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Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- An Empirical Exploration of Citizenship Acquisition by Region and Nation -- Abstract -- Naturalization Definition, Process, and Eligibility Requirements -- Salad Bowl or Melting Pot -- Historical Immigration Laws -- The Americanization Movement -- Data Sources and Hypotheses -- Data and Results -- Discussion -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Citizenship, Migrations and National Sovereignty in Europe -- Abstract -- 1. European Citizenship and National Identity in the EU -- 2. Globalization and Migration to Europe -- 3. The Acquisition of Nationality in EU Member States -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 3 -- Migration, Citizenship and Educational Policies: The Results of Research in Italian Schools -- Abstract -- Introduction -- 1. Citizenship between Identity and Alterity -- 1.1. Dimensions of Citizenship -- 1.2. Identity and Alterity: A Semiotic Definition -- 1.3. Citizenship Education and the Role of Mass Media -- 2. Migration and the Challenges Faced by the Educational Systems -- 3. The Views of Italian Educators on Education for the Integration in Multi-Ethnic Schools -- 3.1. Demographic Facts -- 3.2. Methodology -- 3.3. Findings -- 3.3.1. Strengths -- 3.3.1.1. Welcoming Practices in the School -- 3.3.1.2. Language of Instruction -- 3.3.1.3. Conservation of the Language and Culture of Origin -- 3.3.1.4. Intercultural Curriculum -- 3.3.1.5. Networking and Sharing Practices -- 3.3.2. Challenges -- Conclusion -- Note -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 4 -- Civic Identity Profiling: A Comparative Study of Hong Kong and Taiwan Youth( -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Hong Kong and Taiwan: Common Cultural Values, Different Histories and Contrasting Regime Types -- The Model for Exploring Students' Civic Identity Profiles -- Methods -- Sample -- Instruments

Intro -- À propos de Collection XIX -- Titre -- PRÉFACE -- CHAPITRE PREMIER - CONSIDÉRATIONS GÉNÉRALES SUR L'HISTOIRE DES MIGRATIONS HUMAINES ET DE LA COLONISATION -- 1. - PREMIÈRES MIGRATIONS DES HOMMES -- 2. - ABSENCE DE MIGRATION DES RACES INFÉRIEURES -- 3. - MIGRATIONS DES RACES MÉDITERRANÉENNES -- CHAPITRE II - LA COLONISATION ET LES LUTTES DE RACES -- 1. - ÉVOLUTION DE LA GUERRE -- 2. - ÉVOLUTION DE L'ESCLAVAGE -- 3. - DESTRUCTION DES INDIGÈNES DANS LES COLONIES -- 4. - SUBSTITUTION DE RACES PAR LE MÉTISSAGE -- 5. - ÉMIGRATION, COLONISATION ET CROISEMENTS ENVISAGÉS DU POINT DE VUE SOCIAL -- CHAPITRE III - PHÉNOMÈNES GÉNÉRAUX DE LA COLONISATION MODERNE -- 1. - LES COLONISATEURS RECHERCHENT DES CLIMATS ANALOGUES AU LEUR OU PLUS CHAUDS -- 2. - CONDITIONS QUI FAVORISENT ou ENTRAVENT LA COLONISATION -- 3. - COLONISATION PROVOQUÉE PAR LE DÉSIR D'ÉVITER DES PERSÉCUTIONS. PROPAGANDE RELIGIEUSE -- 4. - EMIGRATION ET COLONISATION PROVOQUÉES PAR LA MISÈRE -- 5. - INFLUENCE DU CLIMAT ET DU CARACTÈRE DES INDIGÈNES ET DE LA MAIN-D'ŒUVRE SUR, LE DÉVELOPPEMENT DES COLONIES -- 6. - SÉPARATION DES COLONIES D'AVEC LEUR MÉTROPOLE -- CHAPITRE IV - DE LA CONDUITE A TENIR ENVERS LES INDIGÈNES, AU POINT DE VUE DU RESPECT DES PERSONNES, DES PROPRIÉTÉS, DE LA RELIGION, DES MŒURS ET DES COUTUMES SOCIALES -- 1. - LES BRUTALITÉS ET LES VIOLENCES DES COLONISATEURS -- 2. - RESPECT DU A LA PROPRIÉTÉ, A LA RELIGION, AUX MOEURS, AUX HABITUDES DES INDIGÈNES -- 3. - DE LA PROPAGANDE RELIGIEUSE DANS LES COLONIES ET DE SES EFFETS POLITIQUES -- 4. - LES MISSIONS CATHOLIQUES ET LES MISSIONS PROTESTANTES. LEURS PROCÉDÉS DE PROPAGANDE ET D'INFLUENCE -- 5. - PRINCIPES A APPLIQUER DANS LA CONDUITE DE L'ADMINISTRATION A L'ÉGARD DES MISSIONS ET DES INDIGÈNES

