Suchergebnisse

1. Introduction -- 2. Domesticating the SDGs in Africa for Rural and Agricultural Development: The Case of Devolved Governance -- 3. Youth Employment Challenge and Rural Transformation in Africa -- 4. Impact of Remittances on Agricultural Labour Productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa -- 5. Electricity Access and Agricultural Productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Panel Data -- 6. Beyond the Farmgate: Can Social Capital Help Smallholders to Overcome Constraints in the Agricultural Value Chain in Africa? -- 7. Large-scale Land Investments and Households' Livelihood in Nigeria: Empirical Insights from Quantitative Analysis -- 8. Agricultural Productivity and Households' Welfare in Uganda: Examining the Relevance of Agricultural Improvement Interventions -- 9. Pattern of Labor Use and Productivity among Agricultural Households in Nigeria -- 10. Challenges in Tackling Poverty and Unemployment: Analysis of (YEAP) in Alkaleri, Duguri and Gar Rural Communities of Bauchi State, Nigeria -- 11. Determinants of the Willingness to Pay for Public Sector Health Care Services: An Empirical Study of Rural and Urban Communities in Nigeria -- 12. Increasing Agricultural Income and Access to Financial Services through Mobile Technology in Africa: Evidence from Malawi -- 13. Identifying the gap between the demand and supply of agricultural finance among irrigation farmers in Namibia -- 14. Access to Land and Agricultural Production: Analysis of 'Priority Crops' in Ogun State, Nigeria -- 15. Rural Transformation through Savings and Credit Cooperatives Societies in Moshi District, Tanzania -- 16. Rural–Urban Labour Migration and Youth Employment: Investigating the Relevance of Nigeria's Agricultural Sector in Employment Generation -- 17. Fostering Rural Development and Social Inclusion in East Africa: Interrogating the Role of Cooperatives -- 18. Impact of Non-agricultural Activities on Farmers' Income: Evidence from the Senegalese Groundnut Area -- 19. Youth Unemployment and Large-Scale Agricultural Land Investments: Examining the Relevance of Indigenous Institutions and Local Capacity in Tanzania -- 20. Local Politics of Land Acquisitions for Foreign and Domestic Investments in Tanzania -- 21. Agricultural Policy and Food Security in Nigeria: A Rational Choice Analysis -- 22. Socio-Cultural Factors and Performance of Small-Scale Enterprise in Agro-Allied Manufacturing Firms in Nigeria -- 23. Labour Processes in Large Scale Land Investments in Sugar Estates in South-Eastern Zimbabwe -- 24. Poverty Reduction, Sustainable Agricultural Development and the Cassava Value Chain in Nigeria -- 25. Micro- Determinants of Women Participation in Agricultural Value Chain: Evidences from Rural Households in Nigeria -- 26. Job Creation and Social Conditions of Labour in the Forestry Agro-Industry in Mozambique -- 27. Boosting Non-Oil Export Revenue in Nigeria through Non-Traditional Agricultural Export Commodities: How Feasible? -- 28. Conclusion. .

Complexities and uncertainties surrounding urbanization and climate change complicate water resource sustainability. Although research has examined various aspects of complex water systems, including uncertainties, relatively few attempts have been made to synthesize research findings in particular contexts. We fill this gap by examining the complexities, uncertainties, and decision processes for water sustainability and urban adaptation to climate change in the case study region of Phoenix, Arizona. In doing so, we integrate over a decade of research conducted by Arizona State University's Decision Center for a Desert City (DCDC). DCDC is a boundary organization that conducts research in collaboration with policy makers, with the goal of informing decision-making under uncertainty. Our results highlight: the counterintuitive, non-linear, and competing relationships in human–environment dynamics ; the myriad uncertainties in climatic, scientific, political, and other domains of knowledge and practice ; and, the social learning that has occurred across science and policy spheres. Finally, we reflect on how our interdisciplinary research and boundary organization has evolved over time to enhance adaptive and sustainable governance in the face of complex system dynamics.

