Suchergebnisse

In a recent Journal article Professors Ransom and Sutch (R & S) suggest "debt peonage" as a broad explanation for the course of southern economic development after the Civil War. They summarize their general thesis in the following three statements:"(1) That because of the readjustments in agriculture and the difficulties in forming new banks under the banking laws, the South was unable to re-establish a viable network of commercial banks to serve her agricultural economy.

Cover -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- User Guide to Tables -- User Guide to IDS Online Tables -- How to Access IDS Online Country Tables -- Indicators -- How to Use the DataBank -- PART I: Overview -- Introduction -- DEBTOR REPORTING SYSTEM -- Trends in Debt Stocks and Flows, 2014 -- Aggregate Financial Flows to Low- and Middle-Income Countries, 2014 -- Highlights -- PART II: Aggregate and Country Tables -- All Low- and Middle-Income Countries -- East Asia and Pacific -- Europe and Central Asia -- Latin America and the Caribbean -- Middle East and North Africa -- South Asia -- Sub-Saharan Africa -- Afghanistan -- Albania -- Algeria -- Angola -- Armenia -- Azerbaijan -- Bangladesh -- Belarus -- Belize -- Benin -- Bhutan -- Bolivia, Plurinational State of -- Bosnia and Herzegovina -- Botswana -- Brazil -- Bulgaria -- Burkina Faso -- Burundi -- Cabo Verde -- Cambodia -- Cameroon -- Central African Republic -- Chad -- China -- Colombia -- Comoros -- Congo, Democratic Republic of -- Congo, Republic of -- Costa Rica -- Côte d'Ivoire -- Djibouti -- Dominica -- Dominican Republic -- Ecuador -- Egypt, Arab Republic of -- El Salvador -- Eritrea -- Ethiopia -- Fiji -- Gabon -- Gambia, The -- Georgia -- Ghana -- Grenada -- Guatemala -- Guinea -- Guinea-Bissau -- Guyana -- Haiti -- Honduras -- India -- Indonesia -- Iran, Islamic Republic of -- Jamaica -- Jordan -- Kazakhstan -- Kenya -- Kosovo -- Kyrgyz Republic -- Lao People's Democratic Republic -- Lebanon -- Lesotho -- Liberia -- Macedonia, FYR -- Madagascar -- Malawi -- Malaysia -- Maldives -- Mali -- Mauritania -- Mauritius -- Mexico -- Moldova -- Mongolia -- Montenegro -- Morocco -- Mozambique -- Myanmar -- Nepal -- Nicaragua -- Niger -- Nigeria -- Pakistan -- Panama -- Papua New Guinea -- Paraguay -- Peru -- Philippines -- Romania -- Rwanda -- Samoa -- São Tomé and Príncipe.

Debt in emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) is at its highest level in half a century. In about nine out of 10 EMDEs, debt is higher now than it was in 2010 and, in half of the EMDEs, debt is more than 30 percentage points of gross domestic product higher. Historically, elevated debt levels increased the incidence of debt distress, particularly in EMDEs and particularly when financial market conditions turned less benign. This paper reviews an encompassing menu of options that have, in the past, helped lower debt burdens. Specifically, it examines orthodox options (enhancing growth, fiscal consolidation, privatization, and wealth taxation) and heterodox options (inflation, financial repression, debt default and restructuring). The mix of feasible options depends on country characteristics and the type of debt. However, none of these options comes without political, economic, and social costs. Some options may ultimately be ineffective unless vigorously implemented. Policy reversals in difficult times have been common. The challenges associated with debt reduction raise questions of global governance, including to what extent advanced economies can cast their net wider to cushion prospective shocks to EMDEs.

What is life like for families who are stuck in problem debt? Why do they fall into a spiral of debt in the first place, and why is it so hard to escape? The first hand stories in this book offer an understanding of life for families and children fighting a daily battle against poverty and debt. They give voice to some of the most underrepresented people in society, who are too often portrayed cruelly in the media and elsewhere. Drawing on research data collected through The Children's Society's campaign 'The Debt Trap,' this book explores the causes, implications and impacts of problem debt, challenges pejorative public attitudes and encourages more compassionate policy-making to help families escape poverty and debt.

This study presents the facts, arguments and scenarios around public debt from a global perspective. Especially the largest economies feature record debt and fiscal risks, including from population ageing and financial imbalances. Given low interest rates, there is no imminent problem. But at some point, debt will have to come down. There are four possible scenarios how debt could come down. First, governments could economise and reform. Second, governments could default. Third, governments could erode the real value of debt via inflation and negative real interest rates. However, this scenario cannot continue forever. Policy errors can prompt a loss of confidence, destabilisation and crisis. This fourth scenario last included the largest economies in the 1970s. It would become a major global challenge if it were to happen again in today's interconnected world.

Commonly used datasets on the level of public debt provide incomplete country and period coverage. This paper presents a new dataset that includes complete series of central government debt for 89 countries over the 1991-2005 period and for seven other countries for the 1993-2005 period. The data set can be found at: http://www. iadb. org/res/pub_desc. cfm?pub_id=DBA-005

The paper analyses the possibilities of optimal government (national) debt management, trying to maximize the made-up net value for the debtor with the help of funds borrowed by the government. The integral portfolio of debtor assets and debt service liabilities, based on the borrowed funds, is chosen as a solution for the above-described problem. In the paper, an asset is understood as a position of government expenditures, where funds borrowed by the government are used and create a quantifiable profit (value) or the measurable damage or loss is avoided if funds are borrowed. Actually, liabilities are the main debt service positions. Naturally, the value generated by assets, as well as funds spent to settle the liabilities, could be analytically adequately evaluated only in stochastic dimension. Consequently, multidimensional multicriteria stochastic optimization technique is used as a technical solution to the formulated problem. In analytical decisions, the budget funds borrowed by the government are treated as marginal funds. Taking into account a completely new decision technique that has been invoked for government debt management, the methods of decisions are described quite particularly. First published online:02 Oct 2013