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Taking the relative novelty of issues relating to the military use of AI and its influence on international relations into account, the author of this paper relies on the latest reports of international research centres, organizations and national programs on the issue. The paper considers the political consequences of the military use of AI, as well as the national and international approaches to mitigate its challenges. With great attention to the AI policies of two technological leaders in the field, the author concludes that a balanced U.S. policy will determine whether China and the United States will be able to create, despite the presence of competition, common rules for legalizing the use of AI systems in the military sphere and form common standards that include a high level of security in the use of these systems, including the proliferation of such weapons. The author points out that Europe's concentration on the conflict with Russia and its exclusion from the environment created by the technical and ethical legal tools for using AI will increase unpredictability in relations. This is why it is in Europe's interests to involve Russia in the development of a common platform and standards for AI. The development and establishment of common safety standards will help avoid problems with perception and introduce an element of predictability in international relations.

*The article deals with the concept of participatory design proposed by the american urban planning specialist Henry Sanoff. The author provides with historical and sociological context of the formation of the concept of participatory design. The key episode in the development of the concept of participatory design is defined by the dispute in the theory of architecture between functional modernism in the person of L. Corbusier and individual-oriented concepts of urban planning, which were formed in the works of P. Geddes, E. Howard, J. Jacobs, L. Mumford and J. Gehl. The author considers the concept of participatory design as a conceptual deepening of individual-oriented theories, resulting in the justification of not only taking into account the needs of city residents in urban planning, but also the need for their participation in urban design. As the author notes, the key premises of forming the concept of participatory design are the culture of participation and the policy of participation. The culture of participation defends the position of the individual as an active subject and as a producer of social and cultural meanings. The policy of participation is based on participatory democracy and the idea of active involvement of civil society in management processes. The article discusses the basic principles of the concept of participatory design by G. Sanoff and the mechanics of their implementation.

Social media platforms are increasingly part of the academic workflow. However, there is a lack of research that examines these activities, particularly at the author level. This paper explores the activity of researchers in the Twittersphere by analyzing a large database of Web of Science authors systematically identified on Twitter using data from Altmetric.com. Using this information, this paper explores and compares patterns of tweeted and self-tweeted publications with other academic activities, such as citations, self-citations, and authorship at the author level. This paper also compares the thematic orientation among these different activities by analyzing the similarity of the research topics of the publications tweeted, cited, and authored. The results show that the productivity and impact of researchers, as defined by conventional bibliometric indicators, are not correlated to their popularity on the Twitter platform and that scholars generally tend to tweet about topics closely related to the publications they author and cite. These findings suggest that social media metrics capture a broader aspect of the academic workflow that is most likely related to science communication, dissemination, and engagement with wider audiences and that differs from conventional forms of impact as captured by citations. Areas for further exploration are also proposed.1

We prove logarithmic convexity estimates and three balls inequalities for discrete magnetic Schrödinger operators. These quantitatively connect the discrete setting in which the unique continuation property fails and the continuum setting in which the unique continuation property is known to hold under suitable regularity assumptions. As a key auxiliary result which might be of independent interest we present a Carleman estimate for these discrete operators. ; Acknowledgements: The first author is supported by ERCEA Advanced Grant 2014 669689—HADE, by the project PGC2018-094528-B-I00 (AEI/FEDER, UE) and acronym "IHAIP", and by the Basque Government through the project IT1247-19. The second author is supported by the Basque Government through the BERC 2018-2021 program, by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities MICINNU: BCAM Severo Ochoa excellence accreditation SEV-2017-2018 and through project PID2020-113156GB-I00. She also acknowledges the RyC project RYC2018-025477-I and IKERBASQUE. The fourth author is supported by the Spanish research project PGC2018-094522-B-I00 from the MICINNU and by the project VP42 "Ecuaciones de evolución no lineales y no locales y aplicaciones" from the Cons. de Univ., Igualdad, Cultura y Deporte, Cantabria, Spain. The authors would like to thank Sylvain Ervedoza for pointing out the optimal scaling in τh ≤ δ0 in the Carleman inequality.