This Special Thematic Section brings together eight papers that showcase different aspects of the contribution of psychology to the processes of recovery in Rwanda following the 1994 genocide. The Section is noteworthy in part because a majority of the papers have Rwandan authors. In summarizing the contributions I make six observations about the remarkable context of the genocide and its aftermath: a) it was distinctive from previous mass violence in its intensity and character; b) it has been characterized by bystander inaction and the problems of positioning outsiders to help; c) hundreds of thousands of accused or convicted perpetrators have lived alongside survivors; d) electronic media played a profound role not only in promoting violence but also in building peace; e) Rwanda has been the site of unprecedented societal interventions with political goals that have the character and content of social psychological experiments; and f) the role of memorialization in repairing or sustaining harm needs further examination. I conclude by noting that the study of recovery is clear proof that the genocide in Rwanda, as is the case with genocides of the past, failed to achieve its aims.

This study aimed at assessing the efficiency of zakat organizations in Indonesia by the use of non-parametric efficiency measurement methods. In addition, a cluster analysis based on the affiliation type was also used to assess the efficiency of Zakat organizations. A quantitative approach with the DEA and FDH methods was applied to this research, during which the latest data from the financial reports of each Zakat Institution have been utilized. This period ranges from 2014 to 2018 for the 14 Zakat Institutions. Based on the results, Zakat Institutions have equal efficiency between DEA and FDH methods if the clusters of government, corporation, and social community are combined. Research data on measuring efficiency show that the DEA method contributes 21% of all Decision-Making Units (DMU) to the total, while the FDH method contributes 25%. The research is one of the first studies to focus on the efficiency of the Zakat Institutions and its associated clusters: government, corporation, and social community. This research can be useful for Zakat Institutions in the form of critical application evaluation considering the research input variables, such as salaries, operational costs, and cost of socialization, and research output variables, for example zakat fund, zakat distribution taking maqasid sharia aspects into consideration.

The motive of love, not only Kadare's poetry, but generally throughout the contemporary Albanian and world poetry, is one of the fundamental, general and extremely universal motifs. Such a motive has also prompted the poet Kadare to write poems that propose the aesthetics of one of the most general motives of man - the motive of love. The first and the first love in the verses of Kadare is described and emerges as a part of human life and as such comes out of special dimensions. Kadare, being a good builder of a full and complete poetry, would say, even if his poetry, if we can say erotic, we have a remarkable use of such signs, although in general the poetry of love does not occupy any remarkable place in Kadare's poetry, naturally in comparison to the poetry of other motifs, though it is quite manifested.
But, however, love in Kadare's poetry marks, among other things, a particular poetic word in general, and even in this regard, it is also a multiple pluralist expression, using words, expressions and figures unused by others, also giving different words and meanings, from everyday life, to various functions, marking high aesthetic and literary uplift, but also figurative. He is a good builder of various artistic figures, an innovator of creating new words and expressions, and a sublimant of the ideas he poses and realizes in his poetry.
Although it is a whole set of signs that Kadare uses in his poems, which are motivated by the feeling of love, we will in this case stop the signs he uses most, as well as those signs which make a special significance for his poetry. On this occasion, we will dwell on the signs, coinciding with the poetry, which appears as a poem of love, and which in Kadare occupies a place, though not deserved, we would say, like love, moon, flower, bride , the heart, the lips, the eyes, the cheeks, the throat, the heart, the soul. There are also a number of other signs that reinforce and sublimate the poetic ideas of Kadare's love motifs, but we believe that these are the signs that strengthen our conviction of the artistic achievement of his poetry as well as those that make up innovation in Albanian poetry generally, whether in terms of poetry, or in terms of the breadth of poetic figuration.
Key words: Poetry, Kadare, Love, Signs, Figure, Poet, Structure, Verse, Aspect, Erosion, Devotion, Sublimation, Heart, Eyes, Soul, Flower, Wax.

