Suchergebnisse

Au Printemps S.A. -- Belk Stores Services, Inc. -- Bergen Brunswig Corporation -- The Boots Company PLC -- The Burton Group plc -- C&A Brenninkmeyer KG -- Campeau Corporation -- Carter Hawley Hale Stores, Inc. -- Coles Myer Ltd. -- Costco Wholesale Corporation -- Cotter & Company -- The Daiei, Inc. -- The Daimaru, Inc. -- Dayton Hudson Corporation -- Dillard Department Stores, Inc. -- Dixons Group plc -- El Corte Ingles Group -- Fred Meyer, Inc. -- Galeries Lafayette S.A. -- The Gap, Inc. -- GIB Group -- The Great Universal Stores P.L.C. -- Hankyu Department Stores, Inc. -- Hertie Waren- und Kaufhaus GmbH -- The Home Depot, Inc. -- Home Shopping Network, Inc. -- Hudson's Bay Company -- The IKEA Group -- Isetan Company Limited -- Ito-Yokado Co., Ltd. -- J.C. Penney Company, Inc. -- John Lewis Partnership plc -- Jusco Co., Ltd. -- Karstadt Aktiengesellschaft -- Kaufhof Holding AG -- Kingfisher plc -- Kmart Corporation -- Kotobukiya Co., Ltd. -- The Limited, Inc. -- The Littlewoods Organisation PLC -- Longs Drug Stores Corporation -- Lowe's Companies, Inc. -- Marks and Spencer p.l.c. -- Marui Co., Ltd. -- Matsuzakaya Company Limited -- The May Department Stores Company -- Melville Corporation -- Mercantile Stores Company, Inc. -- Mitsukoshi Ltd. -- Montgomery Ward & Co., Incorporated -- Nagasakiya Co., Ltd. -- National Intergroup, Inc. -- Nichii Co., Ltd. -- Nordstrom, Inc. -- Otto-Versand (GmbH & Co.) -- The Price Company -- Quelle Group -- R. H. Macy & Co., Inc. -- Revco D.S., Inc. -- Rite Aid Corporation -- Sears plc -- Sears, Roebuck and Co. -- Seibu Department Stores, Ltd. -- The Seiyu, Ltd. -- Service Merchandise Company, Inc. -- Takashimaya Co., Limited -- The TJX Companies, Inc. -- Tokyu Department Store Co., Ltd. -- Toys "R" Us, Inc. -- The United States Shoe Corporation -- Uny Co., Ltd. -- W H Smith Group PLC -- W.W. Grainger, Inc. -- Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. -- Walgreen Co. -- Wickes Companies, Inc. -- Woolworth Corporation -- The BFGoodrich Company -- Bridgestone Corporation -- Compagnie Generale des Etablissements Michelin -- Continental Aktiengesellschaft -- The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company -- Pirelli S.p.A. -- Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd. -- The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd. -- American Telephone and Telegraph Company -- Ameritech -- BCE Inc. -- Bell Atlantic Corporation -- BellSouth Corporation -- British Telecommunications plc -- Cable and Wireless plc -- Deutsche Bundespost Telekom -- France Telecom Group -- GTE Corporation -- Koninklijke PTT Nederland NV -- MCI Communications Corporation -- Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation -- Northern Telecom Limited -- NYNEX Corporation -- osterreichische Post- und Telegraphenverwaltung -- Pacific Telesis Group -- Schweizerische Post-, Telefon- und Telegrafen-Betriebe -- Societa Finanziaria Telefonica per Azioni -- Southwestern Bell Corporation -- Swedish Telecom -- Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson -- Telefonica de Espana, S.A. -- U S West, Inc. -- United Telecommunications, Inc. -- Brown Group, Inc. -- Burlington Industries, Inc. -- Coats Viyella plc -- Courtaulds plc -- Levi Strauss & Co. -- Milliken & Co. -- Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd. -- Nike, Inc. -- Reebok International Ltd. -- Springs Industries, Inc. -- Teijin Limited -- Toray Industries, Inc. -- Unitika Ltd. -- VF Corporation -- American Brands, Inc. -- Gallaher Limited -- Imasco Limited -- Japan Tobacco Incorporated -- Philip Morris Companies Inc. -- RJR Nabisco Holdings Corp. -- Rothmans International p.l.c. -- Tabacalera, S.A. -- Universal Corporation -- British Railways Board -- Burlington Northern Inc. -- Canadian Pacific Limited -- Consolidated Freightways, Inc. -- Consolidated Rail Corporation -- CSX Corporation -- Danzas Group -- Deutsche Bundesbahn -- East Japan Railway Company -- Federal Express Corporation -- Hankyu Corporation -- Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha, Ltd. -- Keio Teito Electric Railway Company -- Kinki Nippon Railway Company Ltd. -- Kuhne & Nagel International AG --La Poste -- Mitsui O.S.K. Lines, Ltd. -- Nippon Express Co., Ltd. -- Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha -- Norfolk Southern Corporation -- Odakyu Electric Railway Company Limited -- The Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company -- Penske Corporation -- PHH Corporation -- Post Office Group -- Roadway Services, Inc. -- Ryder System, Inc. -- Santa Fe Pacific Corporation -- Seibu Railway Co. Ltd. -- Societe Nationale des Chemins de Fer Francais -- Southern Pacific Transportation Company -- The Swiss Federal Railways (Schweizerische Bundesbahnen) -- TNT Limited -- Tokyu Corporation -- Union Pacific Corporation -- United Parcel Service of America Inc. -- Yamato Transport Co. Ltd. -- Yellow Freight System, Inc. of Delaware -- Allegheny Power System, Inc. -- American Electric Power Company, Inc. -- Arkla, Inc. -- Baltimore Gas and Electric Company -- Bayernwerk AG -- British Gas plc -- Carolina Power & Light Company -- Centerior Energy Corporation -- Central and South West Corporation -- Chubu Electric Power Company, Incorporated -- Chugoku Electric Power Company Inc. -- CMS Energy Corporation -- The Columbia Gas System, Inc. -- Commonwealth Edison Company -- Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc. -- Consolidated Natural Gas Company -- The Detroit Edison Company -- Dominion Resources, Inc. -- Duke Power Company -- Electricite de France -- ENDESA Group -- Enron Corp. -- Enserch Corporation -- Ente Nazionale per L'energia Elettrica -- Entergy Corporation -- Florida Progress Corporation -- FPL Group, Inc. -- Gaz de France -- General Public Utilities Corporation -- Generale des Eaux Group -- Hokkaido Electric Power Company Inc. -- Hokuriku Electric Power Company -- Houston Industries Incorporated -- The Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc. -- Kyushu Electric Power Company Inc. -- Long Island Lighting Company -- Lyonnaise des Eaux-Dumez -- N.V. Nederlandse Gasunie -- New England Electric System -- Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation -- Northeast Utilities -- Northern States Power Company -- Nova Corporation of Alberta -- Ohio Edison Company -- Osaka Gas Co., Ltd. -- Pacific Enterprises -- Pacific Gas and Electric Company -- PacifiCorp -- Panhandle Eastern Corporation -- Pennsylvania Power & Light Company -- Philadelphia Electric Company -- PreussenElektra Aktiengesellschaft -- Public Service Enterprise Group Incorporated -- Ruhrgas AG -- RWE Group -- San Diego Gas & Electric Company -- SCEcorp -- Shikoku Electric Power Company, Inc. -- The Southern Company -- Texas Utilities Company -- Tohoku Electric Power Company, Inc. -- The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Incorporated -- Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd. -- TransCanada Pipelines Limited -- Transco Energy Company -- Union Electric Company -- Vereinigte Elektrizitatswerke Westfalen AG -- Browning-Ferris Industries, Inc. -- Waste Management, Inc.