The author examines the state of modern social philosophy, which has undergone an unprecedented attack of militant anti-scientism on nomotic thinking in social studies and the very search for objective scientific truth. This attack was under­taken by supporters of postmodernism, who sought to reduce the world as an onto­logical reality to the world of meanings, to turn philosophy into an "interpretation of interpretations", not going beyond language and textual activity. The author is convinced that the transformation of philosophy into a metaphorical essay, indiffer­ent to or hostile to the truth, is completely intolerable in the current situation, when mankind is once again entering an era of unsecured outcomes, requiring adaptively meaningful philosophical reflection. The author states that there is a "fragmenta­tion crisis" in contemporary reflective social philosophy, whose task is to cognize the world rather than its value consciousness. In such a philosophy, there should be gnoseological coercion to the truth, which excludes the equality of alternative in­terpretations of social reality. Nevertheless, in modern reflective philosophy there are the most serious disagreements on the key problems of the study of man, soci­ety and history. The article analyzes the main contradictions arising at social-philo­sophical, general sociological and philosophical-historical levels of abstraction, considers the possibility of the formation of integral social theory, which carries out the conceptual synthesis of mutually compatible ideas and approaches

The article is devoted to the problems of civilizational analysis of Russian his­tory. The author shows, that the "civilizational method" is not at all a panacea for ideologized unprofessionalism and a guarantee of scientific correctness. The ma­jor authors in the field of Russian history avoided using the concept of "civiliza­tion", and spoke either about Russian state (Karamzin, S. Solovyov), or about Russian people(Polevoy), or about Slavic cultural and historical type (Dani­levsky). This proves that operating with the philosophically rich concept of "civ­ilization" is fraught with its own limitations and costs, in addition to the tempta­tions and some analytical advantages. The author believes that when using the concept of "Russian civilization", it is necessary to take into account the pres­ence in our culture of a large layer of "ironic literature" on the topic of excessive generalizations: "History of the Village Goryukhino" by Pushkin, "History of the city [Glupov]" by Saltykov-Shchedrin, "History of the Village Brehov" by Mozhaev, etc. The author, relying on the typology of civilizations by A. Toyn­bee, N. Berdyaev and his own developments (since the 1980s), believes that the civilizational process in Russia took place, firstly, in the mode of "continuity through catastrophes", and, secondly, it took place not only in confrontation with other civilizations, but also in a struggle with its own, internal "barbarism".

This article was written as a part of the research project Digital Ethics. Moral Enhancement through an Interactive Use of Artificial Intelligence (PID2019-104943RB-I00), funded by the State Research Agency of the Spanish Government. The author is very grateful for the helpful suggestions and comments given on earlier versions of this paper by Jon Rueda, Juan Ignacio del Valle, Blanca Rodriguez, Miguel Moreno and Jan Deckers. ; Can Artificial Intelligence (AI) be more effective than human instruction for the moral enhancement of people? The author argues that it only would be if the use of this technology were aimed at increasing the individual's capacity to reflectively decide for themselves, rather than at directly influencing behaviour. To support this, it is shown how a disregard for personal autonomy, in particular, invalidates the main proposals for applying new technologies, both biomedical and AI-based, to moral enhancement. As an alternative to these proposals, this article proposes a virtual assistant that, through dialogue, neutrality and virtual reality technologies, can teach users to make better moral decisions on their own. The author concludes that, as long as certain precautions are taken in its design, such an assistant could do this better than a human instructor adopting the same educational methodology. ; State Research Agency of the Spanish Government PID2019-104943RB-I00