Innovation–it is a term that we use for decades, but true meaning of this term changes also for decades, according to dynamic environment we are living in. There is now beginning of the4thindustrial revolution and what has been said in World Economic forum, issues are not about technologies anymore, they are about society. Innovation and entrepreneurship in regions is one of essential tools, in added value creation in economics and in development in national level. It is very important to encourage creativity, new ways of thinking and continuous process of learning of individuals. Aim of the current paper is to investigate development of application of innovations evaluated internationally for the country by GCI and reflect the entrepreneur's opinions for innovation applications aspects. Research methods applied: scientific publications and previous conducted research results analysis, analysis of development of reflection innovation aspect in GCI, analysis of strategic planning documents and guidelines of EU and Latvia and survey of inhabitants of local community survey of entrepreneurs of Kurzeme region in Latvia on their opinion about participation in the processes to make changes in development of region and local community. There are some different approaches how to measure competitiveness of state economy and competitiveness in regional level. Statistical data shows situation from point of view in national level, Regional level and local community level have to be researched detailed, and every situation, which can make impact on level above, have to be taken into account. Main results were related with issue, that tenants of region at very low level evaluate impact of state as institution and management system in national level, better evaluation of local government institutions, but at the same time there is lack of desire to participate actively in processes of local community to encourage changes in regional level. ; The research was supported by the NATIONAL RESEARCH PROGRAMME "LATVIAN HERITAGE AND FUTURE CHALLENGES FOR THE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE STATE" project "CHALLENGES FOR THE LATVIAN STATE AND SOCIETY AND THE SOLUTIONS IN INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT" (INTERFRAME-LV, Project No.VPP-IZM-2018/1-0005)

The remuneration of work is a familiar concept in our modern world. It is well known that medieval societies also faced it, but we don't know under what proportions, what influenced its level and how it participates to living standard. These are the central questions guiding this work, with Dijon at the end of the Middle Ages as a mooring point. The richness of Dijon medieval archives offers high quality material for the study of medieval remunerations. A first point of observation was established during the 1370-1395 period, where the cross-referencing of various documents made possible to systemically observe the importance of remunerations within Dijon society. Two other observation points were placed on the ducal vineyards and the municipal legislation on prices and wages, in a wider diachronic perspective extended to the 15th century.A database was created from more than 12,000 payments covering the 1370-1395 period. It reports a significant income-generating activity in the construction, craft and vineyard areas. The mapping of these remunerations shows their impact on the whole city and beyond. The comparison with the tax accounts made possible to assess the proportion of the population which was paid and its standard of living. Indeed, our documents do not allow us to detect the entire active population : only about 20 % of the city households were retributed. Medieval society had difficulties to give a name to remunerations. This study shows that work is quantified by different means: some are based on precise calculations of daily work or measurement of production, the others mix remuneration sensu stricto and in kind payment of the workers. The levels of remuneration are however calculated on the basis of concrete aspects: the worker's experience, his/her technical mastery and his/her know-how, the task difficulty, the harsh working conditions and the productivity. If these aspects are similar to modern practice of remuneration, it takes place in small working structures, often enshrined in the broad ...

The remuneration of work is a familiar concept in our modern world. It is well known that medieval societies also faced it, but we don't know under what proportions, what influenced its level and how it participates to living standard. These are the central questions guiding this work, with Dijon at the end of the Middle Ages as a mooring point. The richness of Dijon medieval archives offers high quality material for the study of medieval remunerations. A first point of observation was established during the 1370-1395 period, where the cross-referencing of various documents made possible to systemically observe the importance of remunerations within Dijon society. Two other observation points were placed on the ducal vineyards and the municipal legislation on prices and wages, in a wider diachronic perspective extended to the 15th century.A database was created from more than 12,000 payments covering the 1370-1395 period. It reports a significant income-generating activity in the construction, craft and vineyard areas. The mapping of these remunerations shows their impact on the whole city and beyond. The comparison with the tax accounts made possible to assess the proportion of the population which was paid and its standard of living. Indeed, our documents do not allow us to detect the entire active population : only about 20 % of the city households were retributed. Medieval society had difficulties to give a name to remunerations. This study shows that work is quantified by different means: some are based on precise calculations of daily work or measurement of production, the others mix remuneration sensu stricto and in kind payment of the workers. The levels of remuneration are however calculated on the basis of concrete aspects: the worker's experience, his/her technical mastery and his/her know-how, the task difficulty, the harsh working conditions and the productivity. If these aspects are similar to modern practice of remuneration, it takes place in small working structures, often enshrined in the broad ...

