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ObjectiveThe objective of the study was to investigate the impact of perceptions of elite polarization on presidential communication. Polarization among political elites has been a well‐studied aspect of political science scholarship. Party competition is seen as healthy for democracy; however, polarization often leads to gridlock and legislative inaction. There is ongoing debate about how elite polarization affects individual attitude formation, particularly in relation to important political institutions like the American presidency.MethodsI conducted randomized laboratory experiments in which respondents read information about the state of partisanship in American politics, viewed videos of President Obama, and then answered questions about issues and presidential approval.ResultsThe results show that when participants were primed to think about elite polarization as high, presidential communication yields job‐approval ratings, issue‐importance ratings, and issue stances closer to the party line, compared to participants primed to think elite polarization is low or when there was no prime at all.ConclusionThe findings suggest that when primed to think about strong partisan disagreements, partisan identity overwhelms respondents, and makes them focus most on their partisan identity, regardless of content; without such a prime, respondents are more likely to consider the content of presidential communication. Perceptions of partisan acrimony can affect how partisans perceive important institutions like the presidency in terms of job approval and issue stance.

Abstract
I propose the next steps in the neuropragmatic approach to philosophy that has been advocated by Solymosi and Shook (2013). My focus is the initial process of inquiry implicit in addressing philosophical questions of cognition and mind by utilizing the tools of neuroscientific research. I combine John Dewey's pattern of inquiry with Charles Peirce's three forms of inference in order to outline a methodological schema for neuropragmatic inquiry. My goal is to establish ignorance and guessing as well-defined pillars of methodology upon which to build a neuropragmatic approach to inquiry. First, I outline Dewey's pattern of inquiry, highlighting the initial problematic phase in which recognized ignorance provides the basis upon which to frame a philosophical problem and initiate the trajectory by which philosophical questions may be addressed with the assistance of neuroscientific evidence. Second, I provide an outline of Peirce's three forms of inference, focusing upon the first phase of abduction: guessing. Third, I explain the transition between ignorance and guessing, urging the benefit of attending to these two aspects of inquiry. Finally, I provide an initial sketch indicating the next steps concerning a pragmatic reconstruction of neurophilosophy, pointing towards the need for a more thorough examination of scientific methodology within and following analyses of philosophical problems and neuroscientific evidence.

This article examines a seventeenth-century text that attempts to reconcile Hindu and Muslim accounts of human genesis and cosmogony. The text, Mir'āt al-Makhlūqāt ('Mirror of Creation'), written by a noted Mughal Sufi author Shaikh 'Abd al-Rahman Chishti, purportedly a translation of a Sanskrit text, adopts rhetorical strategies and mythological elements of the Purāna tradition in order to argue that evidence of the Muslim prophets was available in ancient Hindu scriptures. Chishti thus accepts the reality of ancient Hindu gods and sages and notes the truth in their message. In doing so Chishti adopts elements of an older argument within the Islamic tradition that posits thousands of cycles of creation and multiple instances of Adam, the father of humans. He argues however that the Hindu gods and sages belonged to a different order of creation and time, and were not in fact human. The text bears some generic resemblance to Bhavishyottarapurāna materials. Chishti combines aspects of polemics with a deft use of politics. He addresses, on the one hand, Hindu intellectuals who claimed the prestige of an older religion, while he also engages, on the other hand, with Muslim theologians and Sufis like the Naqshbandi Mujaddidis who for their part refrained from engaging with Hindu traditions at all.

Except for individuals 65 years of age and older, no other group in the United States has an influenza vaccination rate above one-third of the population, even among groups that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend for priority annual seasonal influenza vaccination. To improve the vaccination rate we need to know more about influenza vaccine psychographics among indifferent or resistant individuals or the attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and values surrounding their decision not to obtain annual vaccination. This formative research project is based on eight focus group discussions with 74 individuals from groups that do not participate in influenza vaccination at rates similar to the general population and/or are members of identifiable high-risk groups about their perceptions and beliefs about the flu shot. Three audience segments were identified: Plans to Get, Needs More Information, and Makes You Sick Because they have strongly held negative views toward the product, no special intervention should be directed toward the Makes You Sick segment. Since the actual product cannot be changed (vaccine), different aspects of the marketing mix of price, place, and promotion need to be adjusted to influence the Plans to Get and Needs More Information segments to obtain a vaccination. Ideas for appropriate promotional messages are offered.

