build community participation in the influence of several factors, namely employment factors (Economic Factors): If viewed from different forms of community livelihood in Kubu Raya District bahwasannya most people work as farmers so that more people run out of time outside the home such as trading in gardening and so on. Whereas in the conduct of elections or public parties held, the public should be able to convey their political aspirations by participating in conveying their votes and voting rights. Community awareness factor: Another factor that influences the lack of community participation is that there are no educational facilities such as universities in the area so that young people who want to continue their education go out of the area. Therefore, because the distance to return to the village affects the level of awareness of their political rights and voices, young people prefer not to use their voting rights (abstentions), which influences awareness and is also a reason not to participate in the community or youth. in regional elections that take place. Political socialization: Every election will be held or legislative elections PPS committee (Voting Committee) always provides understanding or socialization to the community to participate in the wrong election by giving a select letter. The dominant factors that led to the lack of community political participation in regional elections have a direct correlation with the role of the Election Commission of Kubu Raya Regency, namely the Geographical Location where Kubu Raya Regency has 9 sub-districts scattered and some of them, the area is very difficult to reach and very steep. The lack of public participation in the elections of Regional Heads is a form of failure of the Election Commission in carrying out its role to build community participation in the influence of several factors, namely employment factors (Economic Factors): If viewed from different forms of community livelihood in Kubu Raya District bahwasannya most people work as farmers so that more people run out of time outside the home such as trading in gardening and so on. Whereas in the conduct of elections or public parties held, the public should be able to convey their political aspirations by participating in conveying their votes and voting rights. Community awareness factor: Other factors If you go to the location you have to pass through plantations, rocky roads that have not been hit by asphalt, hollow roads and winding roads which have the longest ravines and water areas in West Kalimantan Province, geographical location is a factor inhibiting the KPu Raya Election Commission, because the road between the location of the socialization and the TPS is less accessible to the community. Road access that is not evenly distributed in the waters and roads that are still heavily damaged in Kubu Raya Regency is planned. The Mindset of the people of Kubu Raya Regency still has farming and farming livelihoods. Not all people's welfare is spread evenly because there are still some in some regions whose economic and education levels are still low, ignoring even indifferent to the Election of Regional Heads in Kubu Raya in 2018. Problems with Permanent Voters List (DPT) which Regency Election Commission Kubu Raya has been trying to overcome the DPT problem by telling the public that the people who have not been registered in the DPT must immediately register themselves with the Voting Committee (PPS) in the village or kelurahan office. However, the problem of the Permanent Voters List (DPT) always arises, where there are still many voters who have not been registered or have registered but have not entered the DPT. Constraints at the time of socializing namely limited funds. The lack of enthusiasm of the people, who attended the socialization were only certain parties, such as community leaders, RTs and RWs. Lack of concern from the community such as women's groups, especially mothers, beginner voters who sometimes refuse when given socialization. At the time of the invitation, prospective voters were not at home. Indifferent attitude shown by the community when given socialization. The community thinks that choosing or not is the same because it will not affect their lives. The elderly community is difficult to be given information because one of the factors is often forgetting even though they have been given knowledge about the election.Keywords: Role, Regional Election Commission, Building, Political Participation.
In 2006 eight municipalities received grants from the Ministry of Children, Equality and Social Inclusion to develop services aimed at potentially excluded youth between the ages of 17 and 23. The money should be used to develop and deliver services and increase interdepartmental and interprofessional collaboration. The work done in this development project as well as the Minstry's focus on transitions, was aimed at developing more systematic knowledge about how these youth may best be helped to achieve successful independence. The project was initiated as part of the general initiative to combat child poverty on the part of the government. The time frame was three years. Six small municipalities and two cities participated. NOVA conducted a midway evaluation of the project in 2008. This elicited great variety with regard to choice of services and how the money was used. One important distinction became apparent, between municipalities developing general youth services and those who prioritized specific and targeted services. In the main respondents were satisfied with the results, but targeted services appeared to be the most successful. The participants were mainly pleased with the results of the project, but the targeted services seemed to be most successful. In particular municpalities with targeted services underlined the significance of having a mentor or pilot to follow the young people closely. All the participating municipalities also initiated new ways of collaborating during the first part of the project periode, and this was also experienced as positive. At the same time some participants had experienced that collaboration could sometimes meet challenges because of different perspectives and expectations among different professions, which could be extra demanding in an already hard-pressed situation. The first evaluation resulted in some recommendations for the next phase of the project, which the municipalities were free to take into consideration. First, NOVA recommended further use of targeted services combined with following the young people closely and the use of individual plans, provided one person could work closely with them. Second, NOVA suggested to the Ministry as well as to the municipalities that services included in the project might well be targeted at those younger than 17 as well. This would increase the preventive potential of the project. Third, NOVA focused on the significance of better documentation and routines as integral parts of the project. This is important in order to give the Ministry proper reports, as well as being a central part of the necessary groundwork if the project is to be continued. This final evaluation builds on the former one, analyzes more closely what has happened in the municipalities since and aims at conducting a final evaluation of the projects in the municipalities. The final evaluation addressed the following issues: 1. How did the project workers experience and assess the work and the services that were implemented? 2. Did the projects change, or lead to better collaboration between professionals dealing with potentially marginalized youth? In that case, in what ways? 3. How are results measured in the municipalities? 4. Which services were successful/unsuccessful and why? 5. How did the young people experience and assess the services they were offered? 