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Although its historical antecedents have been traced back as far as the Roman Empire, the movement to integrate Europe politically and economically took con temporary form during the second World War when resistance groups proposed plans to avoid future wars by federating Europe. Early postwar efforts at consultative federation, like the Council of Europe, failed to create a supranational authority. In 1950, Jean Monnet and Robert Schuman pro posed the formation of the European Coal and Steel Com munity, which was the predecessor of the European Eco nomic Community, or Common Market, and Euratom. By 1968 the Common Market had achieved its goal of creating a customs union of its six members, protected by a common external tariff, and common policies for such sectors as agri culture were introduced. Many Communitywide organiza tions helped create widespread commitment to cooperative action in the economic sphere. Great increases in produc tion and trade were recorded by all six members during the 1960s and early 1970s. Moves toward closer political integra tion were not successful, however, largely due to the pressure of French President Charles de Gaulle who, in 1965-66, blocked plans for increasing the powers of the E.E.C. Com mission and the European Parliament. As a result, European public opinion, while respecting the economic benefits gained from E.E.C., became increasingly disinterested in the possibility that the Community might eventually become a United States of Europe.

This article investigates different dynamics in government formation in 16 Western and 10 Central-Eastern European democracies during the post-war period. The study provides the first systematic comparison of determinants of participation in government in the East and the West. Applying mixed effects logit regression models while taking into account missing values in the dataset, the results demonstrate substantial differences between the two regions and show that most of the existing findings about participation in government are driven by Western democracies. Policy-based factors are relevant in Western countries, but no indications were found for these factors in Central-East European democracies where membership of government is mainly the result of electoral gains and losses. Adapted from the source document.

The National Labor Relations Board has ruled that an employer committed an unfair labor practice when management warned workers before a union election that bringing in a union could be bad for business.

According to the traditional view, the interests of the unemployed and the employed are supposed to follow a unifying logic, due to the threat of high unemployment to job security, wages and working conditions. However, due to labour markets becoming increasingly segmented and knowledge-based, it may be questioned to what extent the traditional link between the employed and the unemployed still holds, leading to a possible division of the labour force into a core group of those with basically secure jobs, and several peripheral groups subject to job insecurity and social exclusion. In this context, it seems relevant to analyse the relationship between the interests of the employed and unemployed, including the role of trade unions as having their own organisational interest. For this purpose, this paper includes an examination of new statistical evidence on the behaviour of employed and unemployed people with regard to trade union membership.

During crises, stock market volatility generally rises sharply, and as consequence, spillovers are identified across markets. This study estimates the volatility spillover among twelve European stock markets representing all four regions of Europe. The data consists of 10,990 intraday observations from 2 December 2019 to 29 May 2020. Using the methodology of Diebold and Yilmaz, we use static and rolling windows to characterize five-minute volatility spillovers. Our results show that 77.80% of intraday volatility forecast error variance in twelve European markets comes from spillovers. Furthermore, the highest gross directional volatility spillovers are found in Sweden and the Netherlands, while the minimum spillovers to other stock markets are observed in the stock markets of Poland and Ireland. However, German and Dutch markets transmit the highest net directional volatility spillovers. Splitting the whole sample in pre- and post-pandemic declaration (11 March 2020) we find more stable spillovers in the latter. The findings reveal important information about European stock market interdependence during COVID-19, which will be beneficial to both policy-makers and practitioners.

THE NATIONALIZATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES BY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IS A GROWING PHENOMENON WITH THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY THE LEADING EXAMPLE. IN THIS ARTICLE THE GUYANESE GOVERNMENT'S PERCEPTION OF THE SOCIAL COSTS AND BENEFITS RESULTING FROM THE OPERATIONS OF DEMENARA BAUXITE CO.(DEMBA) IS DISCUSSED.

Purpose: The rationale for undertaking the research was the lack of multifaceted, comparative analyzes of the population in European countries in terms of dynamics and multifaceted analyzes of births and deaths in individual European societies during the COVID-19 period literature. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study attempts to analyze the population in thirty-two European countries. For this purpose, multifaceted comparative analyzes were selected. The raw data were grouped and ungrouped. Bar and line charts, as well as indexes of dynamics on a fixed basis, were used. The study is completed with a summary and conclusions. Findings: The multifaceted comparative analysis of the European population used in this study shows the dynamics in terms of security. In 2011-2019, there was observed a growing trend in population growth in all thirty-two European countries. In eleven of the considered thirty-two European countries, there was a negative difference between birth and death. In the remaining 21 countries, the result was positive. The conducted analyzes show that the number of people is a factor influencing states' state of security. Practical Implications: The performed research was supplemented with an analysis of the impact of the above-mentioned factors on the state of regional security. Originality: The research subject is thirty-two European countries, and the core matter of it is the number of people in Europe and the number of deaths and births in dynamic terms. ; peer-reviewed