Jeffrey A. Singer


Earlier this week, the Food and Drug Administration issued a draft of proposed guidelines for clinical researchers conducting trials on psychedelic drugs. Even though the Drug Enforcement Administration categorizes psychedelic drugs as Schedule I (meaning that the law enforcement agency has determined they have "no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse"), clinical researchers have known for decades that psychedelic drugs can help treat a variety of mental health disorders.
Government‐​approved Phase 3 clinical trials of the psychedelic MDMA* (colloquially called "molly" or "ecstasy") show the drug can be effective in treating post‐​traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). News reports claim the FDA is expected to approve the drug for PTSD treatment later this year. Regulators in Australia approved it last February. The FDA recently approved a clinical trial using MDMA to treat schizophrenia. Psilocybin, the psychedelic found in "magic mushrooms," has been shown helpful in treating tobacco addiction, depression, and suicidal ideation, particularly in patients receiving palliative end‐​of‐​life care. Research dating back to the 1950s finds that LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) shows promise in treating anxiety, depression, addiction, and psychosomatic diseases. Of course, none of this matters if the DEA doesn't agree to reschedule these drugs and continues asserting they have "no currently accepted medical use." Accepted by whom?
Generally, when the FDA approves a controlled substance for medical use the Secretary of Health and Human Services must next formally request the DEA reschedule the drug. The DEA then has 90 days to issue an interim final rule. But the DEA doesn't have to follow the health care agencies' recommendations.
In 1985 the DEA placed MDMA on Schedule I as an emergency action. Clinicians and clinical researchers challenged the decision and, in a 1986 hearing, provided mountains of scientific evidence that convinced administrative law judge Francis L. Young to conclude:
If the Administrator of DEA carefully considers the entire record now provided in this proceeding, there is no reason why he cannot come to the informed decision the law requires of him as the Agency head. Needless to say, nothing in this opinion is to be taken as being in any way critical of the Agency's emergency scheduling of MDMA which became effective on July 1, 1985. That action was taken pursuant to certain statutory authority with which this proceeding is not concerned. That action was wholly unilateral, reflecting a view based on evidence then available to the Agency but without opportunity for the presentation of countervailing evidence or argument. This proceeding, a wholly separate process, has provided that opportunity. A complete record, with input from different perspectives, has now been assembled for the benefit of the Administrator, the head of the Agency. The record now assembled contains much more material about MDMA than the Agency was aware of when it initiated this proceeding by publishing a notice almost two years ago.Based upon this record it is the recommended decision of the administrative law judge that the substance 3, 4‑methylenedioxymethamphetamine, also known as MDMA, should be placed in Schedule III.Dated: MAY 22 1986 Francis L Young, Administrative Law Judge

Judge Young vacated the DEA's decision to place MDMA on Schedule I, placing it on Schedule III ("moderate to low potential for physical and psychological dependence"). One month later, Acting DEA Administrator John Lawn overruled the administrative law judge and moved MDMA back to Schedule I, stating that, though expert clinical researchers presented over 200 cases of MDMA‐​assisted psychotherapy at the hearing, none of them had been published in medical journals.
Think of all the research that has been stifled, and all the lives that could have been saved or improved, if Administrator Lawn had not made that fateful decision.
And it's not just psychedelics. Who can state with a straight face that cannabis has "no accepted medical use?"
Thus, even if the FDA approves MDMA to treat PTSD and other mental health disorders, clinicians and patients will still have to wait for a law enforcement agency to sign off on the decision. And this is not just a federal law enforcement decision. Each state has its own controlled substance system patterned after the federal system. According to the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), 27 states have laws that require parity with the federal controlled substances schedule. In those cases, the states automatically reschedule controlled substances to conform with a DEA rescheduling. But the remaining 23 states require lawmakers or regulators to make their controlled substance schedules conform.
Recently Representatives Dan Crenshaw, Morgan Luttrell, and Jack Bergman–all military veterans– introduced the "Mike Day Psychedelic Therapy to Save Lives Act," which would provide federal grants for research into using MDMA to treat PTSD and traumatic brain injury patients. It is gratifying to see lawmakers begin to appreciate the potential benefits of psychedelics.
But law enforcement is in command of the war on drugs. Unless Congress acts, we will continue to see cops practicing medicine. And the people—veterans and non‐​veterans— will continue to suffer.
*3,4‑methylenedioxymethamphetamine

The article notes that homeoclasis characterized by self-destruction, self-deprecation and external destruction of the human body occurring spontaneously on the basis of the mechanism or principle of increasing entropy. Homeoclasis as a phenomenon self-destruction of human personality, his pathological mental disorders has been studied mainly by psychologists and physicians. As a phenomenon of social order in the structure of personality he has not yet been studied. Homeoclasis genetically matures in the structure of a living system regardless of the form in which it operates - in homeostasis or homeorhesis. The study of the mathematical model of homeostasis showed that it has its weak points and critical communication, influence on which you can create different types of pathology: the gap direct links – paralysis, feedback – shock, crosslinks – collapse. In most cases, one-sided paralysis is compensating homeostasis and continues to perform its functions. Depression – a term used to describe mood, symptoms, syndromes and mood disorders. Treat depression medication and psychological methods. Psychological methods mainly focused on disclosure and causes of human problems in the past or focus on current rather than past experience. Stress – a non-specific response of the body in response to a very strong influence of an external stimulus exceeded. In recent years, the pace of life has grown too. Along with this increased psycho-emotional stress on the human nervous system, in accordance with the individual characteristics of the psyche and the type of higher nervous activity. Everyone tries to have time to adapt to the modern technological advances, information overload, social, political and environmental conditions. If the stressful situation is solved positively, the body is trained, acute attention will. In energetic and confident people enthused any difficulties and successfully overcome. Conversely, people with a weak will destroy life's obstacles orienting reflex that makes them not decisive and helpless. Methods of preventing stress. Lifestyle - an everyday person's life from early morning until late at night, every week, every month, every year. The constituent parts of an active lifestyle and relaxation are the beginning and the day's work, and diet and physical activity, and quality of rest, and the relationship with the environment and the people around them, and the response to stress. It depends on the person, what would be his way of life - active, productive, healthy or passive and meaningless. In general, there are several basic methods of preventing stress. It depends on the person, what would be his way of life - active, productive, healthy or passive and meaningless. In general, there are several basic methods of preventingstress. These include: relaxation and autogenic training, first aid for acute stress auto analyze personal stress and anti-stress lifestyle, which includes: upholding their rights and needs; establishing low stress relationships of mutual respect; careful selection of friends and build online relationships that are reassuring and calm; participate in an interesting, rewarding work, which is bound to present a reward. Saving challenging workload, where periods of overload and crises are balanced by periods of rest; balancing hazardous events useful goals and positive developments, which should be sought; maintaining good physical shape, good food, not alcohol and tobacco; expenditure of energy on activities that generally brings a sense of satisfaction (work, social activities, recreation, cultural events, family, close friends, if necessary, stay alone); finding pleasure in the simple activity – contemplation sunrise, blooming flowers, the sea surface, cooking tasty dishes, playing with the child; enjoy full and exuberant sex life, just expressing his "sexual appetite"; enjoyment of life in general; the opportunity to laugh at themselves; have a welldeveloped sense of humor; natural ability to express needs, wants and feelings without justification; efficient allocation of time, avoiding stressful situations. Regressive analysis technologies biosocial effects on human health with a view to its destruction showed aggressive and anti-human nature of their inventors, developers / designers and users. The author emphasizes that such activities should condemn and prevent the use of technology is already found anti-human direction because they humiliate the most precious thing in the world – human life. ; В статье указано, что гомеоклаз характеризуется самораспадом, внешним уничтожением и самоуничтожением организма человека и осуществляется на основе действия механизма или принципа наращивания энтропии. Анализ регрессивных биосоциальных технологий влияния на здоровье человека с целью его разрушения засвидетельствовал агрессивный и античеловеческий характер деятельности их изобретателей, разработчиков/ проектировщиков и пользователей. Автор подчеркивает, что такую деятельность следует осуждать и предотвращать использование уже найденных технологий античеловеческого направления, поскольку они унижают наиболее ценное, что есть на планете – жизнь человека ; У статті вказано, що гомеоклаз характеризується саморозпадом, зовнішнім знищенням і самознищенням організму людини і самовідбувається на основі дії механізму або принципу нарощування ентропії. Аналіз регресивних біосоціальних технологій впливу на здоров'я людини з метою його руйнації засвідчив агресивний і антилюдський характер діяльності їх винахідників, розробників / проектувальників і користувачів. Автор підкреслює, що таку діяльність слід засуджувати і запобігати використанню вже знайдених технологій антилюдського спрямування, оскільки вони принижують найбільш цінне, що є на планеті – життя людини.