6. What is the probability of continued implementation of these services after the end of the project period? It was important to interview central actors with different positions within the projects during the first evaluation. The participants were hand-picked in collaboration with the project leader in each municipality in order to achieve this. This process resulted in interviews with 33 persons, but no users. For the final evaluation we have included 18 of the most central actors from the first evaluation, as well as 16 young people who had received services through the project. At this point in time is was very important to include users' experiences. In addition we have done a documentary study and some observation through participating in seminars initiated by the Ministry. Our analyses have been limited by the fact that the organizations we have studied have changed continuously, and also been incfluenced by the first evaluation (which was part of the intention). Thus it may be difficult to distinguish the changes which have resulted from conscious strategies and those resulting from more unconscious and arbitrary strategies. In addition it is, from time to time, difficult to differentiate between effects from this project and other, state-initiated projects which have been going on in the municipalities at the same time. Thus, we have to a large degree chosen to emphasise how project workers and users have experienced possible effects of this particular state-funded initiative. The interviews with project workers and users informed us about short-term effects of the services in fairly comprehensive ways. However, we have less grounds to judge putative long-term effects as we just interviewed the young people once, towards the end of the project. We found that several changes had taken place between the first and the second evaluation. According to the project workers, most of these were related to the following points: • Services had become more goal-directed • A great deal had seen the need for earlier intervention • All the municipalities now had some kind of mentor or pilot function, and wanted to keep this up after the project had ended • The state-initiated project had led to new and better routines for inter-departmental collaboration with regard to possibly marginalized youth. This kind of collaboration had become more consistent and better to achieve. Most of the young people felt that participation in local projects had contributed to giving them a more meaningful everyday life, and they underlined the good feeling associated with being part of and coping with something. In addition it had been important to be helped with meeting and following up demands made by the bureaucracy of the helping services. Contact with professionals functioning in a role of what we have called the pilot (or mentor) was underlined as decisive, and very valuable. This must be seen in relation to the fact that many of the young people had not had access to a trustworthy adult while they were growing up. In addition many of the young people had participated in the design of the services, which they appreciated, even though the project leaders controlled the final design and authorisasation of the services. Actually one over-arching theme emanating from the interviews with project workers as well as young people was the importance of positive contact between adults and young people. This was the case independently of whether the services were open and general or targeted at specific individuals. However, regarding the latter type of services follow-up on the part of the adults that was characterized by closeness and trust seemed to make all the difference as to whether the young people kept up their participation, achieved their goals and managed to exit the services in a satisfactory manner. Important characteristics of the person acting as a pilot or mentor were, firstly, trust and patience, enabling the building up of mutual trust and the development of realistic goals over time. Secondly, the pilot should combine the ability to be strict and make demands with the ability to listen and be fair. Finally, it is important that the pilot or mentor is solution oriented and flexible. These characteristics were endorsed by project workers as well as users, making the recruiting of pilots with the right characteristics crucial. Since the function of pilot or mentor stood out as so very important, we have chosen to discuss this more in detail in the final part, related to recommendations for practice. Here we compare the pilot function as this could be understood in the project we evaluated with mentoring, where a great literature exists. In addition we discuss some structural preconditions for success. For instance the pilot should be given sufficient education and supervision, preferably by a coordinator who is responsible for several pilots. Vi diskuterer ogsÃ¥ noen strukturelle forutsetninger for at funksjonen kan være vellykket. There should be a an obligation on the part of both the municipality and the pilots that the work is supposed to go on for 2–3 years as a minimum, and one pilot should not be responsible for more than 4–5 young people. Even though several participants underlined the advantages of having a pilot that is not part of the formal system of services, we think that the crucial point is the development of a good relationship between pilot and young person. This will be more important than the organizational position of the pilot. It might, of course, be an advantage for the pilot to be part of the formal system of services, not in the least through knowing the system and having a position to work from. Whether further development of a system of pilots for young people at risk from marginalization from education or work takes place through state-initiated projects or local initiatives, the most crucial factor will be a sufficiently comprehensive investment lasting long enough. ; Rapporten presenterer resultatene fra sluttevalueringen av utviklingsprosjektet «Utsatte unge 17–23 år i overgangsfaser». Det treårige utviklingsarbeidet ble initiert av Barne-, likestillings- og inkluderingsdepartementet, og siktemålet var å utvikle nye tiltak og samarbeidsformer rundt utsatt ungdom. Rapporten bygger på intervjuer med prosjektinvolverte og ungdommer fra de åtte kommunene som har fått midler gjennom satsingen, samt dokumentanalyser og observasjoner. Innledningsvis presenterer vi noen av resultatene fra underveisevalueringen NOVA gjennomførte i 2008, som kommunene har kunnet nyttiggjøre seg i siste fase av utviklingsprosjektet. Deretter beskriver vi de åtte kommunene, tiltakene som ble iverksatt og måten samarbeidet rundt tiltakene ble organisert. Det første resultatkapitlet gjennomgår erfaringene og vurderingene fra de prosjektinvolverte, deretter presenteres ungdommenes vurderinger. Vi har lagt vekt på å presentere gode eksempler. Her har vi spesielt viet oppmerksomhet til det som kan kalles en «losfunksjon» – at ungdommene har hatt tett oppfølging av en person som har kunnet bistå dem på mange ulike måter i prosessen med å nyttiggjøre seg tiltakene.
The main objective of this thesis is to develop a guide for the design of public policies and other tools to promote innovation that adapt to social and economic reality of regions in emerging countries. This guide should help increase the scientific activity and the development of new products and new technology in these regions. Two regional innovation models in Europe and one in Latin America have been studied to learn from their experience in the design and application of public policies to increase innovation and identify their best practices so they could be adapted and redesigned for regions in emerging countries. In Europe, the regions of Stockholm, Sweden and Catalonia, Spain, have been chosen and in Latin America Nuevo León, Mexico. In these selected regions key actions that have created a real in economy and culture impact have been identified for its possible application in other emerging countries regions. It is difficult to define public policies that can assure success in the development of a Regional Innovation System. There are many intervening factors in the innovation capacity of a region. The cultural, political and economic differences play a key role in the success or failure of R&D public policies. However several criteria have been defined for the development of innovation and R&D policies based in the lessons learned and conclusions obtained from the regions studied. These would be a good starting point for whatever region in an emerging country that wants to initiate their transformation to a more knowledge intensive region. Through the analysis of the information presented by the case studies of Stockholm, Sweden; Catalonia, Spain and Nuevo León, Mexico, 6 lines