Suchergebnisse

Commerce in rural territories should not be considered as a needed service, but as a basic infrastructure, that impact not only existent population, but also tourism, and rural industrialization. So, the rural areas need not only agriculture but industry and services, to have a global and balanced development, including for the countryside and the population. In the work presented in this paper, we are considering the formulation of the direct relation between population and the endowment of commerce sites within a geographical territory, the ?area of commercial interactions?. These are the closer set of towns that can gravitate to each other to cover the required needs for the populations within the area. The products retailed, range from basic products for the daily lives, to all other products for industry, agriculture, and services. The econometric spatial model developed to evaluate the interactions and estimate the parameters, is based on the Spatial Error Model, which allows for other spatial hidden effects to be considered without direct interference to the commercial disposition. The data and territory used to test the model correspond to a rural area in the Spanish Palencia territory (NUTS-3 level). The parameters have dependence from population levels, local rent per head, local and regional government budgets, and particular spatial restrictions. Interesting results are emerging form the model. The more significant is that the spatial effects can replace some number of commerce sites in towns, given the right spatial distribution of the sites and the towns. This is equivalent to consider the area of commercial interactions as the unit of measurement for the basic infrastructure and not only the towns.

Drawing on recent research on determinants of subjective well-being, we developed and conducted a pilot study of an employee well-being questionnaire using M. Seligman's (2011) multidimensional PERMA model (Positive emotion, Engagement, positive Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment) model. Employees (N = 397) from postgraduate courses at the Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME) completed a survey including 56 items which were theoretically relevant to the PERMA theory. Factor analyses recovered the expected five PERMA components and a negative emotion factor. Based on factor and reliability analyses, we reduced the 56 PERMA items to 35 items. Our results support the multidimensional approach to defining and measuring multidimensional well-being. A multidimensional well-being assessment may be useful for understanding employees' well-being, which can then be applied when developing policy and practice to increase well-being for all employees at work.

Students with a sense of well-being are socially, emotionally, and academically competent. As adults, they are likely to contribute to the nation's social capital. On the other hand, students with a low sense of well-being are prone to depression, suicide, and may engage in antisocial behaviours such as drug and alcohol abuse and criminal activities. Recognising the impact of student well-being, the Australian government is committed to enhancing the well-being of all Australian students. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore what constitutes the well-being of students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 'Level 1: Requiring support' in mainstream high schools, the barriers to, and assets of the well-being of these students from the perspectives of teachers, parents, and students with ASD. To collect data, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 teachers, 13 parents, and 16 students with ASD. Students with ASD also participated in a Photovoice project. Grounded theory approaches were used to analyse the data. Findings revealed seven domains of student well-being, five categories of barriers, community and organisational external assets, and internal assets comprising of individual qualities and skills. Implications for practice, policy, theory, and research, were discussed.

Research has found that education is associated with more liberal opinions on a number of issues, but there is uncertainty about the scope & interpretation of these findings. This study investigates the effects of education using data from the 1990 World Values Survey, which includes 40 nations & covers a wide range of opinions. Multilevel models are used to allow for national variation in the effects of education, including interactions with economic development & Communist rule. Education influences most political opinions; the effects can be summarized by saying that it promotes individualist values. Education is associated with somewhat lower confidence in most institutions. The relationship between education & confidence becomes weaker with economic development, while the effects of education on a number of political views shift to the left with economic development. The results suggest that education deserves more attention in explanations of national differences & historical trends in opinion. 2 Tables, 1 Figure, 32 References. Adapted from the source document.

THE PAPER USES RATIONAL VOTING BEHAVIOR AS AN ORGANIZING DEVICE TO DEVELOP A FRAMEWORK WITHIN WHICH TO CONSIDER THE EFFECT TO ECONOMIC AGGREGATES ON VOTERS. A MODEL OF VOTING BEHAVIOR IS PRESENTED IN WHICH MEMBERS OF THE ELECTORATE DECIDE WHETHER TO VOTE AND FOR WHOM TO VOTE.

Abstract
Social workers are often faced with long working hours, high job demands, and poor work–life balance, which can have detrimental effects on their well-being. It is therefore important to identify the protective factors that enable social workers to flourish and thrive. Psychological capital (PsyCap) is conceptualized as a higher-order core construct that encompasses hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism. This study aims to investigate the impact of PsyCap on social workers' well-being and explore the underlying mechanisms of this relationship. It expands the literature by adopting a multifaceted model of well-being, accounting for the temporal order of variables, including a qualitative component, and examining the effects of PsyCap in an at-risk occupation. A two-wave prospective survey with a three-month interval was conducted with a sample of 400 full-time social workers in Hong Kong, followed by individual in-depth interviews. The quantitative results showed that PsyCap was positively associated with job satisfaction and positive affect, and negatively associated with negative affect and psychological and physical distress. The qualitative results showed that the components of PsyCap share problem-focused processes with cognitive, conative, and affective functions. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed in relation to the social services industry.

There is much concern among pundits and political observers that incivility undermines our electoral process. Yet we have little evidence that actually documents whether incivility has such pernicious effects. This article seeks to advance our understanding of the influence of incivility on the electorate. We argue that three dimensions are central to understanding both the perceptions and effects of different types of campaign messages: tone (negative versus positive); civility (civil versus uncivil); and focus (issue versus trait‐based message content). Using an experimental manipulation on a large national sample that examines these three dimensions, we find that uncivil attacks in campaigns do not appear to be as worrisome as its detractors fear. While uncivil messages in general—and uncivil trait‐based messages in particular—are usually seen by the public as being less fair, less informative, and less important than both their civil negative and positive counterparts, they are no more likely to lead to detrimental effects among the public. In fact, incivility appears to have some modest positive consequences for the political engagement of the electorate. These findings are important, since attacks and counterattacks will continue to shape the American political landscape.