Recent reforms have put Germany among the OECD countries with the fewest restrictions on labour migration for highly-skilled occupations, yet inflows continue to be relatively low. As labour migration is supposed to be one means to help meet future labour and skill shortages caused by a shrinking working-age population, this book addresses the question of how to ensure that international recruitment can help meet urgent needs in the labour market which cannot be met locally. The review examines key issues in the design of the German labour migration system, on the demand side and on the supply side.German employers can recruit from abroad for any job requiring university-level qualifications. Yet even employers declaring shortages have not done so, in part, due to their insistence on German-language skills and specific qualifications, and in part to a perception that international recruitment is complex and unreliable. While the process could be made more transparent, its negative reputation is unjustified. International students appear well positioned to meet employer concerns, but Germany could do more to promote this channel for labour migration. A large part of the demand is also expected in skilled occupations requiring non-tertiary vocational training, but here, channels remain more restrictive. To address anticipated shortages in these occupations, more should be done to recruit into the dual system, and Germany's new recognition framework could contribute to open new channels.

Intro -- ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION:CAUSES, METHODS AND EFFECTS -- ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION:CAUSES, METHODS AND EFFECTS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 UNDOCUMENTED MEXICAN MIGRANTS IN A DEEPSOUTH CITY -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Research Site and the Recruitment of Participants -- Methods -- Census -- Structured Interviews -- Participant Observation and Unstructured Interviews -- Literature Review -- A Brief History of Migration from Mexicoto the United States of America -- The Who, Why and How of Migration from Central Mexicoto the Southeastern United States -- Socio-demographic Profile of Mexican Migrants -- Motivation for Migration and the Selection of Athens, GA as a Destination -- Crossing the Border Illegally -- The Lives of Undocumented Migrants in Los Duplex -- Domestic Life -- Work and Economic Life -- Social Life -- Public Life -- Migration Trajectories of Los Duplex Families -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 AFRICA'S DIASPORAS AND THE STRUGGLEFOR SURVIVAL: THE LIFE AND TIMESOF UNDOCUMENTED ZIMBABWE NATIONALSBASED IN THE UNITED KINGDOM -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Magnitude of the Immigration by Zimbabwe Nationals -- Methodological Issues -- Profiles of Undocumented Zimbabweans in the UK -- Reasons for Leaving Zimbabwe -- Life and Times of the Undocumented ZimbabweNationals in the UK -- (a) Social Challenges -- (b) Political/Legal Challenges -- Playing "hide and seek" with the police -- Threat of Deportation -- (c) Economic Challenges -- They Cannot Find Formal Jobs -- They Cannot open a Bank Account -- Way Forward and Conclusion -- Strategies to Stave off the Challenges -- References -- Chapter 3 ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION: A FEW PSYCHOLOGICALAND STRUCTURAL CONSIDERATIONS -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Reasons People Choose to Immigrate Illegally -- Psychological Issues Illegal Immigrants Must Confront