for the development of specific R&D policies have been identified in this thesis: An innovation plan development; new ways of financial support creation and promoting; a new innovation culture creation; a continuous and constant human resources education promotion; collaboration networks generation and finally a Regional Innovation System¿s evaluation system creation. From these 6 basic lines, a guide for the design of R&D public policies for the creation and support of Regional Innovation Systems in emerging countries has been developed. We hope this guide will help improve the economy and specially the quality of life for those regions that decide to use it and bet on innovation and technological development as a growing strategy. The guide intends to be an efficient support and professional material for the education of Regional Innovation System managers, offering specific lines for the development of R&D public policies besides offering formulas to suggest the optimal distribution of the resources managed in these policies. The guide will also help adding a structured methodology for public R&D policies based in the studied regions best practices. The guide could be applied in regions where until now these decisions have been made based only in local experience and can be useful during the first stages of the Regional Innovation System from its creation to the beginning of its maturation. ; La presente tesis ha tenido como objetivo primordial desarrollar una guía para el diseño de herramientas y políticas públicas de fomento a la innovación que se adapten a la realidad social y económica y que impulsen la actividad científica y tecnológica y el desarrollo de nuevos productos y de nuevas tecnologías en las regiones de países emergentes que deseen incorporar el conocimiento en su economía. El conocimiento es un factor clave para el desarrollo de las economías, hoy en día es uno de los factores que más influyen en el crecimiento de la economía de los países y las regiones. La innovación y el desarrollo tecnológico son fundamentales para el desempeño económico y la competitividad de las empresas. Este desarrollo tecnológico es el resultado de la compleja relación entre los individuos y organizaciones que generan, distribuyen, intercambian conocimiento y generan productos y servicios exitosos en el mercado. Las naciones desarrolladas han diseñado Sistemas de Innovación, es decir políticas, organizaciones e infraestructura orientada al fomento de la innovación en la sociedad en general. Países desarrollados como Finlandia, Suecia y Alemania tienen ya un par de décadas apostando por la innovación como ventaja competitiva. Los resultados hasta ahora muestran que en el diseño de las políticas de innovación y su implementación, algunos países han mejorado más y más rápido que otros y es claro que dentro de estos países hay regiones más innovadoras que otras. Es por esto que los sistemas regionales de innovación han cobrado gran importancia y han sido estudiados más a fondo en los últimos diez años. México, como otros países de economías emergentes empieza a generar sistemas regionales de innovación, intentando integrarse a la nueva economía del conocimiento. Los países emergentes como Brasil, India y México buscan mantenerse competitivos en el mercado mundial e incrementar el nivel de vida de sus habitantes. Estos países intentan imitar los modelos exitosos como los de Silicon Valley en los Estados Unidos, Estocolmo en Suecia y la región de Oberbayern en Alemania, los cuales llevan ya más de dos décadas de existir. En esta tesis se han estudiado 2 modelos de innovación regional en Europa y uno en América Latina para aprender de la experiencia en el diseño y aplicación de herramientas y políticas de fomento a la innovación y poder adaptar, rediseñar o crear Sistemas Regionales de Innovación que se adapten a las regiones de las economías emergentes, sobre todo latinoamericanas. En Europa se escogieron las regiones de Estocolmo en Suecia y Cataluña en España y en Latinoamérica se escogió a Nuevo León. En estas regiones seleccionadas se identificaron acciones clave que han causado un verdadero impacto en la economía y en la cultura para evaluar su posible adaptación y aplicación en regiones de países emergentes. La Comisión Europea estudia el rendimiento de las regiones en cuanto a innovación, utiliza encuestas de evaluación para obtener indicadores y poder clasificar así, las regiones más innovadoras en Europa. Según la clasificación europea, del Innovation Scoreboard, durante el 2006 la región más innovadora en Europa fue la región de Estocolmo, Suecia, razón por la cual fue escogida como región modelo o ideal a estudiar. A nivel nacional, Suecia, también es el país más exitoso en cuanto a innovación si tomamos como indicadores el gasto en I+D respecto al PIB o el número de investigadores por número de habitantes. La iniciativa privada es la fuerza que mueve el sistema de innovación en Estocolmo, ya que es la responsable del 68% del gasto en I+D. Como resultado, el número de patentes solicitadas a la Oficina Europea de Patentes es el doble del promedio europeo. Por todas estas razones es claro que uno de los casos de estudio debe ser el sistema regional de innovación de Estocolmo. Por otro lado, dentro del gran crecimiento económico de España a partir de su entrada en la Unión Europea en 1986 sobresale el crecimiento de la región de Cataluña. En el 2005 Cataluña era una región líder de España en cuanto a I+D. En 10 años logró alcanzar los niveles promedio de ingreso per cápita promedio de Europa. Sin embargo sus indicadores de innovación están todavía muy lejos de los líderes europeos, por esta razón el gobierno había realizado un gran esfuerzo en desarrollar políticas que fomenten la innovación. El gobierno regional de Cataluña dedicó gran cantidad de recursos a la I+D para desarrollar y consolidar su sistema regional de innovación. Por estas razones la región de Cataluña (España) resulta otro caso de estudio muy interesante, pues es un punto medio entre las regiones de las economías emergentes latinoamericanas y las regiones de los países líderes europeos. El tercer caso de estudio es el de la región de Nuevo León, México, la cual es una de las regiones más dinámicas e innovadoras en América Latina. Su gran capacidad industrial, altos niveles de ingreso per cápita y una gran infraestructura de educación superior la hacen una región con las características ideales para el desarrollo de un sistema regional de innovación. Hace menos de una década, el gobierno regional arrancó proyectos para empezar el desarrollo de un sistema regional de innovación. Por estas razones la región de Nuevo León, México fue un caso de estudio ideal para la adaptación e implantación de modelos de los sistemas regionales de innovación europeos. Es difícil definir políticas públicas que aseguren el éxito del desarrollo de un sistema regional de innovación porque son muchos los factores que intervienen en la capacidad innovadora de una región. Las diferencias culturales, políticas y económicas juegan un papel muy importante en el éxito o fracaso de la implantación de políticas públicas de fomento a la I+D. Sin embargo se han definido ciertos criterios para el desarrollo de políticas públicas de fomento a la innovación y a la I+D, basados en las lecciones aprendidas y conclusiones obtenidas de las regiones estudiadas, que pueden plantear un buen punto de inicio para las regiones de los países emergentes que quieran iniciar la transformación de sus regiones en áreas intensivas de conocimiento. A través del análisis de la información presentada por los casos de estudio de Estocolmo, Suecia; Cataluña, España y Nuevo León, México en esta tesis se han identificado 6 líneas para el desarrollo de políticas específicas para el fomento a la innovación: Desarrollar un plan de innovación y formalizar objetivos; fomentar y crear nuevas fuentes de apoyo financiero; crear una cultura de innovación; fomentar la formación constante y continua de recursos humanos; generar redes de colaboración y, finalmente, crear un sistema de evaluación al Sistema Regional de Innovación. Mediante estas 6 líneas se ha desarrollado una guía que esperamos ayudé a mejorar la economía y sobre todo la calidad de vida de las regiones que decidan utilizarla y apostar por la innovación y el desarrollo tecnológico como estrategia de crecimiento ; Postprint (published version)
