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In contemporary American political discourse, issues related to the scope, authority, and the cost of the federal government are perennially at the center of discussion. Any historical analysis of this topic points directly to the Great Depression, the "moment" to which most historians and economists connect the origins of the fiscal, monetary, and social policies that have characterized American government in the second half of the twentieth century. In the most comprehensive collection of essays available on these topics, The Defining Moment poses the question directly: to what extent, if any, was the Depression a watershed period in the history of the American economy? This volume organizes twelve scholars' responses into four categories: fiscal and monetary policies, the economic expansion of government, the innovation and extension of social programs, and the changing international economy. The central focus across the chapters is the well-known alternations to national government during the 1930s. The Defining Moment attempts to evaluate the significance of the past half-century to the American economy, while not omitting reference to the 1930s. The essays consider whether New Deal-style legislation continues to operate today as originally envisioned, whether it altered government and the economy as substantially as did policies inaugurated during World War II, the 1950s, and the 1960s, and whether the legislation had important precedents before the Depression, specifically during World War I. Some chapters find that, surprisingly, in certain areas such as labor organization, the 1930s responses to the Depression contributed less to lasting change in the economy than a traditional view of the time would suggest. On the whole, however, these essays offer testimony to the Depression's legacy as a "defining moment." The large role of today's government and its methods of intervention—from the pursuit of a more active monetary policy to the maintenance and extension of a wide range of insurance for labor and business—derive from the crisis years of the 1930s

This book examines economic policies utilized within Southeast Europe in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Covering countries both within and outside the European Union, the human and economic cost of the pandemic is calculated using macroeconomic models from a short and longer term perspective. The economic policies used during the pandemic are analyzed, alongside crisis management approaches, to highlight the effectiveness of monetary policy, fiscal policies and potential future economic solutions for the post COVID-19 period. This book aims to provide policy recommendations based on findings from Southeast Europe. It is relevant to researchers and policymakers involved in economic policy and the political economy, as well as anyone interested in the responses to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- 1. Historic Changes in the Canadian Credit Union Movement -- 2. Non-financial Co-operatives in Canada: 1955 to 2005 -- 3. Leaving and Entering the Social Economy: Factors Associated with the Conversion of Organizational Form -- 4. The Difference Culture Makes: The Competitive Advantage of Reciprocal, Non-monetary Exchange -- 5. Community Business Development -- 6. Social Businesses in Twenty-First Century Latin America: The Cases of Argentina and Venezuela -- 7. Challenges for Engaging Social Economy Businesses in Rural and Small Town Renewal -- 8. Land, Self-Determination, and the Social Economy in Fort Albany First Nation -- 9. Social Entrepreneurship: A Comparative Perspective -- 10. Exploring Social Transformation, Financial Self-Sufficiency, and Innovation in Canadian Social Enterprises -- 11. Education for the Social -- Contributors

This volume provides a critical assessment of the wide spectrum of Hayek's celebrated work as economist and social philosopher. Included are papers on Hayek's early writings in the field of monetary economics, on which his later campaign against inflation, his controversial proposal for competing currencies, and his negative view of the impact of trade unions on the economy are based. Hayek's social philosophy, often regarded as the centre piece of his famous work, and the fundamental findings about human thinking, society, the market system and social rules of conduct it is based on, is evaluated by leading contemporary social philosophers. The volume leaves little doubt as to the considerable impact of Hayek's thinking on economic policy and social philosophy.

Building the 'New Europe' is at the core of the new international economic and political initiatives leading the world through the nineties and toward the twenty-first century. This challenge rests on dual processes: on the one hand, the European Community-wide single market and monetary integration; and, on the other, the East European transition to the market place and integration with Western economies. The volume is divided into two parts. The first section includes essays on the general and specific topics linked to the transitions to a market economy and to a pluralist political system. The second section comprises essays on individual countries, such as Hungary, Poland, Yugoslavia and the Republics of the former Soviet Union.

Abstract
The European Union is in the process of abolishing the bi-annual clock change. Against this backdrop, we analyze how daylight and twilight affect the sustainable transport mode of cycling, and find that better daylight conditions generally lead to higher levels of cycling. The extent of this effect depends on the type of traffic and the time of day. An all-year implementation of Daylight Saving Time would then lead to an increase in overall cycling levels of around 3.14 %–3.37 %, compared to an all-year Standard Time. This would imply an increase of around 1.27–1.36 billion cycled kilometers per year in Germany alone. Additionally, we provide monetary estimates for the external effects of such changes in cycling levels.

Keynes' project for an International Clearing Union does not respond only to the economic and political needs of the particular historical moment in which it was conceived, i.e. the establishment of an international money really complementary to national currencies. With that project, in fact, Keynes conceives a new kind money, whose positive character is to be un-hoardable. The non-hoardability of the bancor raises the issue of the nature of what is commonly known as 'liquidity', and allows not only to distinguish the liquidity that is proper to money from liquidity in general, but also to refine the concept of liquidity in itself. And finally, it allows to think about the very possibility of other forms of monetary complementarity, notably at different local levels.