En el presente trabajo buscamos poner en cuestión la relación entre desarrollo, desigualdad y territorio en el contexto actual de la globalización y en el marco de las políticas públicas dirigidas, supuestamente, a favorecer a los actores sociales de menores recursos. Para ello nos centramos en un estudio de caso en el nordeste de la provincia de Misiones, Argentina. Aquí la actividad tabacalera, la forestación y la agricultura familiar (AF) alternativa (orientada a la producción de alimentos) entran en disputa por el territorio, dando lugar a conflictos por la ocupación de tierras privadas. Su análisis y devenir evidencia: (a) Las transformaciones territoriales resultantes de los procesos de avance de la globalización en ámbitos locales. (b) Los modos en que dichas transformaciones condicionan y limitan las propuestas de desarrollo originadas desde la política pública dirigida a paliar la desigualdad social. Para avanzar en la explicación de estos procesos consideramos necesario: (a) Reconocer las diferentes visiones y modalidades que dan cuenta de la desigualdad social, económica, política e institucional, tanto desde la perspectiva de los actores, como en sus expresiones materiales en el territorio en cuestión. (b) Identificar las relaciones de poder presentes en dicho ámbito (en particular en relación a la disputa por el uso y apropiación del recurso tierra). Y (c) examinar los distintos y contradictorios modelos y propuestas de desarrollo que dichas relaciones expresan. El estudio se basa en una metodología cualitativa sustentada en un estudio de caso y centrada en entrevistas realizadas durante 2008 y 2009 a los principales actores de un conflicto por la tierra situado en el nordeste de Misiones. El trabajo muestra las contradicciones de las políticas públicas que postulan crecimiento productivo y desarrollo en un marco legal de liberalización y desregulación a favor del ingreso de grandes inversiones transnacionales, sustentadas en actividades productivas a gran escala, altamente demandantes de tierra y agua. Inversiones que, contrariamente, tienen un débil requerimiento de fuerza de trabajo. Esta concepción de desarrollo, implícita en la propuesta de crecimiento económico de los sectores que hegemonizan el poder económico, visualiza la desigualdad social como una "externalidad negativa" que, de algún modo debe ser contenida, asistida; desconociendo, ignorando u ocultando que sólo a partir de cambios estructurales es posible superar aquellas desigualdades. En definitiva, se trata de un marco conceptual, ideológico y pragmático que implica un contexto inviable para la agricultura familiar. Por su parte, los pequeños productores y trabajadores rurales que logran alcanzar un mayor grado de comprensión de estos procesos, cuestionan el modelo de desarrollo dominante, así como las alianzas estratégicas que el estado tiene y mantiene con los sectores de poder. Y desde esta perspectiva, luchan por desempeñar un rol en el desarrollo a partir de la producción de alimentos, desde y para su lugar y/o su provincia. ; In this paper we call into question the relationship between development, inequality and territory in the current context of globalization and within the framework of public policies designed, supposedly, to benefit those social actors with fewer resources. In order to do this, we focus on a case study in the northeast of the province of Misiones, Argentina. Here tobacco production, forestry and alternative family farming (AF) (dedicated to food production) are in dispute over the territory, leading to conflict over private land occupation. The analysis evidences: (a) The territorial changes resulting from globalization processes in local areas. (b) The ways in which these changes affect and limit the development proposals arising from public policy aimed at alleviating social inequality. To advance in the understanding of these processes we need to: (a) Recognize the different views and methods that account for social, economic, political and institutional inequality, both from the perspective of the actors and in its material expression in the territory. (b) Identify the power relationships in the area (particularly in relation to the dispute over the use and appropriation of land). And (c) examine the various and contradictory models and development proposals that express these relationships. The study is based on a qualitative methodology focused on a case study and centered in interviews conducted during 2008 and 2009 to the main actors involved in the conflict over land in the northeast area of the province of Misiones, Argentina. The study shows the contradictions of public policy that proclaim productive growth and development in a legal framework for liberalization and deregulation in favor of large-scale transnational investment, underpinned by large-scale productive activities, highly demanding of land and water. Such investments, by contrast, have an insubstantial labor requirement. This conception of development implicit in the economic growth proposal by those sectors that hegemonize economic power, social inequality is displayed as a "negative externality" that must somehow be contained, assisted; ignoring or hiding the fact that only structural changes can overcome those inequalities. In short, this is a conceptual, ideological and pragmatic framework which implies a non-viable context for family farming. In turn, small-scale farmers and rural workers who manage to achieve a greater understanding of these processes are challenging the dominant development model, as well as the strategic alliances that the state maintains with those powerful sectors. And from this perspective, they struggle to play a role in development by producing food, from and for their place and/or province. ; Centro de Estudios Históricos Rurales

Younger brother of the photographer Robert Augustus Henry L'Estrange Father: Edgar William L'Estrange ( b. 15-11-1826 Dublin, Ireland – d. 17-4-1913 Brisbane Qld., Australia ) Mother: Frances Mary Henderson ( b. 12-10-1833 Ireland – d. 5-7-1907 Chester, England ). Siblings: Robert Augustus Henry L'Estrange (b, 1858 - d 1941) John Henderson L'Estrange ( b. 15-1-1864 d. ? ) Alfred Hudson L'Estrange ( b. 1867 d. 1867 ) Emily Frances Evangeline L'Estrange ( b. 4-2-1871 d. 1959 ) Edgar Francis Quinlin L'Estrange ( b. 12-91872 d. 1858 ) Mary L'Estrange ( died in infancy ) William Mandeville Ellis L'Estrange (1868-1951), electrical engineer and administrator, was born on 11 December 1868 in Dublin, son of Edgar William L'Estrange, solicitor, and his wife Mary Frances, née Henderson. Educated at Arnold House, Chester, England, William emigrated to Queensland in 1886. He worked as an assistant to the surveyor C. D. Dunne in 1887-93 before being employed by a relation, E. G. C. Barton, senior partner of Barton, White & Co. (later the Brisbane Electric Supply Co. Ltd and from 1904 the City Electric Light Co. Ltd). In 1898 L'Estrange visited England to negotiate purchases of equipment for the company. He studied electrical engineering in London and at Cologne, Germany, and gained professional experience in the United States of America. (Citation details S. A. Prentice, 'L'Estrange, William Mandeville Ellis (1868–1951)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/lestrange-william-mandeville-ellis-10817/text19189, published first in hardcopy 2000, accessed online 12 December 2019.) Appointed secretary of Barton's firm in 1900, L'Estrange became its joint-manager and engineer in 1912. At St Philip's Anglican Church, Auburn, Sydney, on 20 March 1901 he had married Mary Emmeline Alder. He chaired the Queensland State Repatriation Board in 1915-20. When the Ipswich Electric Supply Co. Ltd was formed in association with C.E.L. in 1917, he was its secretary; he rose to managing director (1927) and chairman (1933). His wise and conservative leadership ensured that his companies were well placed to meet the increasing demand for electricity. Granted leave of absence in 1935, he retired in 1938. L'Estrange had been a member of the Queensland Electrical Association and president (1911) of the Queensland Institute of Engineers. As a member of a committee formed by the Q.I.E. in 1914 to consider schemes for improved road construction and as president (1915-16) of the (Royal) Automobile Club of Queensland, he proposed the formation of a department of highways to control road-making. He also advocated a change in legislation to allow the reticulation of electricity supply by overhead rather than underground mains. In 1933-34 he was chairman of the Brisbane division of the Institution of Engineers, Australia. From 1922 he had been the institution's representative on the Great Barrier Reef Committee. He was a member (1913) of the Institution of Electrical Engineers and a fellow (1919) of