This paper is concerned with the analysis of the current state of cooperation in the field of fisheries in the NEA region in two main areas: seafood trade and the exchange of fishing quotas. The author analyzed three types of sources: statistical data, documents and reports of official institutions and data collected from the news agencies archives. The author has come to the conclusion that cooperation in the field of fisheries between the Northeast Asia countries in these areas is developing very actively. The main actors are Russia, Japan, South Korea and China, while Mongolia and the DPRK, due to various factors, do not actively participate in it. Taiwan's participation in this interaction has not been considered due to lack of reliable information from the sources available to the author. Within the framework of the current model of interaction in this area in the Northeast Asia, Russia remains to be the largest supplier of raw materials; China is a major producer and consumer of seafood, while South Korea and Japan are engaged in advanced processing of raw materials or products from Russia and China of primary processing. In the domestic markets of South Korea and Japan there is a great demand for seafood. Unfortunately, because of the sanctions of the UN Security Council DPRK cannot realize its potential in the field of cooperation in fisheries to the full.

Based on the methods of qualitative retrospective and cause-and-effect analysis of the texts of scientific articles on the research topic published in the abstract databases of domestic and foreign researchers' publications, the author infers that by now the neoliberal concept has become a global paradigm of the universal (economic, socio-demographic, cultural, ecological, etc.) development of most states of the world. The author determines that one of the key provisions of this concept is the deregulation of the resource allocation process (state noninterference in the economy), which in practice, in the process of implementing the state regional policy, led to a widespread increase in the socioeconomic differentiation of territories. The latter, in turn, contradicts the declared goals of global (in the documents of the UN, the World Bank, and other international organizations) and regional development: these goals imply a reduction in the level of inequality between countries and within them. Based on the results of the analysis, the author of the study suggests that today, within the framework of the dominant neoliberal paradigm, the decision on the priorities of the leveling of the socioeconomic space is controversial. The theoretical significance of the results of the research lies in the expansion of theoretical and methodological ideas about the process of socioeconomic differentiation of territories considered in the aspect of the implemented neoliberal policy.

This article focuses on the analysis of the impact of socio-economic development indicators of Altai region and Oyrot autonomous region on the eve of the Great Purge (1935 — first half of 1937) on the regional intensity of repression. Employing statistical methods (regression analysis), the author verifies the hypothesis that in the areas with the highest level of well-being of the population, the level of repression was also higher. It is established that the turnover and expenditures per capita compared with other economic indicators had the greatest influence on repression levels in Altai and Oyrotia regions. Based on the results of the analysis of regional statistics, the author of the article puts forward a theory that the thesis proclaimed by the Bolsheviks to justify the failure of economic development by the actions of the "enemies" in practice seems untenable, since economically lagging regions were characterised by a relatively low level of repression. In the second part of the article, the author presents a typology of districts of Altai and Oyrotia regions based on the results of cluster analysis of various groups of socio-economic development indicators. Additionally, she substantiates the hypothesis about the influence of the spatial factor on the intensity of repression: the groups of regions of each individual cluster consist mainly of adjacent regions.

In this paper, the author examines the domestic and international legal framework for the contract of carriage of passengers and its presence in different transport modes and offers a response to the current challenges. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the international and domestic regulations and present the rights and obligations of contracting parties in order to facilitate its application in the emerging practice. The author recognizes passenger transport as a field full of modern challenges caused by novel, still under-researched risks to passengers' health. Special attention is paid to the contract of passenger carriage by rail. The advantages of this transport mode are examined, the obligations of railway carriers and passengers are presented, while the obligation of the railway carrier to accept transporting any interested person if they have vacancies is underlined. The analysis focuses on the significance of the contract of passenger transport in the modern environment where risks to passengers' healthcare present. The author recognizes passenger transport by rail as a convenient and perspective branch of passenger transport for both international and domestic passenger transport. This sort of passenger transport already has the potential to respond to the challenges of preserving and strengthening the protection of passenger's rights, above all the right to safe and secure transportation.

