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Although playing, entertaining and wandering allow people to blossom in the city, the place of recreation is not so obvious. There is a consensus on providing recreational spaces in the urban environment, but the idea that the city is itself a recreational territory raises issues. This work therefore aims to study the construction, interrogation and regulation of the recreational city in its material, social and political dimensions. The research is interested in parkour and urbex, two transgressive leisure practices linked to the urban world. The investigation is based on bibliometric analyses for the construction of the scientific orientations, on an immersion among the practitioners of these activities and on interviews with different actors of the city. The approach is therefore exploratory and inductive, involving a certain reflexivity. Beyond the questions of spatial dualities, claims, transgression and relationship to the city, the main results centre on three levels : the individual, the human group and the territory of the city. They emphasize the importance of taking more account of the recreational experience in understanding the city, of considering urban recreation in order to renew comprehensions of urban space, and of recognizing and accepting the diffuse and inherent nature of recreation so that the city benefits from it. In short, this work invites us to (re)give a place to recreation in urban time and space. ; Bien que jouer, se divertir ou flâner permettent de s'épanouir en ville, la place du récréatif n'y est pas si évidente. Offrir des espaces de récréation dans l'environnement urbain fait consensus mais l'idée que la ville soit en elle-même un territoire récréatif soulève des enjeux. Ce travail vise donc à étudier la construction, l'interrogation et la régulation de la ville récréative dans ses dimensions matérielle, sociale et politique. L'enquête s'intéresse au parkour et à l'urbex, deux pratiques de loisir transgressives liées au monde urbain. L'investigation repose sur des analyses bibliométriques pour la construction des orientations de la recherche, sur une immersion parmi les pratiquants de ces activités et sur des entretiens avec différents acteurs de la ville. La démarche est donc exploratoire et inductive, impliquant une certaine réflexivité. Au-delà des questions de dualités spatiales, de revendication, de transgression et de rapport à la ville, les principaux résultats s'articulent en trois niveaux : l'individu, le groupe humain et le territoire de la ville. Ils mettent en avant l'intérêt de tenir davantage compte de l'expérience récréative dans l'appréhension de la ville, de considérer la récréativité urbaine pour renouveler les compréhensions de l'espace urbain ainsi que de reconnaître et d'accepter le caractère diffus et inhérent du récréatif pour que la ville en bénéficie. En somme, ce travail invite à (re)donner une place à la récréation dans le temps et l'espace urbains.

INTRODUCTION: We investigated the effect of unmet medical need on the mental health of Republic of Korea (ROK) Armed Forces personnel, as most of the service members work in remote areas and often experience such unmet needs. METHODS: This study used secondary data from the 2014 Military Health Survey (MHS), conducted by the ROK School of Military Medicine and designed to collect military health determinants. Descriptive statistics showed the general characteristics of the study populations by variable. We specifically compared the population after stratifying participants by suicide ideation. An analysis of variance was also carried out to compare Kessler Psychological Distress Scale 10 Scores. Additionally, dependent spouses and children of both active-duty service members and retirees are included among those entitled to Military Health System healthcare. RESULTS: Among the 4967 military personnel, 681 (13.7%) individuals reported an experience of unmet medical need within the past 12�꿲onths and gave reasons of 'no time (5.15%)', 'long office wait (2.6%)', 'no money (0.22%)', 'long distance from base (1.19%)', 'illness but not very serious (1.65%)', 'mistrust in doctors (1.95%)' and 'pressure due to performance appraisal (0.95%)'. Regression analysis revealed that unmet medical need was significantly associated with negative mental health (棺=1.753, p<0.0001) and increased suicide ideation (OR=2.649, 95% CI 1.84 to 3.82). Also, soldiers reporting unmet medical need due to 'no money', 'no time' or 'pressure due to performance appraisal' were significantly more likely to experience similar negative mental health effects. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that unmet medical need is significantly associated with soldiers' mental health decline and suicide ideation, highlighting the importance of providing military personnel with timely, affordable and sufficient medical care. ; restriction

International audience ; Along with its growing economic power, China has developed and used economic levers to increase its political influence around the world. The use of its internal market as a political tool to bargain with developed countries, the recycling of its financial surplus and the signing of commercial partnerships to pursue national security objectives, all these economic levers have been used effectively by the Chinese authorities for geopolitical purposes. This efficiency was not only due to the authoritarian nature of the regime. The party-state has reformed itself too since the start of the opening and reform policy in 1978, and it was able to encourage players in the economic sphere to participate in national geopolitical objectives. Despite this efficiency, China faces also several obstacles in using its economic influence. Most stem from the nature of its political system and a perception of China as a new hegemonic power. ; Avec la montée en puissance de son économie, la Chine a développé et utilisé des leviers économiques pour augmenter son influence politique. De l'utilisation de son marché intérieur au recyclage de ses surplus financiers en passant par la signature de partenariats commerciaux, les autorités chinoises ont utilisé avec efficacité tous ces leviers économiques pour atteindre des objectifs géopolitiques. Cette efficacité n'a pas été uniquement liée au caractère autoritaire du régime. L'État-Parti s'est réformé depuis le lancement de la politique d'ouverture et de réformes en 1978 et a su encourager les acteurs de la sphère économique à participer à des objectifs géopolitiques nationaux. Malgré cette efficacité, la Chine se heurte aussi à toute une série d'obstacles dans l'utilisation de son influence économique. La plupart tiennent à la nature de son régime politique et à une perception de la Chine comme une nouvelle puissance hégémonique.