the Chartered Institute of Secretaries, London. Described as quiet and unassuming, L'Estrange took a close interest in Brisbane's public life. He was involved in the development of the University of Queensland as warden (1922-27) of the standing committee of council, a member (1927-35) of the senate and chairman (1928-34) of the buildings and grounds committee. In retirement he lived at Toowoomba. His recreations included golf and yachting. A widower, on 20 October 1949 at St Patrick's Catholic Cathedral, Toowoomba, L'Estrange married 57-year-old Elizabeth Mary McGee; like her husband, she was a former secretary of the Ipswich Electric Supply Co. Ltd. Survived by his wife, and by the son and three daughters of his first marriage, he died on 20 December 1951 at Toowoomba and was cremated; his estate was sworn for probate at £100,297. Pioneer of QLD power dies at 83. " TOOWOOMBA, Thursday. — Mr. William Mandeville L'Estrange, 83, a pioneer of electricity, died at his Toowoomba home tonight. He was well known in Queensland engineering, business, and University circles, and was one of the founders of the City Electric Light Company. He was chairman of directors of the company from 1928 until his retirement about 12 years ago. Mr. L'Estrange has left a son, Mr. G. G. L'Estrange, of Sandgate, and four daughters. Worked as cook Mr. W. M. L'Estrange came to Australia about 1880. One of his first jobs was as cook to an explorer surveyor in Queensland. Later, he took up tobacco growing on the Upper Coomera, but was washed out in the 1893 floods. He moved to Brisbane, where he was employed by Barton and White - the parent company of City Electric Light. He started work as an electrician in the company of which he later became managing director. Back to England The company went bankrupt in the financial slump after the floods, and Mr. L'Estrange worked his way round the world back to England. He studied engineering and electrical engineering in London, Germany, and America. Returning to Australia, he was one of a group of men who "bought" the bankrupt Barton and White concern from the banks and founded the City Electric Light Company. He was company secretary from 1900 to 1912; and joint manager and engineer from 1912-15. From 1920 to 1928 he was a joint governing director and became managing director in 1923. At various times he was a University warden, an engineering representative on the Senate and chairman of the local Institute of Engineers.

1. Diese Arbeit ist eine Nachfragestudie, die auf den Mikro-Daten des Verbrauches für Lebensmittel und im Rahmen einer statisch, Nutzenmaximierend, und partielle Modell bearbeitet ist. Die Studie ermöglicht eine Bereitstellung von Information über das Zusammenhang zwischen den konkurrierenden Warengruppen in einer vollständigen Nachfrage System. 2. Derzeitige Wirtschaftentwicklung, die unter anderen wegen der im Juli 1997 ausgebrochene Krise ausgeprägt ist, hat eine dringende Notwendigkeit für die Politik und Wissenschaftler der Lebensmittel und Landwirtschaft dieses Landes um eine Information auf die Konsumsverhalten der Haushalte in ihrer Reaktionen auf die Änderung der Verbrauch determinierenden Faktoren wie Einkommen, Preisverhältnis, Einführung neuer Marken in Lebensmittelprodukte, Intensivierung der Anzeigen, Änderung im Modus des Einzelhandels, usw., sowie die Änderungen in demographische Faktor der Haushalte. Der Bedarf nach dieser Informationen sind um so großer, weil es nach im Juli 1997 ausgebrochene Wirtschaftkrise ein tief greifende Strukturwandel gibt, die vielfältige Folge mitgebracht hat. Diese Folge sind unter anderen: (i) Indonesien ist daran gezwungen, die Wirtschaft, einschließlicher Lebensmittelmarkt sich an einem Markt System zu orientieren; (ii) die durchschnittliche Kaufkraft des Volkes ist zu der Ebene der vor zehn Jahre zurück gegangen; (iii) Der Preisverhältnis verändert sich. (iv) Politisch gesehen, steht die indonesischen Regierung derzeit vor einer Ära der Dezentralisierung. Diese Faktoren konnte es dazu führen, der sich Struktur der verschiedenen Haushaltsgruppen in Indonesien zu ändern. Dazu ist es Notwendig, eine Studie mit den lokalen spezifische Sicht des Verbrauchs verhaltens durchzuführen. 3. Zu den Zeitpunkt ist die existierende Information unzulänglich, weil die vorherigen Studien wenn überhaupt da sind, lediglich nur auf Einzel Gleichung schätzende Modell begrenzt sind, und sie sind meisten basiert auf einen argregierten Datei. Auf Grund der Wichtigkeit des Haushalts als die entscheidende Einheit in Verbrauch und auf Grund einer wachsenden Erreichbarkeit von Makrodaten, hat diese Studie einen disaggregierten Haushalt Mikrodatensatz von der Provinz Ost Java, Indonesien benutzt. 4. Die Studie hat folgende Ziele: Erstens, Nachfragenparameter für die untersuchten Lebensmittelgruppen zu finden, damit man die Wirkung einer Preisänderungen auf die Nachfrage der Lebensmittelgruppen für verschiedene Einkommengruppen in der Provinz Ost Java, Indonesien analysieren kann. Zweitens, um zu zeigen, wie man die Studienergebnisse für real politische Grundsatzfragen um die Lebensmittel und die Landwirtschaft nutzen kann. Drittens, um die spezifischen Wohlfahrtwirkungen der ausgewählten Preispolitik für verschiedene Einkommengruppen zu bewerten. 5. Ein historisch perspektive Überblick über die Republik von Indonesien zeigt an, dass Indonesien eine Wirtschaft mit schwerer staatlicher Einmischung in der Vergangenheit ist, und eine Änderungen von diesem grundlegenden Modell eine Sache des politischen Pragmatismus ist. Die ändernde Wirtschaftstruktur des Landes hat dazu zuführen, das die Rolle der Landwirtschaft im Brutto Inland Produkt (BIP) Beitrags verringert ist, obwohl diese noch wichtig ist für die Lebensmittelsevorkehrung und Anstellung. Steigende pro Kopfseinkommen pro Jahr auf dem Land hat nur geringe Minderung des Verbrauches auf Nahrungsmitteln zu Folge. Reiskonsum hat einen hohen Anteil der gesamter Nahrungsmittelausgaben in allen Haushaltgruppen. Daher hat sich Nahrungsmittelpolitik in Indonesien vorherrschend noch auf Reis konzentriert. 6. Dieses Studie hat den disaggregierten Mikrodatensatz von Haushaltsausgaben bearbeitet. Dieser Datensatz ist von so genannten SUSENAS (die nationalen Sozial Wirtschaftliche Datenerhebung), für die Perioden 1990 1993, 1996 und 1999 von Ost Java Provinz Indonesien eingestellt. Der Ausgaben und der Einkommenmodul von dem SUSENAS Verhebung bedecken alle Haushaltausgaben in einer Woche der Aufzählung mit voller Spezifikation von Waren. Aufgeführt in den Umfragen sind 231 Verbrauchwaren, die Daten auf Quantitäten und Werte gesammelt wurden. Der Datensatz für jede Verhebungsperiode ist von 5692 Haushalten (1990), 7638 Haushalten (1993), 8015 Haushalte (1996), und 8552 Haushalte (1999) in städtischen und ländlichen Gebieten gesammelt. Die zentrale Behörde der Statistik hat die dreistufige stratifizierte Probe für den SUSENAS angewandt. Für Verbrauchsdaten der Nahrungmittels war das Zeitreferenz eine Woche vor der Aufzählung von Daten. 7. Die theoretische Grundlage dieser Studie ist die Neonklassische Verbraucherwirtschaft. Theorie und die verwandten Methoden sind präsentiert, um das in dieser Studie gebrauchten Modell zu rechtfertigen. Wir haben aufgrund einige theoretisch, empirisch und pragmatische Berücksichtigungen die Entscheidung getroffen, die linearen Annäherung von der nahezu idealen Nachfragensystem ( (LA/AIDS) Modell zu benutzen. Es befriedigt die Axiome der Wahl, argregiert perfekt über die Verbrauchern, hat eine praktische Form, die verträglich mit Haushalthaushaltdaten ist, ist einfach zu schätzen, und kann prüfen die wahren Einschränkungen der Nachfragentheorie. Es kombiniert auch den Beste von theoretischen Eigenschaften von sowohl Rotterdam als auch Translog Modelle. Wenn man der Preisindex von Stone im Modell anwendet, ist das Modell als eine Lineare Annäherung der Nahezu idealer Nachfrage System (LA/AIDS) genannt. Der Gebrauch des Compensating Variation (CV) Konzeptes schlägt vor, dass die Ergebnisse der Nachfragenschätzung gut zur politische Analyse beitragen kann. Das CV ist die Entschädigungszahlung (Betrag des Geld) der den Verbraucher ebenso wohl als vor der wirtschaftlichen Änderung verlässt. Es mag positiv oder negativ sein. Es ist positiv, wenn die wirtschaftliche Änderung dem Verbraucher schlechter drauf macht, und Negativ, wenn die wirtschaftliche Änderung dem Verbraucher Verbesserung bringt. 8. Da das CV Geld metrisch ist, ist sein Ausdruck abhängig auf einem absoluten Wert der Währung des Landes. Dies ist weniger vergleichbar. Um dies zu vermeiden, kann es in einem relativen Begriff durch Gebrauch zum Beispiel, eines Preisindexes, umgestalten werden. Dadurch ist es metrisch unabhängig. Auf diesen Grund, wurde Fischer Idealer Preisindex in dieser Studie benutzt, der Wohlfahrtsänderung anzunähern. Fischer Idealer Preisindex ist ein geometrisches Mittel des Laspeyres- (PL) Preisindex, PL = , und der Paasche (PP) Preisindex Pp = . Es ist algebraisch als .ausgedrückt. Es vertritt eine Änderungskaufkraft, die als eine Annäherung der Wohlfahrtsänderung gilt. 9. Die geschätzten Gleichungen für das LA/AIDS sind in Tabelle 6. 