This article looks at how domestic acts of ideologically-motivated violence have been treated in Finnish public discussion with a particular focus on how the word "terrorism" has and has not been used to characterize such incidents. The work demonstrates that Finnish public debate has, with certain notable exceptions, primarily avoided labelling any violent attacks in the country as terrorism. This reluctance stems from Finnish traditions of crisis management, counterterrorism, and politics. Furthermore, the propensity to use the term "terrorism" cannot be explained by such characteristics of the attack itself as the number of casualties or whether it was perpetrated by ingroup or outgroup members. Rather than "what has happened," the question of calling or not calling an act terrorism comes down to the question of "what needs to be done." The article contributes to academic debate by investigating a surprisingly under-researched aspect of how the term terrorism is used in public discussion while also shedding new light on the debate in Finland, a country seldom touched upon by research of terrorism and political violence. ; This article looks at how domestic acts of ideologically-motivated violence have been treated in Finnish public discussion with a particular focus on how the word "terrorism" has and has not been used to characterize such incidents. The work demonstrates that Finnish public debate has, with certain notable exceptions, primarily avoided labelling any violent attacks in the country as terrorism. This reluctance stems from Finnish traditions of crisis management, counterterrorism, and politics. Furthermore, the propensity to use the term "terrorism" cannot be explained by such characteristics of the attack itself as the number of casualties or whether it was perpetrated by ingroup or outgroup members. Rather than "what has happened," the question of calling or not calling an act terrorism comes down to the question of "what needs to be done." The article contributes to academic debate by investigating a surprisingly under-researched aspect of how the term terrorism is used in public discussion while also shedding new light on the debate in Finland, a country seldom touched upon by research of terrorism and political violence. ; Peer reviewed

International audience ; Napoleonic pilgrimage may be a relevant topic if one accepts the idea that post-revolutionary political cultures proceed from a complex rationality (intellectual, no doubt, but also emotional) and can be related to religions, at least in an analogue mode, allowing "secular religiosities" which juxtapose to traditional religions rather than completely replace them. They must therefore be studied also through the manifestations of a devotion, in which "political feelings" can be read. To that extent, the present case does not seem to raise a major obstacle: the idea and the very existence of a "Napoleonic religion" is not doubtful in nineteenth-century France, even though the question of its link with the Bonapartist movement, and more broadly of its political content, has been and can still be debated. Here we are concerned with one aspect of the late Emperor's worship, the visit to the grave, whether in Paris or St. Helena, or in various other places of substitution and dissemination of the shrine. ; S'interroger sur le pèlerinage napoléonien, c'est accepter de tester l'idée que les cultures politiques post-révolutionnaires procèdent d'une rationalité complexe (intellectuelle, sans doute, mais aussi émotionnelle) et peuvent s'apparenter à des religions, au moins sur un mode analogique : on pourra parler de religions ou de « religiosités séculières », qui se juxtaposent aux religions traditionnelles plutôt qu'elles ne s'y substituent totalement. Elles doivent donc être étudiées aussi à travers les manifestations d'une dévotion où se lit bel et bien le « sentiment politique » constitutif de l'homo politicus contemporain. A ce propos, le cas qui nous occupe ici ne parait pas opposer d'obstacle majeur : l'idée et l'existence même d'une « religion napoléonienne » ne fait guère de doute dans la France du XIX e siècle, même si la question de son lien avec le courant bonapartiste, et plus largement de sa valeur ou de sa teneur politique, a pu et peut encore faire l'objet de débat. On s'interroge ici sur un aspect du "culte" de l'empereur défunt, la visite au tombeau, que ce soit à Paris ou à Sainte-Hélène, ou encore dans divers autres lieux de substitution et de dissémination.