The main objective of this thesis is to develop a guide for the design of public policies and other tools to promote innovation that adapt to social and economic reality of regions in emerging countries. This guide should help increase the scientific activity and the development of new products and new technology in these regions. Two regional innovation models in Europe and one in Latin America have been studied to learn from their experience in the design and application of public policies to increase innovation and identify their best practices so they could be adapted and redesigned for regions in emerging countries. In Europe, the regions of Stockholm, Sweden and Catalonia, Spain, have been chosen and in Latin America Nuevo León, Mexico. In these selected regions key actions that have created a real in economy and culture impact have been identified for its possible application in other emerging countries regions. It is difficult to define public policies that can assure success in the development of a Regional Innovation System. There are many intervening factors in the innovation capacity of a region. The cultural, political and economic differences play a key role in the success or failure of R&D public policies. However several criteria have been defined for the development of innovation and R&D policies based in the lessons learned and conclusions obtained from the regions studied. These would be a good starting point for whatever region in an emerging country that wants to initiate their transformation to a more knowledge intensive region. Through the analysis of the information presented by the case studies of Stockholm, Sweden; Catalonia, Spain and Nuevo León, Mexico, 6 lines for the development of specific R&D policies have been identified in this thesis: An innovation plan development; new ways of financial support creation and promoting; a new innovation culture creation; a continuous and constant human resources education promotion; collaboration networks generation and finally a Regional Innovation System¿s evaluation system creation. From these 6 basic lines, a guide for the design of R&D public policies for the creation and support of Regional Innovation Systems in emerging countries has been developed. We hope this guide will help improve the economy and specially the quality of life for those regions that decide to use it and bet on innovation and technological development as a growing strategy. The guide intends to be an efficient support and professional material for the education of Regional Innovation System managers, offering specific lines for the development of R&D public policies besides offering formulas to suggest the optimal distribution of the resources managed in these policies. The guide will also help adding a structured methodology for public R&D policies based in the studied regions best practices. The guide could be applied in regions where until now these decisions have been made based only in local experience and can be useful during the first stages of the Regional Innovation System from its creation to the beginning of its maturation. ; La presente tesis ha tenido como objetivo primordial desarrollar una guía para el diseño de herramientas y políticas públicas de fomento a la innovación que se adapten a la realidad social y económica y que impulsen la actividad científica y tecnológica y el desarrollo de nuevos productos y de nuevas tecnologías en las regiones de países emergentes que deseen incorporar el conocimiento en su economía. El conocimiento es un factor clave para el desarrollo de las economías, hoy en día es uno de los factores que más influyen en el crecimiento de la economía de los países y las regiones. La innovación y el desarrollo tecnológico son fundamentales para el desempeño económico y la competitividad de las empresas. Este desarrollo tecnológico es el resultado de la compleja relación entre los individuos y organizaciones que generan, distribuyen, intercambian conocimiento y generan productos y servicios exitosos en el mercado. Las naciones desarrolladas han diseñado Sistemas de Innovación, es decir políticas, organizaciones e infraestructura orientada al fomento de la innovación en la sociedad en general. Países desarrollados como Finlandia, Suecia y Alemania tienen ya un par de décadas apostando por la innovación como ventaja competitiva. Los resultados hasta ahora muestran que en el diseño de las políticas de innovación y su implementación, algunos países han mejorado más y más rápido que otros y es claro que dentro de estos países hay regiones más innovadoras que otras. Es por esto que los sistemas regionales de innovación han cobrado gran importancia y han sido estudiados más a fondo en los últimos diez años. México, como otros países de economías emergentes empieza a generar sistemas regionales de innovación, intentando integrarse a la nueva economía del conocimiento. Los países emergentes como Brasil, India y México buscan mantenerse competitivos en el mercado mundial e incrementar el nivel de vida de sus habitantes. Estos países intentan imitar los modelos exitosos como los de Silicon Valley en los Estados Unidos, Estocolmo en Suecia y la región de Oberbayern en Alemania, los cuales llevan ya más de dos décadas de existir. En esta tesis se han estudiado 2 modelos de innovación regional en Europa y uno en América Latina para aprender de la experiencia en el diseño y aplicación de herramientas y políticas de fomento a la innovación y poder adaptar, rediseñar o crear Sistemas Regionales de Innovación que se adapten a las regiones de las economías emergentes, sobre todo latinoamericanas. En Europa se escogieron las regiones de Estocolmo en Suecia y Cataluña en España y en Latinoamérica se escogió a Nuevo León. En estas regiones seleccionadas se identificaron acciones clave que han causado un verdadero impacto en la economía y en la cultura para evaluar su posible adaptación y aplicación en regiones de países emergentes. La Comisión Europea estudia el rendimiento de las regiones en cuanto a innovación, utiliza encuestas de evaluación para obtener indicadores y poder clasificar así, las regiones más innovadoras en Europa. Según la clasificación europea, del Innovation Scoreboard, durante el 2006 la región más innovadora en Europa fue la región de Estocolmo, Suecia, razón por la cual fue escogida como región modelo o ideal a estudiar. A nivel nacional, Suecia, también es el país más exitoso en cuanto a innovación si tomamos como indicadores el gasto en I+D respecto al PIB o el número de investigadores por número de habitantes. La iniciativa privada es la fuerza que mueve el sistema de innovación en Estocolmo, ya que es la responsable del 68% del gasto en I+D. Como resultado, el número de patentes solicitadas a la Oficina Europea de Patentes es el doble del promedio europeo. Por todas estas razones es claro que uno de los casos de estudio debe ser el sistema regional de innovación de Estocolmo. Por otro lado, dentro del gran crecimiento económico de España a partir de su entrada en la Unión Europea en 1986 sobresale el crecimiento de la región de Cataluña. En el 2005 Cataluña era una región líder de España en cuanto a I+D. En 10 años logró alcanzar los niveles promedio de ingreso per cápita promedio de Europa. Sin embargo sus indicadores de innovación están todavía muy lejos de los líderes europeos, por esta razón el gobierno había realizado un gran esfuerzo en desarrollar políticas que fomenten la innovación. El gobierno regional de Cataluña dedicó gran cantidad de recursos a la I+D para desarrollar y consolidar su sistema regional de innovación. Por estas razones la región de Cataluña (España) resulta otro caso de estudio muy interesante, pues es un punto medio entre las regiones de las economías emergentes latinoamericanas y las regiones de los países líderes europeos. El tercer caso de estudio es el de la región de Nuevo León, México, la cual es una de las regiones más dinámicas e innovadoras en América Latina. Su gran capacidad industrial, altos niveles de ingreso per cápita y una gran infraestructura de educación superior la hacen una región con las características ideales para el desarrollo de un sistema regional de innovación. Hace menos de una década, el gobierno regional arrancó proyectos para empezar el desarrollo