2 zu 6. 9 zusammengefasst. Für die ganzen Perioden von der Verhebungen, die städtische und ländliche Gebiete bedecken, gibt es 88 Gleichungen für das LA/AIDS. Achtzig Gleichungen aus diesen 88 wurden direkt durch das SAS Program (die 6,12 Ausgabe) geschätzt, durch die Verwendung der iterativen scheinbar nicht verwandten Regression (ITSUR) Schätzungsverfahren. Die Parameterschätzungen für den Rest von 8 Gleichungen wurden von Gebrauch der Prinzip summierung (add up principle) wiedererlangt. In diesen Modellen wird die Veränderung der Budgetanteilen von elf Nahrungsmittelsgruppen in den Studiegebieten von den folgenden Faktoren bestimmt: Preise (das eigene- und kreuzt Preis), Einkommensnivue, die vom totalen Ausgaben der wöchentlichen Budget auf Nahrungsmitteln angenähert werden, die Einkommengruppe von den Haushalten, und der Haushaltgröße, die den Rest des demographische Merkmale vertritt. Insgesamt sind 220 Parameter in jeder Gleichung, die direkt oder indirekt von dieser Schätzung resultiert. Tabelle 6.10 fasst die Schätzungsleistung durch die Vorlage der Anzahl der statistisch signifikante Schätzungen von 170 Parametern der einzelnen Gleichungen zusammen, die direkt in dieser Studie geschätzt wurden. Statistik gesehen, wird die schlechter Leistung der Schätzung von einer vertreten, die 55 Prozent statistisch signifikante Schätzungen gibt (Tabelle 6.2: Urban90). Die beste Schätzungsleistung wird von einer vertreten, die 78 Prozent statistisch signifikante Schätzungen gibt (Tabelle 6.3: Rural90). Die Tatsachen, dass mehr als die Hälfte von Parameterschätzungen in jedem Gleichungssystem statistisch signifikant sind, gibt einen Grund zu beanspruchen, dass die Modellspezifikation passend ist. Auch direkte Beobachtung auf den Ergebnissen der Schätzung zeigt an, dass Mehrheit von Parameterschätzungen großer sind, im Vergleich mit ihren Standard Fehlern. Die liefern ein gewisses Maß an Vertrauen zu sagen, daß die Schätzungen zuverlässig sind. Diese i n allen vorschlagen, daß unsere Hypothese, wie ausdrücklich in der LA/AIDS Modell, von der Daten unterstuzt wird. Das ist zu sagen, dass die Nachfrage nach Nahrungsmittel in den Studiensgebieten ansprechend ist zu Preisen, totale Ausgaben für Nahrungsmitteln, Einkommengruppen und die Haushaltgröße. 10. Die asymptotische Likelihood Ratio Test auf die Nachfrage Ristriktionen zeigt an, dass das Ergebnis der Prüfung im Einklang mit der früheren algemeinen Ergebnisse von anderen Autoren steht. Das ist, der Homogenität und der Symmetrie Restriktionen in den meisten Fällen von der Daten übertreten worden sind. Es bedeutet aber nicht unbedingt, dass die Theorie falsch ist. Es kann der Fall sein, dass die Daten und Modell nicht die Theorie unterstutzen kann entweder wegen der Dateneigenschaft, und/oder Modell Spezifikation. 11. Die Zeichen von den AIDS Parametern liefern Informationen über die Eigenschaften der Nachfrage nach Nahrungmitell. Man kann durch Besichtigung folgern, dass Waren mit negativen Verbrauchparameter ( a) Einkommen unelastisch sind, und diejenige, die mit positiven Parametern ( , Einkommen elastisch sind. Beobachtung auf den AIDS Schätzungen hat angezeigt, dass Reis in alle Fälle einkommen unelastisch ist. Andere Waren haben eine Mischungsleistung ausgestellt, die von den Gebieten und Verhebungsperioden abhängen. Fisch, Fleisch, Tabake und Betel, und vorbereitete Speise haben eine Allgemeinheit ausgestellt, einkommen elastisch zu sein. Andere Ergebnisse, die im Einklang mit der Intuition haben, sind die Ergibnisse die angezeigt haben, dass alle Nahrungsmittelgruppen eine negative Preiselastizitäten besitzen. Meisten von der untersuchten Waregruppe, mit Ausnahme von Eiern und Milch, sind Eigenpreis unelastisch. Die Tatsache, dass die entschädigten eigenen Preiselastizitäten (compensated ownprice elasticity) deutlich verschieden sind von denen der gewöhnlichen eigenen Preiseselastizitäten hat angezeigt, dass es Nachfragenwirkungen in jeder Preisesänderung der Warengruppe gibt. Andere Warengruppen sind ansprechend (responsive) auf der Änderung des Reisespreises. Das Gegenteil ist nicht der Fall. In Allgemein ist kreuze Preisbeziehung unter den Speisengruppen weniger einflussreich ist. Die Einbeziehung der Haushaltsgröße in den ganzen AIDS Model fuer Nahrungsmittel wird gerechtfertigt von der Tatsache, dass die meisten Parameterschätzungen, die Haushaltgröße vertreten, statistisch bedeutsam (significant) waren. Deswegen, ist es fest gestelt, das die Ausgaben fuer die Mehrheit der Nahrungsmittel von der Anzahl von Haushaltsmitglieder beeinflusst werden. Ein zusätzliches Haushaltmitglied kann verursachen, dass einige Haushaltausgaben steigen fuer das eine oder mindern für das anderen, um auszugleichen. Als die Anzahl von Haushaltmitglied zunimmt dan verringern der Verbrauch des Tabaks, Früchte und Gemüse, vorbereite te Speisen, und Fisch und Fleisch. Diese Reduktionen sind gemacht, um der Verbrauch von anderen Nahrungskategorien mit positiven elastizitäten, hauptsächlich Reis, Nicht-Reisstoffen, und essbares Öl. Die Zunahme der Haushaltsgröße ist mit der Abnahme derjenigen Speisenqualität verbunden. Der Verbrauch der billiger Kohlenhydrats-reicher Speise ist hauptsächlich eine Strategie, die von Haushalten mit große Mitgliedszahl genommen wird. 12. Die geschätzten Nachfragenparameter versorgen einen vollständigen und gleichmäßigen Rahmen für Bewertenschläge irgendeiner Regierungspolitik. Die Kombination des direkten Reises- und indirekte Tabak Preispolitikes ist in diesem Studie benutzt worden, die Nützlichkeit der Ergebnisse dieses Studie vorzuführen. Der Preis des Reises hat einen wichtigen Auswirkung auf das Ausgabenmuster von privatem Haushalt; weil Reis ein wichtigen Einflusses auf dem Haushaltausgaben hat. Die Preisberechnung, die in diesem Studie geleitet wird, schlägt vor, dass die Liberalisierung des Reismarktes eine Wohlfahrtsverbesserung an aller Einkommensgruppen macht. Wenn der Verbrauch von Tabak besteuert wird (indirekter Preisberechnung), wird dann Regierungseinkünfte steigen, ohne das Schaden von so viel armen Haushalten. ; This is a micro-data based study of demand for food in the framework of a static, utility maximizing, and partial model that enables the provision of knowledge on the interrelatedness among the competing commodity groups in a complete demand system. The dynamics which took place in the economy of contemporary Indonesia has created an urgent need for policy makers and scholars of food and agriculture sector of this country to have a knowledge on the spending behavior of the households in their response on changing consumption determinants like income, relative prices, the introduction of new brands in manufactured foods, an intensifying advertisement, changing mode of retailing, etc., as well as the changes in the demography of households themselves. The need is reinforced, as Indonesia after enjoying two decades of economic booming was hit by a devastating economic crisis that broke out in July 1997, the ramification of which prevails until the time of study. The consequences of this crisis are manifold. Economically speaking, the crisis has (i) forced Indonesia to approach a market system that among others, liberalizes the previously intervened food market, (ii) set the purchasing power of the average Indonesian back to the level of ten years before (iii) also changed the prices relatively. Politically, the Indonesian government is now facing an era of decentralization. These factors in combination might change the consumption structure of different household groups in Indonesia. Additionally, it places an urgent need to conduct a study also with local specific perspective of consumption behavior. Until today, the existing knowledge is deficient, because previous studies are limited to the estimation of single equation model based on an aggregated data. Due to the importance of the household as the decisive unit in consumption, and due to an increasing accessibility of micro data, this study used a dis- aggregate micro data set from the province of East Java, Indonesia. Given that background, the objective of this study is firstly to find demand parameters for food groups under investigation, based on which one can analyze the effects of expenditure and price changes on demand of eleven food groups for different income groups in the province of East Java, Indonesia. Secondly, to demonstrates the use of the study results for real policy questions about the food and agricultural sector. Thirdly, to