Reshaping European regulatory space: an evolutionary analysis
In: West European politics, Band 31, Heft 4, S. 806-836
ISSN: 0140-2382
1153730 Ergebnisse
Sortierung:
In: West European politics, Band 31, Heft 4, S. 806-836
ISSN: 0140-2382
World Affairs Online
This pilot Health Impact Assessment (HIA) exercise was conducted as part of the 'Policy Health Impact Assessment for the European Union', commissioned by the European Commission 's Directorate Generale Health and Consumer Protection (DG Sanco). The project is coordinated by Liverpool University and the research partners are from Ireland, Germany and the Netherlands. The aim of the European project is to develop a HIA methodology for assessing the health impacts of EU policies and activities. The purpose of the pilot HIA in Ireland was to test the methodology produced in the first phase of the project in 2002. The policy chosen for assessment was the European Employment Strategy. The Irish pilot used a range of methods suggested in the draft methodology but concentrated particularly on the participatory aspects of HIA. A key stakeholder group with knowledge of employment (including decision makers in labour market policy) was established to provide expert advice and support. Other methods used included policy analysis, information gathering from key informants, community profiling (including demographic and labour force data), data analysis, literature review, the production of a report and the development of recommendations.
BASE
In: The journal of legislative studies, Band 3, Heft 3, S. 74-92
ISSN: 1357-2334
THIS PAPER IS A REJOINDER AND IS ORGANIZED IN THREE SECTIONS. THE FIRST PRESENTS MODELLING OF AGENDA SETTING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION THAT WILL HELP THE READER UNDERSTAND THE CONTENDING ARGUMENTS. THE SECOND FOCUSES ON THE CO-DECISION PROCEDURE. THE THIRD SECTION ANALYZES ALL THE EXISTING EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE THAT BEARS ON THE EFFECTS OF CO-DECISION.
In: Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft Berlin-Dahlem 358
Using a common methodology, the effects of unions on wage levels and wage dispersion are estimated for two neighboring countries, Bolivia and Chile, and for the U.S. The analysis shows that unions have broadly similar effects on the wage distribution within these three economies. The findings suggest that the political economy of unions, coupled with market constraints on labor costs, produce commonality in union wage effects that transcend other economic and institutional differences.
BASE
In: Economic, political and social institutions in Islam vol. 1
The OIC countries -- The resource curse - theory, explanations and its reversal -- Resource curse in OIC countries : role of institutions -- Theories of institutions -- Addressing the resource curse through an ideal Islamic institutional framework -- Policy assessment : Saudi Arabia, Malaysia and Qatar -- Summary, conclusions and looking ahead
The paper described the factors shaped the content and structure of relationships between the Czech Republic and the European Union. The author has analyzed the political and historical discourses that have been changed in the EU and in the Czech Republic as well, and this process created a historical reality through the 1993-1998 period. It was used methods of discourse analysis and comparative studies, due to this approach the author reached a conclusion that the relationships were driven by reciprocating nature and transformation processes in the supranational union and in the post-communist countries. The author describes the way of the Czech Republic's foreign policy that correlates with its European integration policy. The article describes the institutional and political changes that took place in the European Union in the context of its enlargement to the East. ; Стаття присвячена проблемі становлення взаємин між Чеською Республікою та ЄС із моменту набуття Чехією незалежності та проголошення курсу на євроінтеграцію. У роботі аналізуються чинники, що формували зміст і структуру взаємин, політико-історичний дискурс, у рамках якого відбувались зміни як у ЄС, так і в Чехії, і що створювало конкретно-історичну реальність у 1993-1998 рр. Використовуючи методи ретроспективності, дискурс-аналітики та компаративістики, автор приходить до висновку, що взаємини носили реципрокний характер й обумовлювались трансформаційними процесами в наднаціональному об'єднанні й у країнах пострадянського простору.
BASE
In: Journal of Cold War studies, Band 16, Heft 2, S. 32-55
ISSN: 1520-3972
The 1960-1961 Congo crisis was a defining moment for the Cold War in the Third World. This article combines declassified Soviet documents with published and archival sources from the United States, Great Britain, and Ghana to assess the role of the Soviet Union in the development of the Congo crisis. The Soviet government initially worked to establish economic relations with the newly formed independent government in Congo, but Soviet leaders had to shift their strategy when confronted by Western intervention in Congo and the prospect of a civil war. Despite Nikita Khrushchev's threats that Soviet troops would intervene in the conflict, the USSR did not have the military wherewithal to guarantee the survival of the Congolese leader Patrice Lumumba or other pro-Soviet elements. This outcome ended a brief phase of Soviet success in Africa and significantly altered Soviet policy in the Third World. Adapted from the source document.