de un sistema regional de innovación. Por estas razones la región de Nuevo León, México fue un caso de estudio ideal para la adaptación e implantación de modelos de los sistemas regionales de innovación europeos. Es difícil definir políticas públicas que aseguren el éxito del desarrollo de un sistema regional de innovación porque son muchos los factores que intervienen en la capacidad innovadora de una región. Las diferencias culturales, políticas y económicas juegan un papel muy importante en el éxito o fracaso de la implantación de políticas públicas de fomento a la I+D. Sin embargo se han definido ciertos criterios para el desarrollo de políticas públicas de fomento a la innovación y a la I+D, basados en las lecciones aprendidas y conclusiones obtenidas de las regiones estudiadas, que pueden plantear un buen punto de inicio para las regiones de los países emergentes que quieran iniciar la transformación de sus regiones en áreas intensivas de conocimiento. A través del análisis de la información presentada por los casos de estudio de Estocolmo, Suecia; Cataluña, España y Nuevo León, México en esta tesis se han identificado 6 líneas para el desarrollo de políticas específicas para el fomento a la innovación: Desarrollar un plan de innovación y formalizar objetivos; fomentar y crear nuevas fuentes de apoyo financiero; crear una cultura de innovación; fomentar la formación constante y continua de recursos humanos; generar redes de colaboración y, finalmente, crear un sistema de evaluación al Sistema Regional de Innovación. Mediante estas 6 líneas se ha desarrollado una guía que esperamos ayudé a mejorar la economía y sobre todo la calidad de vida de las regiones que decidan utilizarla y apostar por la innovación y el desarrollo tecnológico como estrategia de crecimiento ; Postprint (published version)
La revista Tendencias de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y dministrativas de la Universidad de Nariño, una vez más entra en la escena académica regional y nacional con el segundo número de 2014, un año muy importante para el desarrollo de la Revista, que no solo busca mantenerse vigente al ofrecer este espacio para la publicación de resultados de investigación; de reflexión y de revisión sobre temas afines a la realidad contemporánea, verdadero apoyo para la formación de profesionales. Además, procura cada día actualizar sus sistemas de afiliación a las redes, que en algunos casos significa romper con un determinado esquema de organización, siempre con el firme propósito de contribuir a una mayor y mejor calidad de publicación y divulgación ajustadas al respectivo semestre de aparición.En este número presentamos tres artículos resultados de investigaciones: los dos primeros de la Universidad de Nariño: el profesor Luis Hernando Portillo Riascos escribe sobre Extractivismo clásico y neoextractivismo, ¿dos tipos de extractivismos diferentes? I Parte, donde el autor hace un importante aporte al debate sobre los tipos de Extractivismo y realiza un análisis de los principales cambios del marco regulatorio del sector petrolero de Colombia y Ecuador, relacionados con la intervención del Estado y los modelos de explotación para conocer su impacto. El segundo es de los profesores Carlos Córdoba-Cely, Francisco Javier Villamarín Martínez y Harold Bonilla quienes abordan el tema sobre Innovación social: aproximación a un marco teórico desde las disciplinas creativas del diseño y las ciencias sociales, en el que se hace una propuesta de carácter multidisciplinar para articular el diseño y el emprendimiento empresarial con las ciencias sociales, especialmente la sociología. Y el tercer artículo de investigación es de los profesores de la Universidad del Rosario Giovanni E. Reyes y Sandra Milena Chacón Colombia 2003-2013: estructura y tendencias de las exportaciones, un estudio de las exportaciones colombianas y de los países destinatarios en el que queda manifiesto la constante de los montos de la demanda de Colombia con las modificaciones con respecto a Venezuela y China; y muestra además los desafíos que enfrenta Colombia en su comercio internacional.Entre los artículos de reflexión de investigaciones en curso presentamos cuatro artículos: de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia los profesores Alberto Romero y Mary Analí Vera-Colina abordan el tema sobre Las empresas transnacionales y los países en desarrollo en el que se hace un planteamiento sobre la caracterización de las empresas transnacionales, su importancia e impacto en los países en desarrollo a partir de la sistematización de información relacionada; de la Universidad de La Salle, el profesor Gonzalo Cómbita Mora escribe acerca de Entre el realismo y la abstracción: una evaluación metodológica de la macroeconomía, en el que muestra cómo la macroeconomía moderna está formada por una serie de pensamientos que permiten, de una parte el enriquecimiento del debate, y de otra el avance de la ciencia. Y que sin embargo, dicha pluralidad ha sido anulada por el dominio del enfoque mainstream, obstaculizando el progreso de la macroeconomía.De la Universidad Mariana de Pasto, los profesores Carlos Castillo Muñoz, Jorge Xavier Córdoba Martínez y José Luis Villarreal presentan el tema Estándares internacionales de educación (IES) en contabilidad y aseguramiento: nuevos retos de la profesión contable en el que se refieren al ejercicio profesional del Contador Público en el país, pero también su inserción en el ámbito internacional. Sus reflexiones van más allá al involucrar a la educación superior en la responsabilidad de su adecuada formación. Y de la Universidad del Tolima el profesor Gonzalo Camacho Vásquez en su artículo El enfoque Problémico tomasino a la luz del saber cómo problema, hace un análisis crítico de los planes de asignatura de aulas virtuales de aprendizaje de los programas de pregrado desde el enfoque tomasino.Dos profesores, Ernesto Galvis-Lista de la Universidad del Magdalena y Jenny Marcela Sánchez-Torres de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, abordan en un artículo de revisión la temática sobre la Evaluación de la gestión del conocimiento: una revisión sistemática de literatura, dentro de dos maneras de análisis: uno de carácter cienciométrico básico, y otro de contenidos relacionados con una serie de aspectos de los modelos como la estructura, la función y objetivo de la evaluación, métodos de investigación, sectores económicos de aplicación, entre otros. Finalmente, presentamos el ensayo De programa de salud ocupacional a sistema de gestión de seguridad y salud en el trabajo, un aporte sobre Salud Ocupacional, desde la perspectiva y experiencia del doctor Carlos Patiño Bucheli, como factor decisivo en cualquier espacio laboral.Expresamos nuestro agradecimiento a cada uno de los autores de los diferentes tipos de artículos que se publican en este número, extendemos una fraternal invitación a todas las universidades de la región y del país para que nos presenten sus propuestas de publicación, y hacemos un llamado universitario a los grupos de investigación tanto de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas como del resto de la Universidad de Nariño para que continúen liderando investigaciones que permitan la divulgación clara y precisa de los avances de las distintas áreas del conocimiento. La Revista, factor de desarrollo académico, ha recibido el constante apoyo desde la Decanatura, aspecto que resaltamos y agradecemos.LA DIRECTORA PRESENTATIONTendencias, the journal of the School of Economics and Management, as part of the University of Nariño, offers in this issue an important achievement as part of the development process regarding its own contents. Here, we present articles which are products of specific and updated research, and articles more oriented in terms of theoretic, conceptual and qualitative basis, as well. All our topics and presentations aim to be effective tools for learning processes.We in Tendencias, are trying to update our links to national and international scientific networks. Sometimes this effort implies to carry out changes, improvements and innovations in terms of organizational work. Our permanent purpose is to increase the quality of our publication. In this issue we present three products of research. Two of them from the Universidad de Nariño; first: professor Luis Hernando Portillo Riascos