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This article highlights the positive impact that local governments have exerted on the rural development in Poland. At first, the author presents the basic features of Polish rural areas and examines what rural development means to Polish policy makers. Furthermore, the author concludes that the main ideas which lie at the core of rural development are sustainability, multi functionality and competitiveness. One of the main foundations is also the grassroots approach which involves local community in the development process – the method that is used by many nonprofit or nongovernmental organizations to energize rural areas. Thanks to this strategy their role is still increasing. However, the author gives strong arguments to support the idea that the role of local governments is also crucial in stimulating development, and that this role should be referred to more often. In Poland after '89, thanks to the changes in the law, local governments have the real possibility to run, support or effectively engage in rural development. Moreover, their workings, as often as not, are the major impulse for positive action taken in rural areas. The author examines this on the basis of the LEADER Programme and Polish Solectwo (the basic level of the Polish local government system). This article also provides examples of the best practices (from 4 municipalities: Limanowa, Baltowa, Bodzechowa, Maslowa) focusing on the successful initiatives implemented by the local governments. The examples show that, in spite of their weakness, local governments could play an important part in rural development. They make the inhabitants aware of the fact that they are indispensable for everyday life and economic growth to the same extent as NGO's and private enterprises.

This article highlights the positive impact that local governments have exerted on the rural development in Poland. At first, the author presents the basic features of Polish rural areas and examines what rural development means to Polish policy makers. Furthermore, the author concludes that the main ideas which lie at the core of rural development are sustainability, multi functionality and competitiveness. One of the main foundations is also the grassroots approach which involves local community in the development process – the method that is used by many nonprofit or nongovernmental organizations to energize rural areas. Thanks to this strategy their role is still increasing. However, the author gives strong arguments to support the idea that the role of local governments is also crucial in stimulating development, and that this role should be referred to more often. In Poland after '89, thanks to the changes in the law, local governments have the real possibility to run, support or effectively engage in rural development. Moreover, their workings, as often as not, are the major impulse for positive action taken in rural areas. The author examines this on the basis of the LEADER Programme and Polish Solectwo (the basic level of the Polish local government system). This article also provides examples of the best practices (from 4 municipalities: Limanowa, Baltowa, Bodzechowa, Maslowa) focusing on the successful initiatives implemented by the local governments. The examples show that, in spite of their weakness, local governments could play an important part in rural development. They make the inhabitants aware of the fact that they are indispensable for everyday life and economic growth to the same extent as NGO's and private enterprises.

Abstract

Marketing Endowment


Pledge Fulfillment


How Forcefully Should You Pursue Unpaid Pledges?


Naming Gifts


How to Determine Naming Gift Requirements


Ease Volunteers Into Major Gifts Efforts


Help Reluctant Volunteers Get Comfortable


Between Capital Campaigns


Beef Up Opportunities for Involvement


Guidelines for Setting Goals


Look to Current Donors When Setting a Campaign Goal


Understanding Planned Gifts


What's a 'Split‐interest' Gift?


Pledge Fulfillment


Create A Letter of Intent (Rather Than a Pledge Form)


Helping Boards Understand Their Philanthropic Potential


Ask Board Members to Fill Out Board, Self Assessments


Attitude Matters


Sincerity is a Cornerstone of Philanthropic Success


Closing Techniques


Net Worth Formulas


Remember the Four R's


Before Accepting Gifts of Real Estate…


Faithfully Review Your Local Newspaper


Challenge Gift Profiles


Foundation Challenge Leads to $5 Million Gift


Stewardship: Genuine Acts of Kindness


Show Your Support In Times of Personal Tragedy


Cultivating Endowment Support


Establish a Society for Endowment Donors


How Is Your Organization Distinctive From Others?