Within less than 10 years since 4G technology has started, there is already a demand for high data traffic in many spheres of industry and casual life. The load of the mobile network is growing every year in Lithuania and other countries. This problem could be overcome with implementation of new 5G network technology, which could provide communications with much higher data transfer speed and applications in many industrial spheres as well. The pioneer frequency bands in EU are 700 MHz, 3500 MHz and 26 GHz where no mobile networks were used before. It is still a task to implement these bands with existing networks and minimal interference with non-EU countries that use these bands for different purposes. The aim of this work is to overview all three pioneer frequency bands designed for 5G communication to be established in EU by analyzing implementation on mobile connectivity and compatibility with already used communication networks in Lithuania and evaluating the prospects of 5G technology installation in the region. The main conclusions of this work are: 1. Theoretical and experimental results on the 700 MHz band have shown that there is high level of harmful interference in 713-718 MHz band because of neighbouring non-EU countries terrestrial television use, therefore the IMT network cannot be used in the region. With bands of 718-723 MHz and 720.5-725.5 MHz the interference levels are lower so the 5G network could be established, however due to television use on band 770 MHz, the power of these antennas should be lowered but with loss of servicing zone. So, the implementation of 5G in Lithuania in 700 MHz band is very complicated if terrestrial television is still in use. 2. Even though theoretical calculations show that IMT base stations should work when C/(I+N) ration positive, the experimental results on 700 MHz band show that signals from the network are not recognized if I is above -100 dBm. This can be concluded that in zones of high level interference there is high disagreement between experiment and theoretical results. 3. On radio frequency band of 3500 MHz the theoretical and experimental results best coincide when using P.2001 recommendation and 10% time probability. The worst results are obtained when using P.1546 recommendation and 10% time probability. 4. Theoretical calculations on 3500 MHz band show that the establishing of mobile network in Lithuania is not likely possible without common agreement with Russia – according to calculations on ITU-R P.452 propagation model, due to high levels of interference the closest mobile stations must be further than 170 km away from Russia border. Based on long term interference method the distortion in terrestrial station was 26 dB higher than allowed, and in short term - 50,8 dB than allowed. The only possibility of 5G network use could be fixed service stations. 5. Based on international agreements on 26 GHz band in Lithuania, harmful interference appears in 60 km zone from the border. Synchronisation could solve this problem.
BASE
Within less than 10 years since 4G technology has started, there is already a demand for high data traffic in many spheres of industry and casual life. The load of the mobile network is growing every year in Lithuania and other countries. This problem could be overcome with implementation of new 5G network technology, which could provide communications with much higher data transfer speed and applications in many industrial spheres as well. The pioneer frequency bands in EU are 700 MHz, 3500 MHz and 26 GHz where no mobile networks were used before. It is still a task to implement these bands with existing networks and minimal interference with non-EU countries that use these bands for different purposes. The aim of this work is to overview all three pioneer frequency bands designed for 5G communication to be established in EU by analyzing implementation on mobile connectivity and compatibility with already used communication networks in Lithuania and evaluating the prospects of 5G technology installation in the region. The main conclusions of this work are: 1. Theoretical and experimental results on the 700 MHz band have shown that there is high level of harmful interference in 713-718 MHz band because of neighbouring non-EU countries terrestrial television use, therefore the IMT network cannot be used in the region. With bands of 718-723 MHz and 720.5-725.5 MHz the interference levels are lower so the 5G network could be established, however due to television use on band 770 MHz, the power of these antennas should be lowered but with loss of servicing zone. So, the implementation of 5G in Lithuania in 700 MHz band is very complicated if terrestrial television is still in use. 2. Even though theoretical calculations show that IMT base stations should work when C/(I+N) ration positive, the experimental results on 700 MHz band show that signals from the network are not recognized if I is above -100 dBm. This can be concluded that in zones of high level interference there is high disagreement between experiment and theoretical results. 3. On radio frequency band of 3500 MHz the theoretical and experimental results best coincide when using P.2001 recommendation and 10% time probability. The worst results are obtained when using P.1546 recommendation and 10% time probability. 4. Theoretical calculations on 3500 MHz band show that the establishing of mobile network in Lithuania is not likely possible without common agreement with Russia – according to calculations on ITU-R P.452 propagation model, due to high levels of interference the closest mobile stations must be further than 170 km away from Russia border. Based on long term interference method the distortion in terrestrial station was 26 dB higher than allowed, and in short term - 50,8 dB than allowed. The only possibility of 5G network use could be fixed service stations. 5. Based on international agreements on 26 GHz band in Lithuania, harmful interference appears in 60 km zone from the border. Synchronisation could solve this problem.