evaluate the specific welfare effects of selected price policies for different income groups. The brief exposition of the republic of Indonesia in a historical perspective indicates that Indonesia is an economy with heavy state intervention in the past and departing from this basic model is a matter of political pragmatism. Changing the economic structure reduced the role of agricultural sector in terms of GDP contribution, but it is still important for food provision and employment. Increasing income per capita per year in the country reduced slightly percentage of expenditure on food. Rice expenditure has a high share of total food expenditure in all household groups. Therefore, food policy in Indonesia has dominantly centered on rice. This study employed the cross sectional household consumption/expenditure micro data set from the so called SUSENAS (the National Socio -Economic Survey), for the periods 1990, 1993, 1996 and 1999 representing the province of East Java, Indonesia. The consumption and income module of the SUSENAS survey covers all household expenditures during a week of enumeration with full specification of commodities. Listed in the questionnaires are 231 consumption items, for which data on quantities and values were gathered. The data set of each survey periods is collected from 5692 households (1990), 7638 households (1993), 8015 Households (1996), and 8552 households (1999) in urban and rural areas. The central Bureau of Statistics applied the three-stage stratified sampling for the SUSENAS. For food consumption the survey reference period was one week prior to the enumeration of data. The theoretical framework of this study is the neo-classical consumer economics. Theory and the related methods are presented in order to justify the model used in this study. Some theoretical, empirical and pragmatical considerations have brought us to the decision to use the linearized approximation of an almost ideal demand system (LA/AIDS) model. It satisfies the axioms of choice, aggregates perfectly over consumers, has a functional form, which is consistent with household budget data, and simple to estimate and test the true restrictions of demand theory. It also combines the best of theoretical features of both Rotterdam and translog models. When Stone s index is used in the model it is termed as a linear approximation of almost ideal demand system (LA/AIDS). The use of the concept of compensating variation suggests that results of demand estimation contribute well to the analysis of policy. Compensating variation is the compensating payment (amount of money) that leaves the consumer as well of as before the economic change. It may be positive or negative. It is positive, if the economic change makes consumer worse off, and negative, if the economic change brings betterment to the consumer. Because compensating variation is money metric, its expression is dependent on an absolute expression in term of country s currency unit. This is less comparable. To avoid this, one can transform it in a relative term by using for example, price index, which is metric independent. Based on that, Fischer Ideal Price Index was used to approximate the welfare change. Fischer Ideal Price Index is a geometric means of Laspeyres- (PL) price index , PL = ), and the Paasche (PP) price index, Pp = . It is expressed algebraically as = . It represents a changing purchasing power as an approximation of welfare change. The estimated equations for the LA/AIDS are summarized in table 6.2 to 6.9. For all the periods of surveys, covering urban and rural areas, there are 88 equations for the LA/AIDS. Eighty equations out of these 88 were estimated directly using SAS program the 6.12 edition, by applying the iterative seemingly unrelated regression (ITSUR) estimation procedure. The parameter estimates for the rest of 8 equations were recovered by using adding-up principle. In these models, the variation of budget shares of eleven food groups in the study areas are determined by (the own- and cross) prices, income level which is approximated by the weekly household s total expenditure on food, the income group of the households, and the household size accommodating the rest of demographical characteristics of the households. In total, 220 parameters in each of equation are resulted directly or indirectly from this estimation. Table 6.10 summarizes the estimation performance by presenting the number of statistically significant estimates out of 170 parameters in each equation that directly estimated in this study. As a matter of statistics, the worse performance of the estimation is represented by the one that give 55 per cent statistically significant estimates (table code 6.2: Urban90). The best estimation performance is exhibited by the one that brought 78 per cent statistically significant estimates (table code 6.3: Rural90). The facts, that more than the half of parameter estimates in each equation system is statistically significant may be the basis to claim, that the model specification is appropriate. Also, direct observation on the results of estimation indicates that majority of parameter estimates are large relative to their standard errors. These deliver some degree of confidence to say that the estimates are reliable. These in all suggest that our hypothesis, as explicitly expressed in the LA/AIDS model, is supported by the data. That is to say, that food demands in the study areas are responsive to prices, total food exp enditure level, income groups and the household size as measured from survey data. The asymptotic likelihood ratio test on demand restrictions indicates that the result of the test is consistent with the previous common findings by other authors. That is, the homogeneity and symmetry restrictions were in most cases violated by the data. However, it does not necessarily mean, that the theory is wrong; it may be rather the case, that the data and model combined do not support the theory either because of data property, and/or model specification. The signs of the AIDS parameters deliver information on the nature of the demand for food commodities. So, by inspection one can infer, those with negative expenditure parameters are income inelastic, and those with positive parameters, are income elastic. Observation on the AIDS estimates indicated that rice is in all cases income inelastic. Other commodities exhibited a mix performance depending on the areas and survey periods. Fish, meat, tobaccos and betel, and prepared food exhibited a generality of being income elastic. Other findings that support the intuition is that all food groups showed a negative own price elasticities. Most of commodity groups under investigation, with exception of Eggs and Milks, are own price inelastic. The fact, that the compensated own price elasticities are different clearly from those of the ordinary own price elasticities indicated that there is a demand effects in each of price change of the commodities groups being analyzed. Other food groups are responsive on the change of rice price. The reverse is not the case. In general, cross price relationship among the food groups are less influential. The inclusion of household size in the AIDS model for food is justified by the fact, that most of the parameter estimates representing household size were statistically significant. So for the majority of food items it holds that an additional of household s member will cause some household expenditure to increase and others to decline to balance the household size variable. As the number of household member increases, households reduce their consumption of tobacco, fruits and vegetables, prepared foods, and some time, fish and meat. These reductions are made in order to increase the consumption of other categories with positive household size elasticities mainly rice, non-rice staple, and edible oil. The increase of household size definitely associated with the decline in the food quality consumed by the households. The consumption of cheap carbohydrate-rich food is mainly the s trategy taken by households having a large membership. The estimated demand parameters provide a complete and consistent framework for evaluating impacts of any government policy. The combination of direct rice- and indirect tobacco pricing policies has been used in this study to demonstrate the usefulness of the results of this study. The price of rice has an important impact on private household s spending pattern, because of its important influence on the household s budget. The policy exercise conducted in this study suggest, that liberalizing the market of rice will make households of all income groups better-off, and a combination of it with a tobacco-taxing (indirect pricing) will increase government revenue without harming so much the poor households.