Begin an Annual Event with Endowment as the Focus


Cultivate Those Returning Home for a Visit


How One Nonprofit Identified Major Gift Prospects


Projects That Attract Major Gifts


Identify Those Who Have a 'Following'


Cultivating the Business Community


Foundation Hopes Business Group Will Attract Major Gifts


Staff Meeting Agendas


Earmark a Portion of Each Meeting for Major Gift Discussion


Paving The Future


Gather E‐mail Addresses Now


Volunteer Involvement


Show Colleagues the Energizing Impact of Major Gifts Development


Respond Quickly to Onetime Grants


Consultant Profile


Five Strategic Planning Pitfalls


Useful Management Tools


Prospect Form Ensures Coordinated Tracking Efforts

This Article analyzes the effect of doctrinal developments regarding disqualification of counsel for conflicts of interest' on the practice of legal aid. "Conflict of interest" is the term used by lawyers to describe situations in which an attorney is unable to represent or to continue representing a client because of a competing allegiance. Although such conflicts may result from the personal or financial self-interest of attorneys, this Article focuses primarily on those conflicts which arise out of the intrusion of competing allegiances caused by clients with adverse or potentially adverse interests. After considering the impact of the conflict of interest dilemma on the delivery of legal services to the poor, this Article explores whether nonprofit, government-subsidized legal aid organizations should be subject to the same conflicts rules as the rest of the legal profession. It argues that, because the fiduciary relationship between lawyer and client demands loyalty to one's client, attorneys who represent legal aid clients should be subject to the same ethical obligations as members of the private bar. Moreover, this Article argues that, once a legal aid office steps in to provide legal assistance to the adversaries of conflicted clients, the government owes a special duty to those conflicted clients and must ensure that they receive legal representation. It examines several means of providing representation to conflicted indigents without compromising any ethical obligations. This Article concludes that some form of private sector involvement in the provision of legal services to the poor will often be necessary to provide representation to eligible conflicted clients without compromising the fiduciary relationship between lawyer and client.

This paper investigates the potential of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to counter socio-political instability, one of the most pressing challenges faced by developing countries. Socio-political (in)stability is approached from an institutional perspective and linked to one particular type of FDI, greenfield FDI, for its more direct socio-economic externalities and their influences on greed and grievance. The issue of causality is primarily addressed using a gravity-based instrumental variable for FDI, taking advantage of bilateral greenfield projects data. The empirical results using data over the period 2003-2017 for a large sample of developing countries show that FDI favors institutional development not only in terms of overall socio-political stability but also human rights compliant socio-political stability. The results are robust to a range of specifications and alternative identification strategies, as well as to a series of sensitivity tests. Overall, this study highlights the promotion of political stability as another channel through which FDI can contribute to development.

This paper investigates the potential of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to counter socio-political instability, one of the most pressing challenges faced by developing countries. Socio-political (in)stability is approached from an institutional perspective and linked to one particular type of FDI, greenfield FDI, for its more direct socio-economic externalities and their influences on greed and grievance. The issue of causality is primarily addressed using a gravity-based instrumental variable for FDI, taking advantage of bilateral greenfield projects data. The empirical results using data over the period 2003-2017 for a large sample of developing countries show that FDI favors institutional development not only in terms of overall socio-political stability but also human rights compliant socio-political stability. The results are robust to a range of specifications and alternative identification strategies, as well as to a series of sensitivity tests. Overall, this study highlights the promotion of political stability as another channel through which FDI can contribute to development.

"This book is a lively and hands-on exploration of corporate-NGO alliances. It offers original insight to understand why alliances exist and to what end. It also looks into the asymmetries between partners and dwells on three crucial aspects of alliances management : alliance capacity development, stakeholder involvement and alliance metrics"--Provided by publisher

"Proven principles for sustainable success, with new leadership insight PEAK is the popular, transformative guide to doing business better, written by a seasoned entrepreneur/CEO who has disrupted his favorite industry not once, but twice. Author Chip Conley, founder and former CEO of one of the worlds largest boutique hotel companies, turned to psychologist Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs at a time when his company was in dire need. And years later, when the young founders of Airbnb asked him to help turn their start-up home sharing company into a world-class hospitality giant, Conley once again used the principles hed developed in PEAK. In the decade since this book's first edition, Conley's PEAK strategy has been developed on six continents in organizations in virtually every industry. The authors foundational premise is that great leaders become amateur psychologists by understanding the unique needs of three key relationshipswith employees, customers, and investorsand this message has resonated with every kind of leader and company including some of the worlds best-known, from Apple to Facebook. Avid users of PEAK have found that the principles create greater loyalty and differentiation with their key stakeholders. This new second edition includes in-depth examples of real-world PEAK companies, including the authors own at Airbnb, and exclusive PEAK leadership practices that will take youand your company's performanceto new heights. Whether you're at a startup or a Fortune 500 company, at a for-profit, nonprofit, or governmental organization, this book can help you and your people reach potential you never realized you had. Understand how Maslow's hierarchy makes for winning business practices Learn how PEAK drove some of today's top businesses to success Help employees reach their full potentialand beyond Transform the customer experience and keep investors happy The PEAK framework succeeds because it elevates the business from the inside out. These same principles apply in the boardroom, the breakroom, and your living room at home, and have proven to be the foundation of healthy, fulfilled lives. Even if you think you're doing great, you could always be doing betterand PEAK gives you a roadmap to the next level"--

