Suchergebnisse

"This book synthesizes major psychological theories and show that any moral dilemma can be solved by using the correct positive mindset, based on psychological theory and superimposing a basic "ethical" template to reach a conclusive decision. It also shows the process, step by step, to a successful outcome toward ethical problem solving and decision making"--

Abstract
Science plays a crucial role in much personal and societal decision making, including the development of public policy and regulations, the forumulation the development, and the preservation of public end environmental health. Nevertheless, recent scholarship has shown that the incorporation of science into public decision making in fraught with a great deal of complexity. This essay introduces two special sections of Public Affairs Quarterly (appearing in July 2017 and October 2017), which together explore cutting-edge questions about how science can be used responsibly to inform socictal decisions. The articles in these sections examine how to respond productively to scientific dissent and how to develop regulatory and legal institutions that treat science with appropriate respect without granting inappropriate decision-making power to the scientific community.

In the foreign policy arena, decision-making represents that area of governmental action where domestic and foreign interests intermesh. Regardless of size, resources or power, all states operate in an international environment not of their own making and not under their own control. This international system creates and limits the state's possible actions and reactions. At the same time, all those involved in national foreign policy making act in a domestic context which shapes the national interest and the choice of options. Given this Janus-like position, nations respond to common problems but evolve distinctive and different methods of handling them. A comparison between British and American practice reveals striking parallels and contrasts.

AbstractIn recent decades, a growing number of police services in Canada have stressed commitments to protecting vulnerable communities from violence and intimidation and by combating hate crime. In 2020, the number of hate crimes reported to police in Canada increased by 37% to the highest number ever recorded. While social science research in several national contexts has examined the policing of hate crime, few studies have examined how police investigate hate crimes in Canada. This paper examines the investigative process and police decision‐making with respect to racially motivated and anti‐Black hate crimes reported in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). This paper argues that while police claim that the circumstances of a given incident determines how police respond and whether a case is ultimately solved, in fact police decision making and particularly the way police conceive of racism and hate, profoundly shapes investigative processes and outcomes.

Al encontrarnos en una sociedad, donde el conocimiento es comoditizado y la toma de decisiones solo es el proceso a través del cual se identifica una necesidad de decisión, estos no son suficientes para establecer alternativas, analizarlas, elegir una de ellas e implementarla para finalmente evaluar los resultados. Se debe complementar con una gestión por objetivos que constituya una forma de conducción y organización de las administraciones que base su concepción en la previsión y preparación anticipada de logros y en la delimitación y asignación de responsabilidades. Es así que, la toma de decisiones es una herramienta que permite hacer las mejores decisiones en beneficio de la empresa, repercutiendo en la gestión, identificando los objetivos que llevarán a lograr las ventajas competitivas y el éxito en el mercado. El problema de la presente investigación se centra en la correlación de la toma de decisiones y la gestión por objetivos en la empresa peruana; buscando afianzar una política de compromisos y responsabilidades por resultados que complemente el paradigma de la gestión por normas y procedimientos predominante en las formas de administración de la empresa peruana. ; Since we are in a society where knowledge is commoditized, making decisions only being the process through which a need for a decision is identified, it is not sufficient to establish alternatives, analyze them and choose one of them, and implement it to finally assess the results. Should be supplemented with a management by objectives that constitutes a form of conduct and organization of the government to base its conception in anticipating and preparing early achievements and the demarcation and allocation of responsibilities. So that decision making is a tool to make the best decisions on behalf of the company, affecting management, identifying the objectives that will lead to achieving competitive advantage and market success. The problem of this research focuses on the correlation of the decision-making and management by objectives in the Peruvian company; looking to strengthen political commitment and accountability for results that complements the paradigm of management rules and procedures prevailing in the dosage forms of the Peruvian company.

Based on the indeterminate character of the sustainability concept, a procedural and discursive understanding of sustainability decision making and corresponding approaches for education for sustainability (EFS) is proposed. A set of criteria for teaching strategies to promote sustainability decision making, taking into account the demands of deliberative democracy theory, are presented. These criteria (such as reason, complexity management, critical thinking, etc.) are used to argue for an educational approach that involves the development, justification, and weighting of arguments in combination with an instructional tool called Target-Mat. According to a consequent process orientation, structures for arguing or defining sustainability are not given as authorized standards. Suggestions from previous social discourse are only introduced as controversial pairings—for example, different definitions of sustainability. Examples of student decision-making processes are given to demonstrate the potential of the approach to encourage student reflection and cooperative negotiation that engenders a successive deepening of their argumentation.