VOLUME SIX Volume Six (Part 1) and Volume Seven (Part 2) examine various aspects of behavior in a single region, Prince Edward Island in Canada. This behavior is discussed in detail and then subsequently analyzed in terms of the feelings and models employed in everyday life. Volume Six focuses on behavior associated with work and social interaction. Volume Seven, the subsequent volume, focuses on behavior associated with family, religion, alcohol use, politics, community, activities, concepts, superstitions, and beliefs. Volume Six contains 260 photographs and a list of the implications of this research. Hardcover: 763 pages. ISBN: 978-0-9684020-5-4. Distributed by The Book Emporium, 169 Queen Street, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4B4, Canada. e-mail: bookspei@gmail.com

International audience ; L'objectif de notre travail de recherche de Master II était de mener une réflexion approfondie sur l'évolution économique et sociale de la Haute-Garonne entre 1967 et 1978, ainsi que sur les répercussions de « mai-juin 1968 » à court et moyen terme pour les acteurs de la vie industrielle haut-garonnaise, au premier rang desquels figurent les ouvriers et les entreprises. Il s'agissait avant tout d'étudier les grandes questions socio-économiques qui se posaient au gré de la conjoncture et les continuités et ruptures qui marquaient la vie départementale, avec pour fil conducteur l'influence des revendications ouvrières. Il s'agissait aussi d'évaluer jusqu'à quel point les attentes locales en matière sociale, d'industrialisation ou d'équipement ont pu influer dans les décisions politiques et économiques des « années 68 ». Il est important de garder à l'esprit que la Haute-Garonne reste, à l'époque, un département peu industrialisé ; et que depuis le début du xxe siècle, toutes les créations de grands établissements industriels (Poudrerie, SNCASE, Cartoucherie ou encore Manufacture des Tabacs) relevaient d'initiatives d'État. Nous avons fait le choix de mêler approche sectorielle (Aéronautique, Électronique et Informatique, Textile, Bâtiment et Travaux Publics, Papier-Carton, Chimie), approche thématique (Femmes dans le cadre du salariat, extrême gauche, Premier mai, Travailleurs immigrés, Syndicats, Soutien à LIP) et approche chronologique(1967-1970, 1971-1974, 1974-1978) afin de dégager des constantes et des évolutions au sein du département. Deux moments clés structurent notre analyse, il s'agit du mai-juin 1968 destravailleurs et de l'arrivée de la crise économique après le Premier choc pétrolier en 1973-74. Dans cet article, nous entendons présenter très succinctement les résultats de nos deux annéesde recherches en nous intéressant d'abord au versant économique et ensuite au versant social. ; The objective of our research work of Master 2 was to conduct a thorough review of the economic and social development of the Haute-Garonne Department between 1967 and 1978, as well as the impact of "May-June 1968" in the short and medium term players in the industrial life of Haute-Garonne, first and foremost of which were workers and businesses. It was first necessary to study the major socio-economic issues that arose due to the state of the economy and the continuities and ruptures that marked departmental life, the major theme being the influence of workers' demands. It was equally necessary to assess the extent to which local expectations as regards social matters, industrialization or equipment may have affected the political and economic decisions of the "68 years". It is important to keep in mind that the rest of Haute-Garonne, at the time, a department with little industrial development, and that since the beginning of the twentieth century, all the creations of big industries (Blizzard, SNCASE, Cartridge factory or Tobacco Factory) were part of state initiatives. We have chosen to combine an approach by sectors (Aeronautics, Electronics and Computer Science, Textile, Building and Construction, Paper Carton, Chemistry), by theme (Women and wage practices, the extreme Left, the First of May, immigrant workers, Unions, Support for LIP) and chronological approach (1967-1970, 1971-1974, 1974-1978) to identify patterns and trends within the Department. Two key moments structure our analysis, this concenrs the workers and May-June 1968 and the arrival of the economic crisis after the first oil crisis in 1973-74. In this paper, we intend to present very briefly the results of our two years of research by focusing first on the economic side and then to the social aspect. ; El objetivo de nuestro trabajo de master II fue llevar a cabo una amplia reflexión sobre la evolución económica y social del departamento de Haute-Garonne entre 1967 y 1978, así como sobre las repercusiones del periodo de mayo-junio de 1968, a corto y medio plazo, en los actores del sector industrial local, principalmente los obreros y las empresas. Se trataba primero de estudiar los mayores temas socio-económicos que se planteaban en dicho contexto y las continuidades y rupturas que marcaban la vida de la Haute-Garonne, poniendo énfasis en las reivindicaciones obreras. Se trataba también de evaluar hasta qué punto las expectativas locales en materia social, de industrialización o de infraestructuras, pudieron influir en las decisiones políticas y sociales de aquellos años. Importa recordar que, en aquel entonces, el departamento de Haute-Garonne todavía estaba poco industrializado y que, desde principios del siglo xx, todas las creaciones de grandes plantillas industriales (fábrica de pólvora, SNCASE, fábrica de cartuchos, manufactura de tabacos), dependían del Estado. Para nuestro trabajo, decidimos adoptar conjuntamente un enfoque sectorial (sector aeronáutico, electrónico e informático, textil, sector de la construcción y obra pública, industria del papel y del cartón, química), un enfoque temático (mujeres en el marco salarial, extrema izquierda, Fiesta del trabajo del primero de mayo, trabajadores inmigrados), y un enfoque cronológico (1967-1970, 1971-1974, 1974-1978), con el fin de destacar constantes y evoluciones en dicho departamento. Dos momentos claves estructuran nuestro análisis ; se trata del mayo-junio obrero de 1968 y de la llegada de la crisis económica a raíz del primer «choque petrolero», en 1973-74. En el presente artículo, nuestro propósito es evocar de modo muy sintético los resultados de estos dos años de investigaciones, abordando esencialmente el aspecto económico y social.