We examine whether it is a psychosocial or an economic need for employment that affects mental health among the unemployed. The relevance of both aspects are examined, concentrating on two measures of each dimension. Two perspectives of work involvement – the degree of connection to working life and the perceived employment commitment – and two perspectives on financial situation – economic security and perceived economic concern – have been analysed, using empirical data collected by means of a cross‐sectional survey of 1297 unemployed white‐collar workers from the public sector in Sweden. The degree of connection to working life was not significantly linked to the mental health of the unemployed, although there was a strong link between the perceived employment commitment and mental health among this group. The stronger the perceived employment commitment, the poorer the state of the person's mental health. Perceived economic concern was also tightly linked to mental health: the greater the economic concern, the poorer the mental health. Economic security also played – at least, partly – a moderate but significant role. The results provide strong support for the existence of both a psychosocial need and an economic need for employment. The analysis demonstrates that it is the perceived assessed measures of work involvement and financial situation that are linked to mental health.

Part 4: Syllabus Design ; International audience ; Honours programs in South African universities must include a research project module. There are external pressures from professional bodies and government that influences the nature of the project module. This paper presents a reflection on the process of managing the project module at a South African university taking into account internal and external demands. The focus for this paper is on the ethical content of the projects. Examples of projects are presented after which the ethical awareness of the students is discussed. Not all projects have ethical, legal or social issues, however ethical aspects need to be reflected upon and awareness of these issues is essential during the planning of the project. The awareness that students have on ethical, social and legal issues is investigated in this paper.

The economic aspects of the lives of artists already puzzled classical economists such as Adam Smith and Alfred Marshall. Their theories provide the background for this book, which presents a number of empirical studies into careers and the labour market in the cultural sector. Leitmotivs are two modern theories in Cultural Economics: work-preference, which focuses on the overriding preference of artists to work in their own occupation in spite of the low earnings and winner-take-all or superstar theory, which aims to explain the extremely skewed income distribution in the arts. These theories are studied in detail in five chapters that cover diverse topics such as the relation between wages and labour supply among artists; the impact of the extensive system of grants and subsidies of the Dutch government for the careers of visual artists; the earnings and artistic achievements of a cohort of graduates from arts education during the first years of their career; the exhibitions of visual artists in museums, galleries and other locations and the determinants of the prices of works of visual art in Dutch modern art galleries

How does culture affect action? This question has long been framed in terms of a means vs ends debate-in other words, do cultural ends or cultural means play a primary causal role in human behavior? However, the role of socialization has been largely overlooked in this debate. In this book, Vila-Henninger develops a model of how culture affects action called "The Sociological Dual-Process Model of Outcomes" that incorporates socialization.This book contributes to the debate by first providing a critical overview of the literature that explains the limitations of the sociological dual-process model and subsequent scholarship-and especially work in sociology on "schemas". It then develops a sociological dual-process model of moral judgment that formally explains Type I processes, Type II processes, and the interaction between Type I and Type II processes. The book also expands sociological dual-process models to include a temporal dimension-the "Sociological Dual-Process Model of Outcomes". Finally, the book integrates a theory of socialization into the sociological dual-process model and creates empirical indicators that confirm Vila-Henninger's theorization and contribute to the literature on measures of dual-process models

Introduction / Chris Gregory -- The Good Death? Paying Equal Respects in Fijian Funerals / Matti Eräsaari -- Changing Standards of Living: The Paradoxes of Building a Good Life in Rural Vanuatu / Rachel E. Smith -- 'According to Kastom and According to Law': 'Good Life' and 'Good Death' in Gilbert Camp, Solomon Islands / Rodolfo Maggio -- 'This Custom from the Past Is No Good': Grassroots, 'Big Shots' and a Contested Moral Economy in East New Britain / Keir Martin -- A Moral Economy of the Transnational Papua New Guinean Household: Solidarity and Estrangement While 'Working Other Gardens' / Karen Sykes -- Cycles of Integration and Fragmentation: Changing Yolngu-Balanda Sentiments of the 'Good Life' in Northern Australia / Fiona Magowan -- 'The Main Thing Is to Have Enough Food': Kuninjku Precarity and Neoliberal Reason / Jon Altman -- The Rise of the Poverty-Stricken Millionaire: The Quest for the Good Life in Sargipalpara / Chris Gregory.