The article studies the process of constitutionalization of associative relations between Ukraine and the European Union. The author distinguishes and reveals two significant aspects of this process, namely meaningful and implementing. It is determined that meaningful constitutionalization by its essence is the constitutional modernization, where the meaningful updating of the Constitutional provisions is made in order to form the constitutional pillars for further democratization of social and political life in Ukraine, the approximation of the national political and legal system in accordance with the European values and principles, the improvement of the internal legal framework. The implementing aspect of constitutionalization means the purposeful formation of constitutional preconditions for the implementation of Association Agreement's provisions to the national legal system. The author stipulates that the fulfillment of both meaningful and implementing aspects of constitutionalization of Ukraine's association with the EU shall be implemented mainly by incorporating of this process directly into the context of the constitutional reform in Ukraine. The special attention is paid to certain problems of the reformation of the Constitution of Ukraine ensuring the European integration. The author expresses the critical reservations related to the amendments to the Constitution with the provisions of strategic orientation of Ukraine for the long term perspective.

Purpose
This paper aims to share the author's thoughts and reflections on teaching leadership in "pandemic times". The author has been teaching leadership for nearly 20 years, both to undergraduate and graduate students, always stressing the importance of humility and compassion, traits that were often doubted and questioned vis-à-vis more traditional, masculine, perceptions of leadership. Yet, local and international leadership during the pandemic brought to surface the need and effectiveness of such characteristics, or what the author calls "the need for a feminist ethics of care" in leadership.


Design/methodology/approach
This paper is a thought piece stemming from the author's experiences and reflections.


Findings
The paper discusses the fact that the most successful handling of the pandemic was largely carried out by female leaders, while also asking "why did so many male leaders do badly?"


Research limitations/implications
With this thought piece, the author hopes to not only engage the readers in a discussion about effective leadership but also on how to teach leadership in today's schools of management.


Originality/value
The paper hopes to serve as a springboard for opening the discussion around traditional masculinist modes of leadership that have proven to be detrimental in managing the COVID-19 pandemic while also proposing that feminist leadership embedded in an ethics of care is what the world needs today.

The article is based on a qualitative study of how Polishness is constructed in personal narratives about Karta Polaka (the Polish Card, Polish Charter). The interviews with possessors of the Polish Card, a document issued by the Polish state to the citizens of the former USSR identifying themselves as Poles, was conducted in 2015 in the city of Hrodna in western Belarus. The article uses the example of Karta Polaka to show how people who apply for the Polish Card perceive, negotiate, and reconstruct the idea of Polishness that this document implies. The author suggests that the demand for Karta Polaka among citizens of Belarus cannot be explained by ethnic opportunism entirely. Pragmatic and symbolic reasoning to apply for the document often overlap. Moreover, as the author argues, Karta Polaka evokes the process of negotiating ethnic belonging among participants of the study. The article departs from the theoretical standpoint that ethnic belonging is neither merely a matter of individual choice nor a passive absorption of ethnic discourses produced by states, laws, or ethnic entrepreneurs. Combining the premises of performative and dialogical approaches to identity construction, the author shows empirically which discourses influence people's sense of ethnic belonging and how these discourses are negotiated in their personal stories.

Even when ancient texts consist simply of discourse, they are available to historians through documents in which they are displayed with diagrammatic features (e.g., lines, columns, paragraphs, sections). Usually these diagrammatic features are not mentioned in critical editions, which often even reshape them. With the example of the Chinese mathematical canonical text The Gnomon of the Zhou, this article argues that these diagrammatic features sometimes give historians essential clues for tackling key issues. The author shows how taking these features into account might help when interpreting sentences that have never really been understood. The author argues that the interpretation of these sentences suggests a historical scenario for the production and dating of the text of The Gnomon of the Zhou. Interestingly, this scenario echoes what is indicated by the diagrammatic features of the recently excavated mathematical manuscripts. This scenario also is supported by the different types of knowledge in mathematics and the astral sciences that different parts of the text display. Finally, the argument suggests that the 1213 edition of The Gnomon of the Zhou was faithful to diagrammatic features of very ancient documents through which the text was handed down. The author provides evidence that shows eighteenth-century philologist Dai Zhen seemed to have understood this point.