Intro -- POPULATION DYNAMICS OF SENEGAL -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- FERTILITY -- MORTALITY -- Child Mortality -- Adult Mortality -- NOTE -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geographic and Socioeconomic Setting -- GEOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW -- HISTORICAL OVERVIEW -- EDUCATION -- ECONOMIC BACKGROUND -- Overview -- The Structure of Production -- Dependency, External Shocks, and Adjustment -- Regional Disparities in Socioeconomic Indicators -- NOTES -- 3 POPULATION GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION -- OVERVIEW OF NATIONAL POPULATION TRENDS -- OVERVIEW OF REGIONAL TRENDS -- MIGRATION -- Lifetime Migrants -- Migration Within the Last 5 Years -- Temporary Migration -- International Migration -- Conclusion -- NOTES -- 4 Fertility -- INTRODUCTION -- LEVELS AND TRENDS OF FERTILITY -- Overall Levels and Trends -- Regional Variations -- Findings from the 1988 Census -- Supplemental Information from Three Small-Scale Demographic Surveillance Systems -- Conclusions Drawn from Regional Differences -- Fertility Differences by Socioeconomic Characteristics -- Microlevel Evidence -- Macrolevel Evidence -- Summary of Fertility Levels and Trends -- PROXIMATE DETERMINANTS OF FERTILITY -- Overview -- Marriage and Fertility -- Age at First Marriage -- Marital Stability -- Proportion of Women Ever Married -- Age at First Marriage and Age at First Birth -- The Role of Polygyny -- Summary of the Effect of Marriage Patterns on Fertility -- Breastfeeding and the Length of Birth Intervals -- Contraception -- Abortion -- Sterility -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- NOTES -- 5 Mortality -- INTRODUCTION -- CHILD MORTALITY -- Sources and Quality of Data -- Mortality Levels and Trends Among Children Under Age 5 -- National Level -- The Case of Dakar -- Rural Areas -- Geographic Variations -- Regional Differences -- Departmental Differences -- Age and Sex Patterns in Child Mortality.

The South Caucasus has emerged as a prominent destination for migrants from Russia following Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The essay highlights both the complex and heterogeneous nature of current migration from Russia to the South Caucasus and the challenges inherent in categorizing and grouping diverse migrant communities. Describing the identity of migrants, we focus on the actual moment of moving from Russia to Armenia or Georgia, living in these countries, and the panorama of staying, returning, or leaving for a third place. Many people from the current wave of migration are engaged in remote work, primarily in the IT sector, and have a relatively high income compared to the host community.This trend to seek temporary residence in countries with milder climates and lower living costs, combined with remote work opportunities, is shared by lifestyle migrants, winter tourists, digital nomads, and Russians who fled in 2022. Looking at such new types of migration, researchers have criticized the privilege and inequality of this lifestyle, as well as their weak involvement in the local agenda. However, it is noteworthy that these communities of migrants are characterized by practices of mutual assistance and a commitment to ecological values, which in turn foster attention to the local environment. The essay describes volunteer practices and explores the concept of disengagement from civic life inherent in lifestyle migration or nomadism.
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AbstractFinancial inclusion is considered a key enabler of international development goals. Despite the expansion of financial access overall, the gender inequalities in basic access have remained consistent. This research investigates the predictive power of global remittance and migration flows on the gender gap in financial inclusion. First, singular value decomposition is applied to the World Bank's 2017 Global Findex data to identify the financial inclusion variables that most contribute to the gender gap in financial inclusion. We find that indicators pertaining to account ownership, emergency funding, and receiving payments are especially significant. Based on the identified variables, a novel Financial Inclusion Gender Gap Score is calculated for 143 economies. The score is then incorporated into a complex network analysis of global remittance and migration networks. We analyze how network features such as node attributes, community membership, and bow-tie structure can be used to make inferences about the magnitude of a financial inclusion gender gap. Our findings suggest that weaker linkages in the network, characterized by lower node strength and peripheral positions in the bow-tie structure, are determinants of a notable financial inclusion gender gap. We also highlight communities in the remittance and migration networks with a more substantial gender imbalance, and discuss the the social- and cultural-leaning factors driving community formation in the migration network that seem to predicate a greater gap.

Neighbours have been found to influence each other's behaviour (contagion effect). However, little is known about the influence on sport club membership. This while increasing interest has risen for the social role of sport clubs. Sport clubs could bring people from different backgrounds together. A mixed composition is a key element in this social role. Individual characteristics are strong predictors of sport club membership. Western high educated men are more likely to be members. In contrast to people with a non-Western migration background. The neighbourhood is a more fixed meeting place, which provides unique opportunities for people from different backgrounds to interact. This study aims to gain more insight into the influence of neighbours on sport club membership. This research looks especially at the composition of neighbour's migration background, since they tend to be more or less likely to be members and therefore could encourage of inhibit each other. A population database including the only registry data of all Dutch inhabitants was merged with data of 11 sport unions. The results show a cross-level effect of neighbours on sport club membership. We find a contagion effect of neighbours' migration background; having a larger proportion of neighbours with a migration background from a non-Western country reduces the odds, as expected. However, this contagion effect was not found for people with a Moroccan or Turkish background.