Intro -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction The Challenges of Constituent Power -- Venezuela's Long Twentieth Century -- Bringing the State Back in . . . but What Kind? -- Overview -- Chapter 1 Anxiety, Containment, and Cultivation: Constituent Power in the North Atlantic and Venezuela -- Anxieties and Limit Cases: Constituent Power in the North At lantic -- Scrubbing History to Make Politics Safe from Constituent Power -- Constituent Power as the Limit of the Political -- Constituent Power, Procedure, and Popular Sovereignty: Kelsen versus Schmitt -- Incompleteness as Transition: Two Statues -- Either We Invent or We Fail! Constituent Power in Venezuela -- Bolívar and the Foundation of Political Freedom -- Simón Rodríguez: Invention, Experimentation, and Cultivation -- Ezequiel Zamora: Tremble, Oligarchs! -- Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 2 Rupture, Protagonism, Party: The Caracazo as Event -- Event: El Caracazo -- Men with Guns outside la Escuelita -- Protagonism: From Riot to (Bolivarian) Revolution -- The Party: On Revolut ionary Openings. And Closings. -- Self-Criticism as Conclusion and Transition: El Golpe de Timón -- Chapter 3 Multitude, Pueblo, and the Ungovernability of Constituent Power -- On the Antinomies of Politics: Multitude and Pueblo -- A History of Rewriting Histories: From the Caracazo to the Reforma Constitucional -- "Todo 11 tiene su 13": Coup and Countercoup -- "El Golpe Petrolero": The Oil Coup and the Democratization of Consumption -- La Reforma Constitucional: Multitude, Pueblo, Absence -- Constituent Power beyond Multitude and Pueblo? -- Chapter 4 The Structures of Constituent Power:The Caracas Metro and the Right to the City -- La Gran Solución para Caracas: Planning, Social Engineering, and the MetroCCS (1926-1983)

Written as a narrative history of slavery within the United States, Unrequited Toil details how an institution that seemed to be disappearing at the end of the American Revolution rose to become the most contested and valuable economic interest in the nation by 1850. Calvin Schermerhorn charts changes in the family lives of enslaved Americans, exploring the broader processes of nation-building in the United States, growth and intensification of national and international markets, the institutionalization of chattel slavery, and the growing relevance of race in the politics and society of the republic. In chapters organized chronologically, Schermerhorn argues that American economic development relied upon African Americans' social reproduction while simultaneously destroying their intergenerational cultural continuity. He explores the personal narratives of enslaved people and develops themes such as politics, economics, labor, literature, rebellion, and social conditions

"Korea's twin transitions--agrarian to industrial and industrial to post-industrial--effectively transformed the country's political economy. Moving away from the traditional focus on aspects such as market, state and world systems, culture, and colonialism, the author argues that Korea's so-called 'second state' was revitalized through the 'people's movement' and the more recent 'citizens movement'. The 'second state' provided incremental pressure to subvert the agrarian equilibrium of a previous era dominated by the Yangban aristocracy as well as the industrial equilibrium enforced by large business conglomerates. This book is an attempt to acknowledge the sacrifices made by the Korean people to enlarge the basis of Korean capitalism, bringing the wider society into its framework"--

Objective: Analyze aspects related to functional disability of the elderly living in a Long Permanence Elderly Institution (ILPI) in the city of Natal - Rio Grande do Norte. Method: Descriptive, exploratory and quantitative study realized with 48 elderly, through interview, Katz Index and MMSE - Mini Mental State Exam. Results: 52,08% were female with a mean of 78 ± 8,62 years old, 54,17% singles and 27,08% widowed. 41,66% had no children, and 31.25% are illiterate. 75% are independent; partially dependent 8,33% and 4,16% are dependent. Conclusion: The results reveal the importance of using geriatric assessment tools in the identification of the profile of the institutionalized elderly, allowing to develop health promotion strategies, prevention of diseases and rehabilitation given the functional losses of the elderly.

"This book assesses the implications of the Covid-19 pandemic for the European Union, as well as its response in dealing with an overarching, multidimensional crisis with consequences extending beyond public health safety to political, economic, legal, and institutional arenas. It argues the pandemic represents a symmetric crisis cutting across countries with different social, economic and political characteristics and which yet - despite favouring cooperative solutions at the supranational level - has largely been met with initial responses of a national, even local, nature. So, how well did the EU perform as a crisis manager in the pandemic crisis? This book will be of key interest to scholars, students and readers of crisis, pandemic and health management, European Union politics and governance"--

Through an anthropological analysis, this book uncovers life stories and testimonies that relate the processes of separation as a result of the constructed political borders of nation states newly founded on the inherited territories of the Ottoman Empire. As it recounts ruptured social, cultural, political, religious, and economic structures and autochthonous bonds, this work not only critically analyzes the making of the Turkish-Syrian border through an exploration of statist discourse, state practices and the state's diverse apparatuses, but further analyzes the "unmaking" border practices of local subjects in the light of local Kurdish people's counter perceptions, discourses, family histories, narratives, and daily practices-each of which can be interpreted as a practice of local defiance, resilience, and adaptation in everyday life