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The article is devoted to the evaluation of the role of colonial policy in the works of historians of the English School of international relations. The aim of the article is to highlight the main stages in the study of colonial problems in the concept of international society and to show the specifics of the evaluation of colonialism in the historiographic aspect. The sources of the work were texts of leading representatives of this scientific community. The historiographical analysis shows that there are three stages in the study of colonial issues in the English School of international relations. They reflect both the processes of historical development of Great Britain in the second half of the 20th century, and the internal line of evolution of the school concept. At the first stage (1950-1970), the colonial problem did not have an independent significance for the analysis of international relations. The second stage (1980-1990) is characterized by the recognition of colonial policy as an institution for the development of international society in history, although it is evaluated inconsistently. The third stage is modern and it shows the important role of the former colonies in the structure of modern international society. The article analyzes the key arguments in assessing the role of colonies for each stage based on the work of leading representatives of the community. The main conclusion of the article is that the ability to change attitudes to colonialism in the analysis of international society explains the growing interest in the concept of school in modern Asian countries.).

Verlagsinfo: Susanne Schmidt and Raymund Werle present three case studies from the telecommunications industry to highlight the actors, the process, the politics, and the influence exerted by international organizations in the construction of standards. Few modern technologies are designed to stand alone. Because most machines must now fit into systems and be compatible with other technologies, the creation of standards has become a fundamental element of design and engineering. Conflicts such as the "color television war" of the 1970s and recent disputes over high-definition television (HDTV) highlight the complexities of the standard-setting process. Susanne Schmidt and Raymund Werle present three case studies from the telecommunications industry to highlight the actors, the process, the politics, and the influence exerted by international organizations in the construction of standards. The case studies include the standards for facsimile terminals and transmission, videotex (a service that, with the exception of the French Minitel service, largely failed), and for electronic mail. The authors follow each trail from the realization by certain actors of the need for a standard, through the complex negotiation processes involving many economic, political, and social interests, to the final agreement on a standard. Throughout their stories, they emphasize the institutional embeddedness of these processes, demonstrating the value of an institutionalist approach to technology studies.

Avant le Rapport Brundtland, développement durable et droit international de l'environnement ne semblait pas faire bon ménage, mais quelques années plus tard, surtout avec le Sommet de la terre de Rio de 1992, le droit international de l'environnement représente la pierre angulaire de la consécration et de la mise en oeuvre juridique du développement durable. En effet, le développement durable étant considéré comme un concept économique au départ, est devenu par la suite un concept à géométrie variable des sciences sociales, toute chose qui rend difficile sa consécration juridique. Cependant, Maurice KAMTO estime que « Le droit de l'environnement est un terrain idéal pour l'innovation juridique. Sa fertilité le prédispose à un foisonnement conceptuel d'autant plus riche que les sciences de la nature lui apportent régulièrement des données nouvelles. Seulement, ce foisonnement d'idées et de notions en vient quelquefois à dérouter le juriste, car les notions nouvelles suggérées à partir de considérations environnementales ne sont pas toujours faciles à appréhender sur le terrain juridique. C'est le cas en particulier du concept de développement durable qui est au coeur de la problématique environnement et développement aujourd'hui. La science du droit se doit de construire ce concept sur le plan juridique en lui donnant un contenu technique, c'est-à-dire une signification juridique précise » 1. Toutefois, si la philosophie traditionnelle de la protection de l'environnement tend à trouver des solutions techniques pour corriger après coup des situations dommageables ; elle agit sur les effets environnementaux indésirables et recourt à la technique et au droit de la responsabilité pour réparer les dommages. Il y a pourtant une autre manière de concevoir la protection de l'environnement : c'est celle qui permet d'aller aux sources des problèmes et de prévenir la réalisation de dommages par l'application de politiques économiques qui respectent les limites écologiques de la planète. On part de l'idée centrale du ...

"The effects of the growth of multinational enterprises and globalization in the past fifty years have been profound, and many multinational enterprises, such as international banks, now operate around the world through branches known as permanent establishments. The business profits article (Article 7) of the OECD model tax treaty attributes a multinational enterprise's business profits to a permanent establishment in a host country for tax purposes. Michael Kobetsky analyses the principles for allocating the profits of multinational enterprises to permanent establishments under this article, explains the shortcomings of the current arm's length principle for attributing business profits to permanent establishments and considers the alternative method of formulary apportionment for allocating business profits"--

Globalization, by which is meant the increasing economic interdependence among nations, has been a critical ingredient in enabling enormous improvement in mankind's condition. While progress has not always been smooth, and has not come without dislocation for some, the economic policy challenge has been, and is, to enable the realization of the large potential benefits of globalization while simultaneously reducing the negative side effects and providing safety nets for those whose lives are disrupted in the process. This volume focuses on the successes of globalization, and some of the main economic policy challenges and solutions that arise to enhance the benefits and lower the costs. It covers different aspects of globalization, sovereign debt restructuring, development of the financial sector and financial crises in Asia, Turkey, Brazil, etc. The final part of the book covers multilateral international organizations, namely the World Trade Organization, the IMF and the World Bank

People who are seriously concerned with international relations—whether as scholars, officials, or interested citizens—generally purport to prefer that states should act in accordance with principle in their dealings with each other. This preference is usually stated wistfully, or even plaintively, as an ideal that is unfortunately far from any prospect of realization. The proposition is that states do not, but certainly should, consistently engage in principled behaviour in the international setting.

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