writes about extractivism and neo-extrativism processes, a first part of a set of research outcomes. Here a comparison between regulatory oil sector conditions is analyzed specifically for Ecuador and Colombia. Governmental controls and exploitation models are taken into account.Second, an article by professors: Carlos Andrés Córdoba Cely, Francisco Javier Villamarín Martínez and Harold Bonilla, addresses the topic concerning theoretical basis for social innovation from a sociological perspective. They suggest a multidisciplinary model about formulation of entrepreneurship, based on sociological conceptual basis.A third research article is written by Giovanni E. Reyes and Sandra Milena Chacón, both part of the faculty of Universidad del Rosario. This article deals with structure and trends of exports from Colombia, during 2003-2013. It shows dynamical processes belonging to the main Colombian international partners, such as Venezuela, United States and China. This article points out what are the major challenges Colombian economy needs to face in terms of international marketplaces.Another set of four articles underlines rather thoughtful features. The first one by professors Alberto Romero and Mary Analí Vera-Colina –from Universidad Nacional de Colombia- addresses a topic with current and important repercussions, namely the transnational enterprises and their relationships with less developed countries. In this contribution principal features, impact and influences in development aspects are discussed.Professor Gonzalo Cómbita Mora –Universidad de La Salle- writes about a perspective derived from realism and abstraction, as basis of perception and characterization of macroeconomics. It shows how the sphere of macroeconomic principles and applications is founded in basic notions from which scientific debated rise, as well as the advancing processes of this discipline. However, and according to this article, the mainstream-predominant macroeconomic vision has been a sort of obstructionist element for theoretical improvements.In other article, professors Carlos Castillo Muñoz, Jorge Xavier Córdoba Martínez and José Luis Villareal –Universidad Mariana de Pasto– take into account main features related to international standards for education concerning accounting and insurance. They frame their claims within conditions of Colombian society and international links with international universities. They underline the importance of a comprehensive formation of human capital for those two areas of study.Professor Gonzalo Camacho Vásquez –University del Tolima- holds a critical analysis in his article devoted to views approaching problematic perceptions from a "tomasino" standpoint. He addresses teaching-learning processes as part of methodologies based on virtual education within the scope of undergraduate studies.Two professors from the Universidad del Magdalena, Ernesto Galvis-Lista y Jenny Marcela Sánchez-Torres, write about the topic of knowledge management, particularly in terms of a systematic literature review. To accomplish their goal, these authors use two approaches: (i) scientific assessment; and (ii) a rather qualitative method which takes into account –among other criteria– structure, functions, economic sectors for applying knowledge and aims of appraisal.Finally, this issue presents an essay devoted to occupational health program management, with the specific target of safety and health issues at work -a critical factor of the general labor sphere. It is a contribution from Salud Ocupacional. This article is based on the perspective and work experience of Dr. Carlos Patiño Bucheli.We want to express our recognition to each one of the authors whose work is published in this issue. We want to extend a fraternal invitation to all universities in the region and Colombia as a whole, to submit their proposals for publication as part of our journal. We call the research groups that belong to the School of Economics and Management, and the rest of the Universidad de Nariño, to continue in the task of leading the scientific research in several areas of knowledge. This journal, as a factor of academic development, has received constant support from the dean office at the School of Economics and Management. We want to highlight this sponsorship; we are sincerely grateful for that.THE DIRECTOR
Under immense pressure to bring some certainty into the markets, Barack Obama has moved quickly to announce his choice for main cabinet posts. His planned appointments, as well as his policy announcements, are a study in how to turn crisis into opportunity. A reader of history, with particular attention to the biographies of certain presidents, he has taken a page from Abraham Lincoln in naming a "team of rivals" or at least of big personalities with strong opinions, as his foreign policy lineup: Hillary Clinton will be Secretary of State and General James Jones, a retired Marine commander, his National Security Advisor, while Robert Gates, current Secretary of Defense under Bush, would stay on at least for the first year of the Obama administration. On the economic side, his choice for Treasure Secretary, arguably the most important post in this crisis is Timothy Geithner, New York Federal Reserve chairman, who has been working closely with both Federal Reserve President Ben Bernanke and Treasure Secretary Hank Paulson, and has been part of the decision-making on bank bailouts from the very beginning. This would give continuity to the policy choices already made and bring a stronger measure of certainty and coherence to the process. With the cooperation of George W. Bush, Obama has been shaping the policy-making process behind the scenes, but after calls for him to give some certainty to the markets and to fill the power vacuum of the interregnum period, he has come forward several times this week to reassure consumers and markets that he is ready to continue the federal government's unprecedented spending in order to stimulate the economy. His activist government agenda will be in many ways enabled by the crisis, for example in job creation and energy transformation: he can tie those two goals together by embarking on a New Deal-style of public works while at the same time renewing the energy base of the economy, thereby meeting environmental goals and severing the country's economically costly and politically unsustainable dependency on oil. He is also helped by the fact that bipartisanship is for now a necessity until the first critical period of this dire economic period is crossed. Just like FDR took advantage of the Great Depression to drive through his agenda of redistribution, so can Obama. Energy renewal, job creation, adequate health care, education, regulation and tax reform all are goals that had been neglected for too long but now there is an opportunity to turn them into part of the solution to economic recovery. At times when calls for government action are coming from all sides of the political spectrum, the opportunity to turn those calls into reform is enormous, and Obama is using his bully pulpit early to lead the country in that direction. He is now proposing the rapid approval of an economic stimulus deemed around the sum of 500 billion dollars in federal spending and tax cuts for the middle class. As the pieces of the Obama's cabinet puzzle start falling into place, most observers are surprised at the pragmatism that seems to be guiding his choices. Timothy Geithner is a centrist, a problem solver, a Wall Street outsider, who has worked in different position at the Department of Treasury since 1988, under three different presidents. During the Clinton administration he dealt with the Asian crisis and the Mexican bailout. A dedicated public servant, pro-regulation, young and non-ideological, he has a student-mentor relationship with Larry Summers, Treasure Secretary under Clinton and also a pragmatist, who will now become Obama's economic adviser. This choice as well as others points to a fact-based administration, which coincides with the vision laid out by Obama during the campaign, one that solves problems and is not ruled by ideology. Bob Rubin, a deficit "hawk" with a strong penchant for balanced budgets who was also Treasure Secretary under Clinton, is helping Obama put together the economic team, which so far has no progressive