International audience ; Napoleonic pilgrimage may be a relevant topic if one accepts the idea that post-revolutionary political cultures proceed from a complex rationality (intellectual, no doubt, but also emotional) and can be related to religions, at least in an analogue mode, allowing "secular religiosities" which juxtapose to traditional religions rather than completely replace them. They must therefore be studied also through the manifestations of a devotion, in which "political feelings" can be read. To that extent, the present case does not seem to raise a major obstacle: the idea and the very existence of a "Napoleonic religion" is not doubtful in nineteenth-century France, even though the question of its link with the Bonapartist movement, and more broadly of its political content, has been and can still be debated. Here we are concerned with one aspect of the late Emperor's worship, the visit to the grave, whether in Paris or St. Helena, or in various other places of substitution and dissemination of the shrine. ; S'interroger sur le pèlerinage napoléonien, c'est accepter de tester l'idée que les cultures politiques post-révolutionnaires procèdent d'une rationalité complexe (intellectuelle, sans doute, mais aussi émotionnelle) et peuvent s'apparenter à des religions, au moins sur un mode analogique : on pourra parler de religions ou de « religiosités séculières », qui se juxtaposent aux religions traditionnelles plutôt qu'elles ne s'y substituent totalement. Elles doivent donc être étudiées aussi à travers les manifestations d'une dévotion où se lit bel et bien le « sentiment politique » constitutif de l'homo politicus contemporain. A ce propos, le cas qui nous occupe ici ne parait pas opposer d'obstacle majeur : l'idée et l'existence même d'une « religion napoléonienne » ne fait guère de doute dans la France du XIX e siècle, même si la question de son lien avec le courant bonapartiste, et plus largement de sa valeur ou de sa teneur politique, a pu et peut encore faire l'objet de débat. On s'interroge ici sur un aspect du "culte" de l'empereur défunt, la visite au tombeau, que ce soit à Paris ou à Sainte-Hélène, ou encore dans divers autres lieux de substitution et de dissémination.

Recent research suggests that intergenerational relations—the relationships between adult children and their parents in particular—are becoming increasingly important to Americans. Two main social forces appear to be driving these changes: marital instability and broader demographic shifts. Intergenerational relationships involve both affective ties and more instrumental forms of support such as financial resources or child care. Although actual material assistance tends to be episodic and primarily responsive to specific needs, these relationships appear to be durable and flexible and often fill in when marriage or other emotional attachments deteriorate. As such, intergenerational family relations may reflect adaptations to contemporary, postmodern economic and cultural conditions. Variations in these general patterns and dynamics are also exhibited, the most striking of which are those involving race and class. These variations are driven largely by social structure and position and suggest that intergenerational relations constitute an important and largely hidden aspect of how families contribute to the reproduction of social inequality in society. These findings reinforce the value of extending both scholarly and cultural notions of family beyond the traditional nuclear family model.

The present study is conducted in two sweet homes of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan i.e. Sweet Home of Peshawar and Sweet Home of Abbottabad. The nature of the study was quantitative and a close-ended questionnaire was used as a tool of data collection for collecting information from the sample size of 134 respondents selected through the proportional allocation method. The association was tabulated through the application of Chi-Square test statistics to ascertain the association between the dependent and independent variables. Study findings revealed a significant association (P?0.05) of an index of various socio-economic problems of orphans with the statements such as children at sweet home is routinely harassed; adult children physically abuse younger children in the sweet home, etc. with the dependent variable i.e. protection aspects of orphanages. The government and staff should provide an environment free of harassment, abuse, stress, and anxiety, foster mother at sweet home should be advised to treat children like her biological one, the staff should understand children's method of learning, organize exercises were some of the recommendations forwarded in the light of study findings.