Importance: Government efforts to lower drug costs and other legislative and regulatory initiatives may be counteracted by campaign donors and lobbyists in the pharmaceutical and health product industry. Objective: To review how much money the pharmaceutical and health product industry spent on campaign contributions and lobbying in the US from 1999 to 2018 at the federal and state levels. Design and Setting: Analysis of federal-level and state-level data obtained from the Center for Responsive Politics and the National Institute on Money in Politics, respectively. These nonprofit, nonpartisan organizations track federal and state campaign contributions and lobbying expenditures by individuals and groups. Exposures: Lobbying expenditures and contributions to political campaigns. Main Outcomes and Measures: Total spending, inflation adjusted to 2018 dollars using the US Consumer Price Index, on lobbying and campaign contributions by year, source, and state. Results: From 1999 to 2018, the pharmaceutical and health product industry recorded $4.7 billion- A n average of $233 million per year-in lobbying expenditures at the federal level, more than any other industry. Of the spending, the trade group Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America accounted for $422 million (9.0%), and the other 19 top companies and organizations in this industry accounted for $2.2 billion (46.8%). The industry spent $414 million on contributions to candidates in presidential and congressional elections, national party committees, and outside spending groups. Of this amount, $22 million went to presidential candidates and $214 million went to congressional candidates. Of the 20 senators and 20 representatives who received the most contributions, 39 belonged to committees with jurisdiction over health-related legislative matters, 24 of them in senior positions. The industry contributed $877 million to state candidates and committees, of which $399 million (45.5%) went to recipients in California and $287 million (32.7%) went to recipients in 9 other states. In years in which key state referenda on reforms in drug pricing and regulation were being voted on, there were large spikes in contributions to groups that opposed or supported the reforms. Conclusions and Relevance: From 1999 to 2018, the pharmaceutical and health product industry spent large sums of money on lobbying and campaign contributions to influence legislative and election outcomes. These findings can inform discussions about how to temper the influence of industry on US health policy.

Formulation of the problem. Modern development of mankind requires laying the foundations of education of the individual, society, nation and state to be the key to the future ofUkraine. It is a determining factor in the political, socio-economic, cultural and scientific life of society. An urgent task – is to ensure the availability of quality education throughout life for all citizens and further strengthening its national character. The content of education and organization of educational process are continuously updated in accordance with the democratic values and the principles of market economy, modern science and technology. Instead, the central task of commercial law science – is to create high-quality mechanism of regulation of educational services.Background study confirmed the high interest of society and business entities to educational activities, while there is no significant amount of basic research on the regulation of educational services inUkraine.State study. Scientific analysis of the commercial law support educational activities inUkraine carried out a number of local scientists. Among them should be noted B.V. Derevyanko, T.P. Kozar, H.O. Ponomarenko, V. Beschasnyy and no., who served as the fundamental basis for further study of the question under consideration.The purpose and objective of the article is to study the economic and legal regulation of the organization and provision of educational services entities of different kind of property. Particular attention is paid to the types of services and their classification, provided in various educational institutions.Conclusion. Parties to the provision of educational services are subject to commercial law. Among us the education that module be entrepreneurial or nonprofit entities. Services provided navchalnmy institutions can be classified as basic services of direct transfer of knowledge and skills; additional – those that are designed to transfer knowledge and skills, but others different from basic, manner; Other educational services – are provided in education, and not educational. In extracurricular educational activities are all kinds of services, but their content is wider school curriculum. ; В статьеприведена классификация услуг в сфере образования. Определено, что существуют основные и дополнительные образовательные услуги, а также другие услуги. Проведён анализ особенностей предоставления услуг во внеклассном образовании ; Наведено класифікацію послуг у сфері освіти, зокрема, визначено основні та додаткові освітні послуги. Проаналізовано особливості надання послуг у позашкільній освіті.