heavy weight economists like Joseph Stiglitz or James Galbraith, both of whom were Obama advisers during the campaign. Similarly, on the foreign policy front, Obama chose Hillary Clinton, in spite of their disagreements in foreign policy during the primary election campaign. And all signs point to his picking of General James Jones, a retired Marine general and former NATO commander, as his National Security Advisor. Jones is a Vietnam decorated veteran with strong cross-party appeal, who was asked twice by Condoleezza Rice to be her adviser at State (but he declined). Defense Secretary Bob Gates, another dedicated public servant, would be asked to stay on at Defense and negotiate the next stage of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. He is close to Brent Scowcroft, former National Security Adviser for Bush 41 and Gerald Ford, who has criticized George W. Bush for both the decision to invade Iraq, which he called "a war of choice not of necessity", and the way he allowed it to be mishandled by Rumsfeld. To this eclectic team one must add Vice President Joe Biden, whose foreign policy experience was a main consideration when he was picked by Obama as his running mate. He will certainly be another strong voice at the foreign policy table. The main intention behind these choices seems to be that, once Obama succeeds in forming an effective team out of such strong and experienced personalities on the foreign policy front, he can more comfortably focus on the economy without distractions. These early decisions, whether confirmed, leaked out or strongly rumored, have Washington buzzing. Does the choice of experienced people detract from Obama's message of change? Not necessarily, since it is the President that will set the agenda and who will lay out the vision. Obama invites strong opinions from his aides, and likes to debate options. That is how he envisions the decision-making process, with his advisers as partners in governance, not as passive surrogates. But there are risks to this approach, the main one being how to mesh these big egos with different backgrounds and perspectives into a real team that can work together without undermining each of its individual members' missions. That is exactly what happened to Secretary of State Colin Powell under the Bush-Cheney White House: he did not have the full backing of the rest of the team, especially of the vice-president, so he became ineffective and he never recovered. Another rumor often heard around the capital this week, especially in the anti-Obama camp, is that, given his cabinet choices, Obama seems to be positioning himself to govern from the center of the political spectrum, thus "betraying his progressive agenda" and his left-wing supporters. This claim is incorrect for two main reasons. First, because it is blind to the fact that his so-called "progressive agenda" coincides with the center today. The ideological center has shifted, and "Progressive" is now mainstream. What was considered radical ten or twenty years ago is now what most of Americans want, namely: demands for corporate responsibility and universal health care, concerns about global warming and energy renewal, a foreign policy based on multilateral decision making, respect for human rights and international law. It is still a divided country, but the wide majority wants reform. Second, Obama's blueprint of massive public investment to rebuild infrastructure and schools, and to create "green" jobs, his new "New Deal", will be made possible by the crisis itself. Most experts agree that this is not a time to worry about budget deficits. There are new opportunities created by the crisis itself: the call for government action comes from all sides, so it is time to use the momentous circumstances to bring about the change that has been postponed for so long, and to do it in the service of job creation and sustainable growth. Just like President Roosevelt used the Great Depression to drive through his economic agenda of education and distribution, so Obama should make use of the moment and embark on major investments in a XXI century infrastructure, with a new electric grid, water and sewer system, a world class internet service and health care reform. The new stimulus package announced this week seems to be a first step in that direction. In the next few days the President-elect will announce his choices to head the Department of Commerce and Homeland Security. Bill Richardson, the Hispanic governor of New Mexico, and Jane Napolitano, governor of Arizona are the most likely candidates. Bill Richardson's nomination will be very important since it will not only appease Hispanics (over 67% of who voted for Obama) but also signify a pro-free trade stance by Obama that will assuage fears of Protectionism both in American and abroad. On her part, Jane Napolitano is someone with hands-on experience in Immigration, and her choice to head Homeland Security seems to signal that serious Immigration reform is also on the Executive's agenda. At only three weeks after his election, and at eight weeks before his inauguration, Barack Obama has been forced to use his bully pulpit to restore confidence and pledge continuity to commitments already made by the outgoing administration. He has shown his pragmatism by inviting the best-qualified and most experienced people into his cabinet to face the difficulties ahead, regardless of their ideology or ties to past administrations. His greatest challenge is to continue turning crisis into opportunity, using the unprecedented consensus on government spending to promote his transformational agenda. He must stick to his narrative of change and use his cabinet's experience to make that change happen. Senior Lecturer, Department of Political Science and Geography Director, ODU Model United Nations Program Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia
While the nonviolent struggle of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi against the Burmese military government's continuing repression has captured the world's attention, the profound human rights and humanitarian crisis endured by Burma's ethnic minority communities has largely been ignored. ¶ Decades of armed conflict have devastated ethnic minority communities, which make up approximately 35 percent of Burma's population. The Burmese army, or Tatmadaw, has for many years carried out numerous and widespread summary executions, looting, torture, rape and other sexual violence, arbitrary arrests and torture, forced labor, recruitment of child soldiers, and the displacement and demolition of entire villages as part of military operations against ethnic minority armed opposition groups. Civilians bear the brunt of a state of almost perpetual conflict and militarization. ¶ Violations of international human rights and humanitarian law (the laws of war) by the Tatmadaw have been particularly acute in eastern Karen state, which runs along the northwestern border of Thailand. One woman described to Human Rights Watch more than twenty years of Tatmadaw brutality: . One result of the Tatmadaw's brutal behavior has been the creation of large numbers of internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees among Burma's ethnic minority communities. Conflict and its consequences have been going on for so long that in many ethnic minority-populated areas, continuous forced relocations and displacement–– interspersed with occasional periods of relative stability––have become a fact of life for generations of poor villagers. ¶ The scale of the IDP problem in Burma is daunting. Estimates suggest that, as of late 2004, as many as 650,000 people were internally displaced in eastern Burma alone. According to a recent survey, 157,000 civilians have been displaced in eastern Burma since the end of 2002, and at least 240 villages destroyed, relocated, or abandoned. The majority of displaced people live in areas controlled by the government, now known as the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC), or by various ethnic armed groups that have agreed to ceasefires with the government. But approximately eighty-four thousand displaced people live in zones of ongoing armed conflict, where the worst human rights abuses continue. Many IDPs live in hiding in war zones. Another two million Burmese live in Thailand, including 