Neighbours have been found to influence each other's behaviour (contagion effect). However, little is known about the influence on sport club membership. This while increasing interest has risen for the social role of sport clubs. Sport clubs could bring people from different backgrounds together. A mixed composition is a key element in this social role. Individual characteristics are strong predictors of sport club membership. Western high educated men are more likely to be members. In contrast to people with a non-Western migration background. The neighbourhood is a more fixed meeting place, which provides unique opportunities for people from different backgrounds to interact. This study aims to gain more insight into the influence of neighbours on sport club membership. This research looks especially at the composition of neighbour's migration background, since they tend to be more or less likely to be members and therefore could encourage of inhibit each other. A population database including the only registry data of all Dutch inhabitants was merged with data of 11 sport unions. The results show a cross-level effect of neighbours on sport club membership. We find a contagion effect of neighbours' migration background; having a larger proportion of neighbours with a migration background from a non-Western country reduces the odds, as expected. However, this contagion effect was not found for people with a Moroccan or Turkish background.

In recent decades, many Western European countries introduced parental leave policies to support the work-family combination in families with young children. However, these parental leave schemes often exhibit employment‐based eligibility criteria, so the question arises to which extent social inequalities emerge in the access to parental leave, and as a result thereof also in the uptake of parental leave. Although research on parental leave increasingly addresses the issue of inclusiveness, only a limited number of studies has yet examined individual‐level differentials in parents', and especially mothers', eligibility. Using detailed register data, we develop an individual‐level indicator of eligibility in Belgium and deploy it to document differentiation in mothers' eligibility by age at first birth, partnership status, migration background and education. In addition, we examine to what extent differential eligibility can explain inequalities in parental leave uptake. Our results show that a considerable share of mothers - specifically very young, single, low educated mothers and mothers with a migration background - do not meet the eligibility criteria and thus are structurally excluded from parental leave in Belgium. Furthermore, differential eligibility can account for a large part of the age and educational gradients in parental leave use, as well as differences by migration background. Eligibility cannot (fully) account for lower parental leave use by single mothers and mothers with a Moroccan or Turkish migration background. Our findings suggest that a reconsideration of eligibility criteria may be instrumental in increasing the inclusiveness of parental leave policies.

Liberal states simultaneously pursue policies of encouraging and controlling (un)desired immigration. Forces of representative democracy, nationhood, constitutionalism, and capitalism - each call for distinct migration strategy. Previous research focusing on attitudes towards migration used quantitative methods examining values and perceptions that influence people' opinions. Still, it did not explore the diversity and complexity of sentiments. This paper aims to provide a more nuanced perspective based on tweets at and around the last day of the British membership in the European Union (31 January 2020). Data were collected using NCapture- a web-browser extension which downloaded tweets with hashtags #Brexit, #BrexitDay and #BrexitEve, and imported them directly to NVivo. Seven batches of tweets were captured on 30-31 January and 1, 7-10 February; extracting 250,095 published between 23 January and 10 February. All retweets, duplicates, non-English tweets and spam were removed; leaving 888 tweets for the analysis. The dataset was coded twice; assigning sentiments towards Brexit as positive (n=203), negative (n=586) or neutral (n=99), and using inductive thematic analysis.The findings showed the division of discourse on migration were more complicated than merely in favour and against immigration. Interestingly, they also exhibited the shift in the British debate from benefits and drawbacks of immigration to the reciprocity of migration policies in the future relations between the United Kingdom and the European Union.