Formulation of the problem. Modern development of mankind requires laying the foundations of education of the individual, society, nation and state to be the key to the future ofUkraine. It is a determining factor in the political, socio-economic, cultural and scientific life of society. An urgent task – is to ensure the availability of quality education throughout life for all citizens and further strengthening its national character. The content of education and organization of educational process are continuously updated in accordance with the democratic values and the principles of market economy, modern science and technology. Instead, the central task of commercial law science – is to create high-quality mechanism of regulation of educational services.Background study confirmed the high interest of society and business entities to educational activities, while there is no significant amount of basic research on the regulation of educational services inUkraine.State study. Scientific analysis of the commercial law support educational activities inUkraine carried out a number of local scientists. Among them should be noted B.V. Derevyanko, T.P. Kozar, H.O. Ponomarenko, V. Beschasnyy and no., who served as the fundamental basis for further study of the question under consideration.The purpose and objective of the article is to study the economic and legal regulation of the organization and provision of educational services entities of different kind of property. Particular attention is paid to the types of services and their classification, provided in various educational institutions.Conclusion. Parties to the provision of educational services are subject to commercial law. Among us the education that module be entrepreneurial or nonprofit entities. Services provided navchalnmy institutions can be classified as basic services of direct transfer of knowledge and skills; additional – those that are designed to transfer knowledge and skills, but others different from basic, manner; Other educational services – are provided in education, and not educational. In extracurricular educational activities are all kinds of services, but their content is wider school curriculum. ; В статьеприведена классификация услуг в сфере образования. Определено, что существуют основные и дополнительные образовательные услуги, а также другие услуги. Проведён анализ особенностей предоставления услуг во внеклассном образовании ; Наведено класифікацію послуг у сфері освіти, зокрема, визначено основні та додаткові освітні послуги. Проаналізовано особливості надання послуг у позашкільній освіті.

В статье приведена классификация услуг в сфере образования. Определено, что существуют основные и дополнительные образовательные услуги, а также другие услуги. Проведён анализ особенностей предоставления услуг во внеклассном образовании ; Formulation of the problem. Modern development of mankind requires laying the foundations of education of the individual, society, nation and state to be the key to the future of Ukraine. It is a determining factor in the political, socio-economic, cultural and scientific life of society. An urgent task is to ensure the availability of quality education throughout life for all citizens and further strengthening its national character. The content of education and organization of educational process are continuously updated in accordance with the democratic values and the principles of market economy, modern science and technology. Instead, the central task of commercial law science is to create high-quality mechanism of regulation of educational services. Background study confirmed the high interest of society and business entities to educational activities, while there is no significant amount of basic research on the regulation of educational services in Ukraine. State study. Scientific analysis of the commercial law support educational activities in Ukraine carried out a number of local scientists. Among them should be noted B.V. Derevyanko, T.P. Kozar, H.O. Ponomarenko, V. Beschasnyy and no., who served as the fundamental basis for further study of the question under consideration. The purpose and objective of the article is to study the economic and legal regulation of the organization and provision of educational services entities of different kind of property. Particular attention is paid to the types of services and their classification, provided in various educational institutions. Conclusion. Parties to the provision of educational services are subject to commercial law. Among us the education that module be entrepreneurial or nonprofit entities. Services provided navchalnmy institutions can be classified as basic services of direct transfer of knowledge and skills; additional those that are designed to transfer knowledge and skills, but others different from basic, manner; Other educational services are provided in education, and not educational. In extracurricular educational activities are all kinds of services, but their content is wider school curriculum