International audience ; Along with its growing economic power, China has developed and used economic levers to increase its political influence around the world. The use of its internal market as a political tool to bargain with developed countries, the recycling of its financial surplus and the signing of commercial partnerships to pursue national security objectives, all these economic levers have been used effectively by the Chinese authorities for geopolitical purposes. This efficiency was not only due to the authoritarian nature of the regime. The party-state has reformed itself too since the start of the opening and reform policy in 1978, and it was able to encourage players in the economic sphere to participate in national geopolitical objectives. Despite this efficiency, China faces also several obstacles in using its economic influence. Most stem from the nature of its political system and a perception of China as a new hegemonic power. ; Avec la montée en puissance de son économie, la Chine a développé et utilisé des leviers économiques pour augmenter son influence politique. De l'utilisation de son marché intérieur au recyclage de ses surplus financiers en passant par la signature de partenariats commerciaux, les autorités chinoises ont utilisé avec efficacité tous ces leviers économiques pour atteindre des objectifs géopolitiques. Cette efficacité n'a pas été uniquement liée au caractère autoritaire du régime. L'État-Parti s'est réformé depuis le lancement de la politique d'ouverture et de réformes en 1978 et a su encourager les acteurs de la sphère économique à participer à des objectifs géopolitiques nationaux. Malgré cette efficacité, la Chine se heurte aussi à toute une série d'obstacles dans l'utilisation de son influence économique. La plupart tiennent à la nature de son régime politique et à une perception de la Chine comme une nouvelle puissance hégémonique.

The aim of this thesis is to strengthen the conceptual and methodological foundations of ecoresponsible consumption. These notions are then applied to the peri-urban area of the "Pays Cœur Entre-deux-Mers" (Gironde, France) in order to provide the main societal actors with some elements to help them towards a better understanding of ways to promote and evaluate ecoresponsible consumption. This is an exploratory process based on the ecology of the family; it involves a multi-disciplinary approach studying interactions between households and ecosystems, via activities carried out within family and public ecospheres, and in relation to many peripheral actors. First, we used family eco-balance-sheets to reinforce the ecological foundations of ecoresponsible consumption: intensity of impacts, intra-family dynamics, inter-family diversity and links between flows of matter and energy. Next, a survey was carried out among local citizens (n=107) which revealed their diversity of expertise and environmental responsibilities, and also enabled us to determine the influence of informational, psychosociological, contextual and personal factors. At the same time, a survey was carried out among local elected representatives (n=67) and this gave us a better understanding of their action strategies and their concerns, by bringing to light difficulties surrounding environmental expertise, their levels of personal expertise, the need for operational resources and the perception of a considerable degree of risk, associated in particular with the wide diversity of households. These results showed up areas on which to focus in order to improve public policies aimed at strengthening ecoresponsible consumption, in particular through the example given by public departments, support from auxiliary structures, by training political decision-makers, informing and educating citizens, and using environmental consumption indicators. ; Le travail de recherche conduit dans le cadre de cette thèse a pour objectif de renforcer les fondements ...

Die vorliegende Analyse der Temperaturschwankungen seit dem Mittelalter basiert auf Index-Kalkulationen der verschiedenen klimatischen Phasen. Für die Zeit nach 1500 liegen genauere Daten vor, die Rückschlüsse auf Landwirtschaft und Sozialgeschichte erlauben. Die Interpretation der Daten mittels einer Regressionsanalyse zeigt starke, natürlich bedingte Fluktuationen in der klimatischen Entwicklung Mitteleuropas. Insgesamt beansprucht die Studie, zu einem besseren Verständnis der Mensch-Umwelt-Beziehung beizutragen. (ICE)