The paper examines Nigeria's potential for labour exportation by assessing the performance of labour exportation in the Republic of Philippines. Imperatively, the trend of international labour migration presently influences the nature of international economic relations between developed and developing nations. Many developing nations have utilized their huge population base to accrue major financial and non-financial gains through labour exportation to developed climes. However, Nigerian is yet to borrow a leaf from nations like the Republic of Philippines that maximize remittances derived from exported labour to boost foreign exchange earnings. Utilizing the Historical research method and textual analysis of secondary data, the study explores the viability of Nigeria for labour exportation and examines the potential benefits of labour exportation for Nigeria by mirroring the performance of the same in the Republic of Philippines. The Pull-Push theory of international migration was adopted to explain the variables that inform decisions of developing countries to export citizens to developed nations. The study employs secondary data which was analyzed using textual analysis. The study concludes that the implementation of a labour migration policy in Nigeria increases Nigeria's potential of joining the bandwagon of countries engaging in temporary labour exportation. Therefore, the study recommends among others that implementation of an effective labour migration policy and government protection of Nigerian migrant workers can eliminate the Nigeria's impediments to engaging in labour exportation.

Migration is not a recent phenomenon; it is one of the three factors that contribute to the population changes. Cross-border migration between South Africa and its neighbouring countries started in the mid-19th century. The aim of this paper is to explore the structural changes in the participation of African migrants in the labour force of South Africa from 2001 to 2011. Furthermore, the specific objective is to demonstrate the structural changes between the two periods in the deployment of African immigrants in terms of occupation, employment sector, income groups just to name a few. 2001 and 2011 population census are used to evaluate the extent to which the situation has changed between the two periods. As far as African migration is concerned, to capture the structural changes during the ten-year period (2001 to 2011) this study focuses on variables such as demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. To profile the structural changes in the participation of African migrants, this study makes use of the 2001 and 2011 national population census data. Furthermore, statistical packages are used to test the relationship between variables. Policy document about migration are also used to provide the legislated framework with regards to the involvement of foreign labour in the South African labour force. The geographical scope of the study is national meaning it covers all nine provinces of South Africa.

Refugees dominate contemporary headlines. The migration "emergencies" at the southern U.S. border and the southern borders of the European Union, as well as the "crisis" in the Bay of Bengal, have drawn global attention to the dire inadequacies of the international refugee regime, even as extended through various principles of non-refoulement, in governing modern migration flows. Political responses to these mass movements, from the Brexit vote to the election of Donald Trump and his executive order halting the refugee resettlement process in the United States, have threatened the viability of refugee law's protections. At the policy level, numerous high-level stakeholders have convened in different constellations, through the United Nations and other bodies; many commentators agree that these meetings have accomplished little thus far in terms of law reform. The refugee law paradigm consumes so much space in the imagination of international lawyers and policymakers that it is hard even to begin to conceptualize an alternate approach to global migration law. The fear of losing even the narrow ground staked out to protect refugees stiffens the resistance to change. Proposals for reform tend to follow the tired old path of suggesting ways in which the refugee definition can be expanded to include new groups of migrants (ranging from climate change refugees to anyone fleeing serious human rights abuses) rather than critically evaluating the structure of global migration law more broadly. ; Temple University. James E. Beasley School of Law

Prophet Muhammad, as the central figure in Islam, is an ideal model for Muslims so they compete to be as possible as similar to him in every ways. This deed can be called as living Sunnah. In the early days of Islam, he and his companions migrated (hijrah) from Makkah to Madinah to fulfill the order of Allah. Now, Muslims keep trying to imitate the Prophet's deed in the context of social, culture, politics, economics and others. One of them is the community of Abituren Nahdhatul Wathan Lombok, they tried to imitate Prophet's migration. They were out of hometown to migrate to Kotabaru with a mission to spread their organization's propaganda. Therefore, this work tries to determine their understanding of the tradition of Prophet's migration that initiate them to move to Kotabaru. This research is a field research, using three data collection techniques are observation, interviews and documentation. Then the nature of this study is qualitative, while the used approach is phenomenology to observe phenomena that occur in the community. In some conclusion, it can be said that the community of Abituren Nahdlatul Wathan Lombok understood the tradition of Prophet's migration in the way of Allah and His messenger as a move to goodness that is blessed by Allah and His Messenger as appropriate guidance. In the modern era, their migration to Kotabaru reflexed the form of jihad and the strong intention to spread Islamic vision in the new community in Kotabaru.