BASE
Within less than 10 years since 4G technology has started, there is already a demand for high data traffic in many spheres of industry and casual life. The load of the mobile network is growing every year in Lithuania and other countries. This problem could be overcome with implementation of new 5G network technology, which could provide communications with much higher data transfer speed and applications in many industrial spheres as well. The pioneer frequency bands in EU are 700 MHz, 3500 MHz and 26 GHz where no mobile networks were used before. It is still a task to implement these bands with existing networks and minimal interference with non-EU countries that use these bands for different purposes. The aim of this work is to overview all three pioneer frequency bands designed for 5G communication to be established in EU by analyzing implementation on mobile connectivity and compatibility with already used communication networks in Lithuania and evaluating the prospects of 5G technology installation in the region. The main conclusions of this work are: 1. Theoretical and experimental results on the 700 MHz band have shown that there is high level of harmful interference in 713-718 MHz band because of neighbouring non-EU countries terrestrial television use, therefore the IMT network cannot be used in the region. With bands of 718-723 MHz and 720.5-725.5 MHz the interference levels are lower so the 5G network could be established, however due to television use on band 770 MHz, the power of these antennas should be lowered but with loss of servicing zone. So, the implementation of 5G in Lithuania in 700 MHz band is very complicated if terrestrial television is still in use. 2. Even though theoretical calculations show that IMT base stations should work when C/(I+N) ration positive, the experimental results on 700 MHz band show that signals from the network are not recognized if I is above -100 dBm. This can be concluded that in zones of high level interference there is high disagreement between experiment and theoretical results. 3. On radio frequency band of 3500 MHz the theoretical and experimental results best coincide when using P.2001 recommendation and 10% time probability. The worst results are obtained when using P.1546 recommendation and 10% time probability. 4. Theoretical calculations on 3500 MHz band show that the establishing of mobile network in Lithuania is not likely possible without common agreement with Russia – according to calculations on ITU-R P.452 propagation model, due to high levels of interference the closest mobile stations must be further than 170 km away from Russia border. Based on long term interference method the distortion in terrestrial station was 26 dB higher than allowed, and in short term - 50,8 dB than allowed. The only possibility of 5G network use could be fixed service stations. 5. Based on international agreements on 26 GHz band in Lithuania, harmful interference appears in 60 km zone from the border. Synchronisation could solve this problem.
BASE
Within less than 10 years since 4G technology has started, there is already a demand for high data traffic in many spheres of industry and casual life. The load of the mobile network is growing every year in Lithuania and other countries. This problem could be overcome with implementation of new 5G network technology, which could provide communications with much higher data transfer speed and applications in many industrial spheres as well. The pioneer frequency bands in EU are 700 MHz, 3500 MHz and 26 GHz where no mobile networks were used before. It is still a task to implement these bands with existing networks and minimal interference with non-EU countries that use these bands for different purposes. The aim of this work is to overview all three pioneer frequency bands designed for 5G communication to be established in EU by analyzing implementation on mobile connectivity and compatibility with already used communication networks in Lithuania and evaluating the prospects of 5G technology installation in the region. The main conclusions of this work are: 1. Theoretical and experimental results on the 700 MHz band have shown that there is high level of harmful interference in 713-718 MHz band because of neighbouring non-EU countries terrestrial television use, therefore the IMT network cannot be used in the region. With bands of 718-723 MHz and 720.5-725.5 MHz the interference levels are lower so the 5G network could be established, however due to television use on band 770 MHz, the power of these antennas should be lowered but with loss of servicing zone. So, the implementation of 5G in Lithuania in 700 MHz band is very complicated if terrestrial television is still in use. 2. Even though theoretical calculations show that IMT base stations should work when C/(I+N) ration positive, the experimental results on 700 MHz band show that signals from the network are not recognized if I is above -100 dBm. This can be concluded that in zones of high level interference there is high disagreement between experiment and theoretical results. 3. On radio frequency band of 3500 MHz the theoretical and experimental results best coincide when using P.2001 recommendation and 10% time probability. The worst results are obtained when using P.1546 recommendation and 10% time probability. 4. Theoretical calculations on 3500 MHz band show that the establishing of mobile network in Lithuania is not likely possible without common agreement with Russia – according to calculations on ITU-R P.452 propagation model, due to high levels of interference the closest mobile stations must be further than 170 km away from Russia border. Based on long term interference method the distortion in terrestrial station was 26 dB higher than allowed, and in short term - 50,8 dB than allowed. The only possibility of 5G network use could be fixed service stations. 5. Based on international agreements on 26 GHz band in Lithuania, harmful interference appears in 60 km zone from the border. Synchronisation could solve this problem.