The Country Partnership Framework (CPF) will succeed the Myanmar interim strategy note (FY13-14) and be the first full country strategy for Myanmar since 1984. This CPF comes at a time of great opportunity for Myanmar; over the three year period covered in this CPF, the reforms initiated in 2011 have the potential to bring Myanmar into a new era of peace and prosperity. Myanmar s history, ethnic diversity, and geography combine into a unique set of development challenges and opportunities, including (i) emergence from a long period of international isolation; (ii) widespread poverty, despite rich land, water, and mineral resource endowments; (iii) a strategic location in the fastest-growing region in the world; (iv) the role of the military and associated groups in the economy; and (v) long standing armed conflict and ethnic and religious tensions. Myanmar is on a path of fundamental transformation, seeking to address all these challenges and opportunities simultaneously. Along with unique opportunities, the CPF supported program will also face substantial risks. Political risks associated with the elections in late 2015 include a polarization among stakeholders, policy discontinuity, and a slow-down of reforms. The national peace process to resolve decades-old conflicts remains fragile. On the economic front, risks include vulnerability to volatile oil and gas prices, spending pressures, an underdeveloped financial sector, and a weak regulatory framework, while overall capacity constraints may limit the country s ability to effectively manage macro-financial shocks. The design of the WBG program will help manage and mitigate these risks, and the WBG will regularly review risks and opportunities and adapt the CPF during implementation as warranted. A performance and learning review planned for late FY16 will facilitate the adaptation of the WBG program to country developments as needed.

Armed conflict has traditionally seen the targeting and destruction of cultural property and heritage from antiquity to modern conflicts in Syria. Despite the cultural connection between such objects and traditions with people, international law has concentrated on its preservation, prosecution and punishment, rather than reparations for the loss or damage. This article highlights the growing jurisprudence and state practice which suggests a need to rethink this traditional approach and develop a framework for ensuring reparations for damage and destruction caused to cultural property and heritage. This is not only to undo the harm as far as possible, but to ensure the legacy of such culture for future generations. We take a socio-legal approach to these issues drawing from our backgrounds in transitional justice, archaeology and law, to suggest a thicker and contextually relevant approach to reparations, appreciating the reproduction or rehabilitation of culture carries its own meaning and post-conflict societies often convey the violence of the past into the meta-conflict in law and politics of the present. That said, we argue that reparations can play an important role, drawing from human rights law and heritage studies, to remedy the loss to cultural heritage that can more effectively benefit such victims.

The growing concern of the selection of bacteria resistant to antimicrobials and their possible transmissions to humans lead French Authorities to implement several legislative measures to decrease antimicrobial use in livestock production. This context leads to question whether the demand of antimicrobials could be regarded as a simple demand of agricultural input, or rather as a demand of an input with distinctive effects, submitted to regulatory prescription. In this paper, the accuracy of the regulatory measures implemented by the Authorities are assessed, regarding the whole factors gathered in a conceptual framework enlightening the decision-making process of antimicrobial use. Lastly, other alternative policies are described. ; La sélection de bactéries résistantes aux antibiotiques transmissibles à l'homme, induite par l'usage des antibiotiques en productions animales, pousse les pouvoirs publics à réduire leur utilisation, dans le cadre du Plan Ecoantibio 2012-2017 et de la Loi d'Avenir pour l'Agriculture. Cet article questionne la pertinence des mesures en cours d'implémentation par les administrations françaises au regard d'un cadre d'analyse, regroupant dans un modèle conceptuel l'ensemble des facteurs sanitaires, économiques et institutionnels déterminant la demande d'antibiotiques. La compréhension des clés d'usage des antibiotiques, produit banal et substituable, ou au contraire ressource particulière, soumise à prescription, permet également d'envisager d'autres politiques de réduction.

International audience Introduction - Countries are working hard to improve access to healthcare through Universal Healthcare Coverage. To genuinely address the problems of healthcare access, we need to recognize all the dimensions and complexities of healthcare access. Levesque's Conceptual Framework of Access to Health introduced in 2013 provides an interesting and comprehensive perspective through the five dimensions of access and the five abilities of the population to access healthcare. The objectives of this paper are to identify and analyze all empirical studies that applied Levesque's conceptual framework for access to healthcare and to explore the experiences and challenges of researchers who used this framework in developing tools for assessing access. Methods - A scoping review was conducted by searching through four databases, for studies citing Levesque et al. 2013 to select all empirical studies focusing on healthcare access that applied the framework. An initial 1838 documents underwent title screening, followed by abstract screening, and finally full text screening by two independent reviewers. Authors of studies identified from the scoping review were also interviewed. Results - There were 31 studies identified on healthcare access using the Levesque framework either a priori, to develop assessment tool/s (11 studies), or a posteriori, to organize and analyze collected data (20 studies). From the tools used, 147 unique questions on healthcare access were collected, 91 of these explored dimensions of access while 56 were about abilities to access. Those that were designed from the patient's perspective were 73%, while 20% were for health providers, and 7% were addressed to both. Interviews from seven out of the 26 authors, showed that while there were some challenges such as instances of categorization difficulty and unequal representation of dimensions and abilities, the overall experience was positive. Conclusion - Levesque's framework has been successfully used in research that explored, ...