This article aims to present the evolution of relations between Romania and the Republic of Moldova over the last decade, in the period between "the Twitter revolution" and the summer of 2018, the moment when there was a dramatic cooling of relations between the European Union, the United States, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank, on the one hand, and Moldova on the other. In this article we also analyze the way in which Romania has reacted to Moldova's side skids and try to make sense of the extent to which the government in Bucharest may be considered responsible for the transformation of Moldova from the success story of the Eastern Partnership into a captive state, as it is considered today.

This paper aims to investigate whether the banking and stock market measures among European Union countries have been subject to a convergence process in order to verify whether the transition from the European Monetary System to the Single Currency in the last five decades have led to the integration of financial markets.We show that banking and stock market measures tend to converge across the EU over time, and the process is even improved by controlling for the quality of country level institutions and a range of macroeconomic variables. We conclude that there is a degree of success in the financial integration process of EU countries and therefore recommend that the EU accelerates financial integration to completion rather than to slowing the process.

Vor einem Jahr legten die Präsidenten von fünf Organen der EU einen Bericht zur Vollendung der Europäischen Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion vor. Die daraus folgenden Empfehlungen müssten allerdings mit allen betroffenen wirtschaftspolitischen Akteuren diskutiert werden. Daher schlägt der Autor vor, den bestehenden Makroökonomischen Dialog, an dem die Vertreter der EU-Gremien und der Spitzenorganisationen der Sozialpartner beteiligt sind, auf die Ebene der Eurozone und die nationale Ebene auszudehnen. ; In a draft recommendation, National Competitiveness Boards should be established which inter alia should monitor the developments in labour costs. The German and European Trade Unions have refused this proposal strictly. Here, as a way out, an alternative proposal is presented extending the agenda to the macroeconomic development and policy as a whole. In implementing the agenda, social partners should be included together with the other macroeconomic actors such as monetary and fiscal policy in a Macroeconomic Dialogue forum on both the national and Eurozone levels.

В статье рассматривается специфика отечественного осмысления и нормативного закрепления понятий «деньги», «денежные инструменты», «квазиденьги», «денежные суррогаты». Анализируется термин «электронные деньги» в законодательстве ес и государств-участников единого экономического пространства в рамках евразЭс. Предлагаются меры по совершенствованию правового определения понятия «деньги» и смежных с ним понятий российского законодательства.The paper describes the specifics of the domestic interpretation and normative consolidation of the terms "money", «monetary instruments»; «quasi-money», «cash equivalents». The term «electronic money» («e-money», «e-cash») is analyzed in the legislations of the European Union and the Common Economic Space member countries within the EurAsEC. Improvements to the legal definition of the term «money» and related terms of the Russian legislation are proposed.

Although the initial economic crisis has passed, its effects are still being felt in Europe. The European Parliament must take a more active role in constructing, negotiating and implementing strategies to lift the European Union (EU) out of the crisis, especially in the decisions made by the Basel Committee. This article also makes further suggestions on what can be done to aid this process, including the introduction of a bank levy, the creation of EU credit market agencies, the strengthening of Eurostat and reformation in the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. Finally, the author seeks to explain the magnitude and scope of the economic crisis and what measures can be implemented to prevent a similar situation from happening in the future.

The government of the Euro area - the institutions, objectives and instruments of the regional area pooling together the monetary sovereignty of the 13 EU member states that share the euro - was obviously the blind spot in the otherwise animated negotiations of the sessions of the European Convention, and then of the Intergovernmental Conference in 2004. What seemed then a missed opportunity now looks like a major collective failure. This paper examines the reforms of the "economic governance" of the euro area proposed by the "Treaty amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community" (also called the "Reform Treaty") and concludes that they do not match the challenges faced collectively by the euro area economies.

The government of the Euro area - the institutions, objectives and instruments of the regional area pooling together the monetary sovereignty of the 13 EU member states that share the euro - was obviously the blind spot in the otherwise animated negotiations of the sessions of the European Convention, and then of the Intergovernmental Conference in 2004. What seemed then a missed opportunity now looks like a major collective failure. This paper examines the reforms of the "economic governance" of the euro area proposed by the "Treaty amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community" (also called the "Reform Treaty") and concludes that they do not match the challenges faced collectively by the euro area economies.

Book reviewed in this article: Currency Areas Theory and Practice, by John R. Presley and Geoffrey E. J. Dennis. The Politics of International Monetary Reform: The Exchange Crises, by Michael J. Brenner. Studies in Industrial Geography: Belgium, by Raymond Riley. Studies in Industrial Geography: The Netherlands, by David Pinder. The Pricing of Crude Oil, by Taki Wai (expanded and up‐dated edition). Democracy and Government in European Trade Unions, by Anthony Carew. Changes in European Relbtions, edited by James A. Kuhlman and Louis J. Mensonides. Europe's Economic Semi& Wolfgang Hager. International Institutions in World Politics Yearbook, 1975. Edited by A. Shlaim. The Political Economy of Africa, edited by Richard Harris. Social and Political Movements in Western Europe edited by Martin Kolinsky and William E. Paterson.