BASE
The subject of worker participation in the decision-making process has become one of the major topics in the developing area of EEC labor law. The EEC Treaty, however, does not provide the direct legal basis for the introduction of worker participation legislation by the Community. The Commission, therefore, has concentrated on harmonizing the company legislation of the Member States in its drive to develop a European labor legislation. In this article, Dr. Kolvenbach surveys the existing company legislation in the Member States dealing with worker participation and discusses the recent harmonization proposals of the Commission. He then concludes by supporting the harmonization efforts as the most practical means of achieving the goal of a European labor law.
BASE
In: Transfer: the European review of labour and research ; quarterly review of the European Trade Union Institute, Band 1, Heft 4, S. 499-519
ISSN: 1996-7284
This article is an edited version of the paper prepared by the authors for the first annual ETUI research conference, held in Brussels on September 21 -22, 1995. It provides an overview of the current debate on employment policy at European level, reviewing a number of the principal explanations put forward in academic debate for high and persistent unemployment, before describing the points of view of a number of important participants in the policy debate. The final part of the article outlines some criticisms of the prevailing current of opinion. In particular, the article argues that seeking solutions to the unemployment crisis through reform of the labour market alone is likely to prove fruitless.
U suvremenim uvjetima globalni terorizam je izborio visoko mjesto na listi prioriteta nacionalne sigurnosti. Geopolitika terorizma globalna je i ako se neka zemlja ne želi baviti terorizmom, terorizam će se sigurno baviti njom – izravno ili neizravno. Globalizacija je stvorila gotovo idealne uvjete za lakši protok ljudi, roba, financijskih sredstava i što je posebno važno, maksimalno je povećan protok informacija. To je olakšalo razvoj i operacije terorističkih organizacija. No, ipak su danas države i međunarodne organizacije postale svjesne opasnosti kojima je suvremeno društvo izloženo djelovanjem organiziranih terorističkih skupina. Međunarodna zajednica, i posebno SAD i EU, pa i Republika Hrvatska, razvile su opsežan i prije svega kompliciran sustav za borbu protiv terorizma. Postoje brojni dokumenti koji čine pravnu, političku i akcijsku osnovu za učinkovitu borbu protiv terorizma.Predmet ovog rada je kratki komparativni prikaz načina na koji SAD, Europskaunija i Republika Hrvatska tretiraju terorizam u svojim strategijskim dokumentima: National strategy for combating terorism – SAD, European security strategy – EU, i Nacionalna strategija za prevenciju i suzbijanje terorizma – Republika Hrvatska. Namjera je autora, analizirati, utvrditi i pokazati načine na koji su u strategijskim dokumentima definirani i poimani teroristička prijetnja, njen sadržaj i značenje, kao i uzroci i posljedice na vlastitu i globalnu sigurnost. Cilj rada je otkriti, analizira i utvrdi da li se i u čemu navedene strategije razlikuju. Kvalitativnom analizom sadržaja navedenih strategijskih dokumenata kao i njihovom komparativnom analizom, autori će ukazati na sigurnosne posljedice različitih strateških odgovora na terorizam. --- In contemporary conditions global terrorism has won a high ranking on the list of the priorities of national security. The geo-politics of terrorism is global and even if a country does not wish to deal with terrorism, terrorism will certainly wish to deal with it – directly or indirectly. Globalisation has created almost ideal conditions for easier flow of people, goods, financial means and, particularly important, maximally increased flow of information. This has facilitated the development and operations of terrorist organizations. However, the governments and international organizations have become aware of the dangers to which modern society has been exposed by the activities of the organized terrorist groups. The international community, and especially USA and EU, as well as the Republic of Croatia have developed an extensive and above all complicated system to combat terrorism. There are numerous documents that constitute legal, political, and action basis for efficient fighting against terrorism. The subject of this paper is a short comparative presentation of the methods inwhich the USA, European Union and the Republic of Croatia have been treating terrorism in their strategic documents: National Strategy for Combating terrorism – USA, European Security Strategy – EU, and National Strategy for Prevention and Combating Terrorism – the Republic of Croatia. The intention is to analyze, determine, and present methods in which strategic documents define and treat the terrorist threat, its contents, and meaning, as well as the causes and consequences for one's own and global security. The aim of the paper is to discover, analyze, and determine whether the mentioned strategies differ and in what. Qualitative analysis of the contents of the mentioned strategic documents as well as with their comparative analysis, the authors will indicate the security consequences of different strategic responses to terrorism.
BASE