145,000 refugees living in camps. ¶ Karen State is the location of some of the largest numbers of IDPs in Burma. Since 2002, approximately 100,000 people have been displaced from Karen areas, which include parts of Pegu and Tenasserim Divisions. Though a provisional ceasefire was agreed in December 2003 between the SPDC and the Karen National Union (KNU), sporadic fighting continues. Tatmadaw military operations against the KNU's army, the Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA), in the first months of 2005 caused numerous deaths and injuries to civilians in poor villages along the Thai border. They also forced many civilians to flee internally or to Thailand. For example, at least 9,000 civilians were displaced in Toungoo District, in the far north of Karen State bordering Karenni State, and in Nyaunglebin District in northwest Karen State, during major Tatmadaw offensives between November 2004 and February 2005. ¶ The majority of Karen IDPs have been forced out of their homes as a direct result of the Tatmadaw's "Four Cuts" counter-insurgency strategy, in which the Burmese army has attempted to defeat armed ethnic groups by denying them access to food, funds, recruits, and information from other insurgent groups. H.T., a twenty-eight year-old Karen from Dooplaya District, described his experience with the Tatmadaw in January 2005: . ¶ This report describes the situation in government-controlled areas, including relocation sites, which are generally not accessible from across the Thailand border. The report identifies two main causes of displacement: • Displacement due to armed conflict as a direct result of fighting, or because armed conflict has undermined human and food security and livelihood options; and • Displacement due to human rights violations, particularly land rights caused by Tatmadaw and militia confiscation of land and other violations of land rights, especially in the context of natural resource extraction, such as logging and mining. Other rights violations, such as forced labor, killings, torture, and rape, also cause displacement. ¶ The report describes patterns of abuse and forced relocation over a period of many years. It documents how serious violations of international humanitarian law and human rights abuses continue to occur in some parts of Karen State, such as Toungoo and Nyaunglebin Districts, while other areas are relatively quiet. It recommends a need to think of new and more realistic answers to the dilemmas faced by IDPs, many of whom may not be able––or may not want––to go home again. ¶ For this report, Human Rights Watch interviewed community leaders, representatives of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), staff at community-based organizations (CBOs), U.N. officials, and many others. Most important, we interviewed forty-six Karen IDPs living in the Papun hills, in mid-late 2003, and along the Thai border, in early 2005. These forty-six individuals altogether were displaced more than one thousand times. Incredibly, five individuals had been forcibly displaced more than one hundred times. One of these five, an elderly woman, first fled to the jungle during World War II, when Japanese soldiers came to her village. ¶ All the interviewees for this report had been farmers and continue to derive most of their food from working their own or others' rice fields. These fields remain susceptible to destruction by Tatmadaw patrols. Displacement often means that new land must be cleared for farming, rather than farmers being able to return to former swidden fields in sustainable rotation after fallow swiddens have regained their fertility. Over time, the disruption of traditional agricultural practices has seriously undermined livelihoods and caused encroachment by swidden farmers into primary forest, rather than rotating their plots in secondary forest customarily used for swidden agriculture. ¶ Many IDPs have been displaced for some time, and live alongside others who are not–– or have not recently been––displaced. Their needs may therefore be similar to those of other vulnerable populations in peri-urban and rural Burma. ¶ The main problems identified by interviewees were lack of consistent access to food; insufficient income and livelihood problems; human rights abuses and poor physical security related to displacement and fighting; lack of access to education and health services; and, finally, the problem of landmines, which destroy both land and their victims' lives. Their primary need is to be able to farm properly, without disturbance, and thus improve income and food security, as well as better access to education and health services. All wanted to, as one interviewee put it, "live in peace and with justice." Most of these problems are linked to longer-term structural problems, and can only be addressed in the context of socio-economic––and above all political––solutions to Burma's protracted ethnic conflicts. ¶ The findings of this report caution against assuming that all IDPs necessarily want to return "home." Returning home can be a problematic concept for people who have been on the move for long periods of time. Many IDPs may wish to return home, if it still exists, but others may want to stay put or resettle elsewhere. Some who have returned home or have otherwise resettled still face major problems, while others have not. Some have not moved and built new lives in the place to which they were displaced, often in the jungle hills or in a relocation site. ¶ Thus, those providing assistance should avoid taking a one-size-fits all approach to meeting the needs of IDPs. Instead, the focus should be on individual choice and the needs of specific communities. Indeed, the U.N. Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, which summarize existing international law as it applies to IDPs, make choice the touchstone. Competent authorities have a duty to "establish conditions, as well as provide the means" to allow voluntary resettlement and integration in the place to which people are displaced, if that is their choice. ¶ An understanding of long-term patterns of forced displacement should inform the design of humanitarian, development, and socio-political interventions on behalf of the displaced. One aspect that deserves careful consideration is the effect of ceasefires on the human rights situation and on displacement. Over the past decade many armed ethnic groups have entered into ceasefires with the military government in Rangoon. In some parts of the country, ceasefires have meant a reduction in the most severe forms of human rights abuses, though this has not usually led to greater respect for other basic rights, such as freedom of expression or the right to due process of law. But in many cases, ceasefires have been quietly accompanied by the reemergence of local civil society actors. This has been one of the most important, yet under-studied, aspects of the ceasefires in Burma. ¶ The SPDC and KNU agreed to an informal ceasefire in December 2003. In some parts of Karen State, the situation began to stabilize. Across the whole of Tenasserim Division, and much of lower and western Karen State, there has been less fighting and fewer of the most severe type of human rights violations, such as extrajudicial executions and torture, than before. Some IDPs are beginning to return from hiding places in the jungle and from relocation sites to build more permanent houses and grow crops other than swidden rice. However, the Tatmadaw continues its aggressive use of forced labor, especially on road-building projects, land confiscation, and arbitrary taxation in many areas. It has recently stepped up attacks on a variety of armed ethnic groups. Under the right conditions, a ceasefire between the SPDC and the KNU could deliver a substantial improvement in the human rights situation, creating the space in which local and international organizations can begin to address the urgent needs of Karen IDPs. But the situation may yet return to guerilla warfare and full-scale counterinsurgency. ¶ Many of the ceasefires are now under threat. Since the purging of General Khin Nyunt last October, hard-liners in the SPDC have attempted to undermine ceasefires agreed between Rangoon and several armed ethnic groups since 1989. In mid-2005, the future of these ceasefires looks more and more uncertain. .