The purpose of this research action is to study the social representations of the territories of a population of students in high schools and colleges. In the context of a metropolitan area under construction, we have sought to gain a better understanding of the extent to which teenagers' practices contribute to the phenomenon and whether their representations of the territory are echoing it. The establishment of a large area at Lyon-Saint-Etienne level is observed by urban planning and territorial development professionals. However, the democratisation of the concept among an uninformed audience seems less obvious, as well as its appropriation. We use the theories of central nuclei and matrices to study the social representations attached to different territorial scales, from the neighbourhood to the metropolitan area. The first hypothesis is that the territory has much more of the representation than the overall metropolitan territory. The second hypothesis is that, during the educational activity, students assimilate the representations of urban planners according to their level of proximity to their initial representations. This research and action was based on the teaching system 'La metropole en motion', over two school years. This educational activity consists of making students from high schools and colleges discover the Lyon metropolisation through a thematic pathway. In the first year, students took the T3 tram line in Lyon, from Part-Geu to Meyzieu, in order to understand the articulation of functions in the conurbation. In the second year, students ontked the TER from Lyon — Perrache station in Givors, to reflect on the diversity of landscapes and the city/nature relationship. Each year 5 schools participated in the activity. Prior to the visit, the students replied to community questionnaires asking them to link keywords to inspiring words: — Mots inductors of the 1st year: 'your Quarter', 'Lyon' and 'Metropolis', — Mots instigators of the second year: 'your neighbourhood', 'your city', 'ta ...

The issue of migration is all the more central in the European Union as it is the essential component of population growth in a Union whose population would decline without migratory flows. And the Union is engaged in a process leading to a Community immigration policy. However, this process must not hide the differences in the dynamics and traditions of migration between countries. Finally, it is important to highlight some key challenges to the issue of immigration for the European Union. ; International audience [Migration issues appears in the more central European Union it is the essential component of population growth in a Union with a population decrease without migration flows. And the Union is engaged in a process leading to a common policy on immigration. However, this process should not obscure the differences in dynamics and migratory tradition in different countries. Finally, it is important to highlight some key issues of immigration issue for the European Union.] ; The issue of migration is all the more central in the European Union as it is the essential component of population growth in a Union whose population would decline without migratory flows. And the Union is engaged in a process leading to a Community immigration policy. However, this process must not hide the differences in the dynamics and traditions of migration between countries. Finally, it is important to highlight some key challenges to the issue of immigration for the European Union. ; La question migratoire apparaît dans l'Union européenne d'autant plus centrale qu'elle est la composante essentielle de la croissance démographique dans une Union dont la population diminuerait sans les apports migratoires. Et l'Union se trouve engagée dans un processus devant conduire à une politique communautaire concernant l'immigration. Néanmoins, ce processus ne doit pas masquer les différences de dynamique et de tradition migratoire selon les pays. Enfin, il importe de souligner quelques enjeux essentiels de la question de l'immigration pour ...

International audience [Demographic rhythms of Germany and France have been very different for two centuries. In the nineteenth century, the size of the population of Germany joined and surpassed that of France, which had long been the highest in Europe. After the two world wars, the more intense the French demographic renewal was accompanied by a genuine economic revolution, allowing France to compete with the "German miracle." Today, the demographic situation of Germany and France remain strong differences although each country has a similar process: the aging of the population.] ; Repris in extenso dans Problèmes économiques, 19 juillet 1989. Les rythmes démographiques de l'Allemagne et de la France ont été fort différents depuis deux siècles. Au XIXe siècle, l'effectif de la population de l'Allemagne a rejoint et dépassé celui de la France qui avait été longtemps le plus élevé d'Europe. Après les deux guerres mondiales, l'intensité plus grande du renouveau démographique français s'est accompagnée d'une véritable révolution économique, permettant à la France de rivaliser avec le « miracle allemand ». Aujourd'hui, les situations démographiques de l'Allemagne et de la France conservent de fortes divergences même si chaque pays connaît un processus semblable : le vieillissement de la population.

This article describes a comprehensive geographic information system of Third-Republic France: the TRF-GIS. It provides annual nomenclatures and shapefiles of administrative constituencies of metropolitan France from 1870 to 1940, encompassing general administrative constituencies (départements, arrondissements, cantons) as well as the most significant special administrative constituencies: military, judicial and penitentiary, electoral, academic, labor inspection, and ecclesiastical constituencies. It further proposes annual nomenclatures at the contemporaneous commune level that map each municipality into its corresponding administrative framework along with its population count. The 901 nomenclatures, 830 shapefiles, and complete reproduction material along with primary sources of the TRF-GIS database are available at https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/TRF-GIS.