Five German leading parties and their coalitions are evaluated from the viewpoint of direct democracy. For this purpose, the positions of the parties on over 30 topical issues are compared with the results of polls of public opinion. The outcomes are summarized in the indices of popularity and universality of the parties and of the DGB (German Confederation of Trade Unions). The selection of policy issues and the information on the party positions are given as in the Wahl-O-Mat(2010) for the last Bundestag (German parliamentary) elections 2009. It is shown that the Bundestag election winner 2009 - the conservative party CDU/CSU with 33.8% votes - has a quite low representative capacity (fourth among the five leading parties), whereas the most representative is the left party Linke which received only 11.9% votes. As for possible coalitions, the most representative would consist of the Linke and the ecologists Grünen, who received together 22.6% votes and could not make a government. It is noteworthy that the DGB is also top evaluated as a good representative of majority opinions. The analysis of Bundestag elections 2009 shows that the voters are little consistent with their own political profiles, disregard party manifestos, and are likely driven by political traditions, even if outdated, or by personal images of politicians. Taking into account the results of the study, some modifications to the election procedure are proposed to bridge approaches of representative and direct democracy.

This article argues that a modification of the heuristics of classical rhetoric will facilitate both an understanding of the dynamics of group decision making and provide a systematic process for attaining consensus.

We consider the situation where there are several alternatives for investing a quantity of money to achieve a set of objectives. The choice of which alternative to apply depends on how citizens and political representatives perceive that such objectives should be achieved. All citizens with the right to vote can express their preferences in the decision-making process. These preferences may be incomplete. Political representatives represent the citizens who have not taken part in the decision-making process. The weight corresponding to political representatives depends on the number of citizens that have intervened in the decision-making process. The methodology we propose needs the participants to specify for each alternative how they rate the different attributes and the relative importance of attributes. On the basis of this information an expected utility interval is output for each alternative. To do this, an evidential reasoning approach is applied. This approach improves the insightfulness and rationality of the decision-making process using a belief decision matrix for problem modeling and the Dempster?Shafer theory of evidence for attribute aggregation. Finally, we propose using the distances of each expected utility interval from the maximum and the minimum utilities to rank the alternative set. The basic idea is that an alternative is ranked first if its distance to the maximum utility is the smallest, and its distance to the minimum utility is the greatest. If only one of these conditions is satisfied, a distance ratio is then used.

Procedures to receive a permission concerning environmental issues and procedures to receive a permit for building plants, highways, airports and so on often take long and not seldom very long. The administrative proceedings involved are very often complex. In several countries, there is an increasing desire to speed up administrative decision-making proceedings, especially in the field of complex infrastructure projects. The current economic crisis enhanced this necessity. Both developments, the incumbent economic crisis and the dissatisfaction with the current system of decision-making, resulted in planned or taken measures. With regard to these planned or implemented (legislative) measures, a possible clash may occur between, on the one hand, speedier decision-making and, on the other, the quality of the proceedings and the rights of the citizens.
In the course of the summer of 2009, the administrative law department of Maastricht University carried out a comparative law research on this issue. The research involved an exploration of the ways in which issues relating to complex decision-making procedures are dealt with in Germany, the United Kingdom, France and the Netherlands and the experiences after certain acceleration measures have been implemented. Besides analysing the relevant statutes, case law and legal writings, the researchers interviewed stakeholders who are engaged in the decision making process in practice, like civil servants, judges, advocates and representatives of environmental groups. This article is based on a selection of findings of that research.

The UK government announced in March 2020 that it would create an NHS Covid-19 'Data Store' from information routinely collected as part of the health service. This 'Store' would use a number of sources of population data to provide a 'single source of truth' about the spread of the coronavirus in England. The initiative illustrates the difficulty of relying on automated processing when making healthcare decisions under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The end-product of the store, a number of 'dashboards' for decision-makers, was intended to include models and simulations developed through artificial intelligence. Decisions made on the basis of these dashboards would be significant, even (it was suggested) to the point of diverting patients and critical resources between hospitals based on their predictions.
How these models will be developed, and externally validated, remains unclear. This is an issue if they are intended to be used for decisions which will affect patients so directly and acutely. We have (by default) a right under the GDPR not to be subject to significant decisions based solely on automated decision-making. It is not obvious, at present, whether resource allocation within the NHS could take place in reliance on this automated modelling. The recent A Level debacle illustrates, in the context of education, the risks of basing life-changing decisions on the national application of a single equation. It is worth considering the potential consequences for the health service if the NHS Data Store is used for resource planning as part of the Covid-19 response.