Formulation of the problem. Modern development of mankind requires laying the foundations of education of the individual, society, nation and state to be the key to the future ofUkraine. It is a determining factor in the political, socio-economic, cultural and scientific life of society. An urgent task – is to ensure the availability of quality education throughout life for all citizens and further strengthening its national character. The content of education and organization of educational process are continuously updated in accordance with the democratic values and the principles of market economy, modern science and technology. Instead, the central task of commercial law science – is to create high-quality mechanism of regulation of educational services.Background study confirmed the high interest of society and business entities to educational activities, while there is no significant amount of basic research on the regulation of educational services inUkraine.State study. Scientific analysis of the commercial law support educational activities inUkraine carried out a number of local scientists. Among them should be noted B.V. Derevyanko, T.P. Kozar, H.O. Ponomarenko, V. Beschasnyy and no., who served as the fundamental basis for further study of the question under consideration.The purpose and objective of the article is to study the economic and legal regulation of the organization and provision of educational services entities of different kind of property. Particular attention is paid to the types of services and their classification, provided in various educational institutions.Conclusion. Parties to the provision of educational services are subject to commercial law. Among us the education that module be entrepreneurial or nonprofit entities. Services provided navchalnmy institutions can be classified as basic services of direct transfer of knowledge and skills; additional – those that are designed to transfer knowledge and skills, but others different from basic, manner; Other educational services – are provided in education, and not educational. In extracurricular educational activities are all kinds of services, but their content is wider school curriculum. ; В статьеприведена классификация услуг в сфере образования. Определено, что существуют основные и дополнительные образовательные услуги, а также другие услуги. Проведён анализ особенностей предоставления услуг во внеклассном образовании ; Наведено класифікацію послуг у сфері освіти, зокрема, визначено основні та додаткові освітні послуги. Проаналізовано особливості надання послуг у позашкільній освіті.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Introduction -- Part One The Good Citizen: Philanthropy and You -- Chapter 1 Why Charity? -- Chapter 2 Why Giving? -- Chapter 3 You Are a Philanthropist -- Chapter 4 The Difference Between Acute and Chronic Issues: Empathy Today vs. Strategy for Tomorrow -- Chapter 5 Is There a Difference Between Giving toa Nonprofit and Giving to a Charity? -- Chapter 6 Are All Cancer Charities Alike? Services vs. Solutions -- Chapter 7 Why Do You Give? Do You Really Understand Your Motives? -- Chapter 8 What's Your Cause for Life? -- Part Two Good Information Gathering -- Chapter 9 Find a Great Organization -- Chapter 10 The Three Essential Questions -- Chapter 11 First Question: Goals -- Chapter 12 Second Question: Progress -- Chapter 13 Third Question: How They Improve -- Chapter 14 Don't Rely on Others for Simple Answers -- Part Three Good Information Filtering: Don't Be Duped by Dumbed-Down Data -- Chapter 15 Questions NOT to Ask -- Chapter 16 Stop Asking About Overhead -- Chapter 17 Overhead Ratios Tell You Nothing About Impact -- Chapter 18 Overhead Ratios Weaken Charitable Services and Programs -- Chapter 19 Overhead Measures Discriminate Against Underdog Causes -- Chapter 20 Overhead Measures Weaken Civil Society and Diminish Civic Engagement -- Chapter 21 Overhead Measures Hide Unfair Differences in Accounting -- Chapter 22 Overhead Measures Discourage Growth -- Chapter 23 Demanding Low Salaries Undermines Your Strategy to Help the Most People -- Part Four Good Media Consumption: Monitor Truth in Media -- Chapter 24 Be Responsible and Rigorous When Learning About Charities in the Media -- Chapter 25 Case Study: CNN and Boys & -- Girls Clubs of America -- Chapter 26 Case Study: The New York Times and Wounded Warrior Project -- Chapter 27 Case Study: ProPublica on the American Red Cross.

This book should be read by anyone who is interested in the way in which the administrative state functions in the U.S. Dr. Epstein develops and explains two important points. First, that congressional oversight should be considered part of the administrative process. Second, that congressional oversight should be viewed broadly to include oversight that has been authorized by Congress in addition to congressional hearings, e.g., oversight by agency inspector generals and oversight by the public and the press through use of the Freedom of Information Act. Richard J. Pierce, Jr., Professor of Law, George Washington University, USA. This book is a timely examination of congressional oversight in the United States, serving as a definitive guide for scholars and political, legal, and media observers seeking to navigate contemporary conflicts between Congress and the White House. Author Daniel Epstein has spent his professional career as a lawyer serving all sides of the regulatory process: he ran investigations for Congress, defended the White House from congressional oversight, and represented individuals, nonprofit news organizations, and entrepreneurs in federal court to fight for regulatory transparency and fairness. Epstein uses historical and observational data to argue that the modern federal bureaucracy did not begin as a regulatory state but as an investigative state. The contemporary picture of Congress having empowered the bureaucracy to set policy through rules is a relatively recent development in the political development of administrative law. The books novel econometric models and historical analyses force a shift in how legal scholars and judges understand delegation, congressional oversight, and agency investigations. Daniel Epstein is an Assistant Professor of Law at St. Thomas University in Miami and Director of Trust Ventures LP, USA.