There are certain opposites in the relation of economy and ecology, but at the present days the ultimate task is to realize reciprocity between them. The interaction between economy and nature has come to the phase which demands permanent tracking, and action as well. This is a necessity not only due to the restricted natural resources, but primarily due to the releasement of waste materials which exceeds the absorption capacity of global environment. Every responsible economy has to develop strategies of environmental protection and sustainable development. These strategies have to be based on objective, and professionally determined state, economic and law principles. Recently, an increasing public concern and a scientific investigations have been focused on the occurrence of PAHs and their control in air, water, soil, and herbal and animal products. Polyciclyc Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of several hundred diverse compounds usually containing two to seven fused benzene rings. They belong to a special group of ubiquitous contaminants known as Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), which are subject to long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT), and most can be photo-oxidized and degraded to simpler substances, which is very important for their distribution and fate in the environment and biota. PAH exposure through air, water, soil, tobacco smoke and food sources, occurs on a regular basis for most people. Routes of exposure include ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact in both occupational and non-occupational settings. It was essential, in order to protect public health, and environment in general, to keep these contaminants, which are considered to be genotoxic carcinogens, at levels which are toxicologically acceptable. Maximum levels in foodstuffs, water, and air have been set at a strict levels by specific agencies in many countries. The 16 PAHs are included in the list of priority pollutants in EU: benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), cyclopenta(c,d)pyrene (CPP), indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (IcP), benzo(c)fluorene (BcL), benzo(a)anthracene (BaA), chrysene (CHR), 5-methylchrysene (5MC), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(j)fluoranthene (BjF), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), benzo(g,h,i)perylene (BgP), dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (DhA), dibenzo(a,e)pyrene (DeP), dibenzo(a,h)pyrene (DhP), dibenzo(a,i)pyrene (DiP) and dibenzo(a,l)pyrene (DlP). The most known potent carcinogen, benzo(a)pyrene, is commonly used as an environmental indicator for PAHs. A recent directive of the European Commission (The Commission of the European Communities) uses BaP as a marker for the carcinogenic risk of PAHs and sets a limit value for this toxicant, to be attained as far as possible 1 ng/m3. The carcinogenicity of BaP and of other PAHs is well established in laboratory animals. Researchers have reported incidences of skin, lung, bladder, liver, and stomach cancers, in animals. Animal studies showed that certain PAHs also can affect the immune systems and produce reproductive, neurologic, and developmental effects. ; Na relaciji ekonomija - ekologija postoje određene suprotnosti, ali je u današnjem trenutku nužno iznalaženje njihove uzajamnosti. Interakcija privrede sa prirodom ušla je u fazu koja iziskuje permanentno praćenje i aktivne mere. Ovo je neophodno ne samo zbog limitiranosti prirodnih resursa, već pre svega zbog ispuštanja otpada koji prevazilazi apsorpcioni kapacitet globalnog prirodnog okruženja. Svaka odgovorna nacija mora da razvije strategije ekološke zaštite i prihvatljivog i održivog razvoja. Te strategije se moraju zasnivati na objektivno, stručno utvrđenom stanju, ekonomskim principima i zakonskim mogućnostima. U najnovije vreme, povećana zabrinutost javnosti, kao i naučna istraživanja, bili su fokusirani na postojanje policikličnih aromatičnih ugljovodonika (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs) i njihovu kontrolu u vazduhu, vodi, zemljištu, kao i biljnim i životinjskim produktima. PAH-ovi pripadaju klasi od nekoliko stotina različitih jedinjenja, koja uobičajeno sadrže dva do sedam kondenzovanih benzenovih prstenova. Oni takođe pripadaju posebnoj grupi sveprisutnih kontaminanata poznatih kao perzistentni organski zagađivači (Persistent Organic Pollutants, POPs) i podležu transportu na velike udaljenosti (long-range atmospheric transport, LRAT), kao i foto-oksidaciji i degradaciji u jednostavnije supstance, što je od velikog značaja za njihovu disrtibuciju i sudbinu u životnoj sredini i živom svetu. Za većinu ljudi, izloženost PAH-ovima ide preko vazduha, vode, zemljišta, duvanskog dima i hrane. Putevi izloženosti uključuju ingestiju, inhalaciju i preko kože i to kako u okruženju radnog mesta, tako i van njega. Da bi se zaštitilo javno zdravlje i uopšte, životna sredina, od esencijalne važnosti je bilo da se ovi kontaminanti koji se smatraju genotoksičnim kancerogenima, drže na nivoima koji su toksikološki prihvatljivi. Maksimalne dozvoljene koncentracije u namirnicama, vodi i vazduhu ustanovljene su od strane odgovarajućih agencija u mnogim državama. Na listi prioritetnih zagađivača u EU nalazi se 16 PAHs jedinjenja: benzo(a)piren (BaP), ciklopenta(c,d)piren (CPP), indeno(1,2,3-cd)piren (IcP), benzo(c)fluoren (BcL), benzo(a)antracen (BaA), hrizen (CHR), 5-metilhrizen (5MC), benzo(b)fluoranten (BbF), benzo(j)fluoranten (BjF), benzo(k)fluoranten (BkF), benzo(g,h,i)perilen (BgP), dibenzo(a,h)antracen (DhA), dibenzo(a,e)piren (DeP), dibenzo(a,h)piren (DhP), dibenzo(a,i)piren (DiP) i dibenzo(a,l)piren (DlP). Najpoznatiji potencijalni kancerogen, benzo(a)piren, uobičajeno se koristi kao karakterističan indikator za PAH jedinjenja u životnoj sredini. Poslednja preporuka Evropske komisije (The Commission of the European Communities), koristi BaP kao marker kancerogenog rizika i definiše njegov maksimum od 1 ng/m3. Kancerogenost BaP i drugih PAH-ova temeljno je ispitana na eksperimentalnim životinjama. Istraživači su kod životinja zabeležili slučajeve kancera kože, pluća, bešike, jetre i želuca. Studije na životinjama pokazale su da neki PAHovi mogu da utiču na imuni sistem i da izazovu reproduktivne, neurološke i razvojne efekte.

There are certain opposites in the relation of economy and ecology, but at the present days the ultimate task is to realize reciprocity between them. The interaction between economy and nature has come to the phase which demands permanent tracking, and action as well. This is a necessity not only due to the restricted natural resources, but primarily due to the releasement of waste materials which exceeds the absorption capacity of global environment. Every responsible economy has to develop strategies of environmental protection and sustainable development. These strategies have to be based on objective, and professionally determined state, economic and law principles. Recently, an increasing public concern and a scientific investigations have been focused on the occurrence of PAHs and their control in air, water, soil, and herbal and animal products. Polyciclyc Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of several hundred diverse compounds usually containing two to seven fused benzene rings. They belong to a special group of ubiquitous contaminants known as Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), which are subject to long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT), and most can be photo-oxidized and degraded to simpler substances, which is very important for their distribution and fate in the environment and biota. PAH exposure through air, water, soil, tobacco smoke and food sources, occurs on a regular basis for most people. Routes of exposure include ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact in both occupational and non-occupational settings. It was essential, in order to protect public health, and environment in general, to keep these contaminants, which are considered to be genotoxic carcinogens, at levels which are toxicologically acceptable. Maximum levels in foodstuffs, water, and air have been set at a strict levels by specific agencies in many countries. The 16 PAHs are included in the list of priority pollutants in EU: benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), cyclopenta(c,d)pyrene (CPP), indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (IcP), benzo(c)fluorene (BcL), benzo(a)anthracene (BaA), chrysene (CHR), 5-methylchrysene (5MC), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(j)fluoranthene (BjF), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), benzo(g,h,i)perylene (BgP), dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (DhA), dibenzo(a,e)pyrene (DeP), dibenzo(a,h)pyrene (DhP), dibenzo(a,i)pyrene (DiP) and dibenzo(a,l)pyrene (DlP). The most known potent carcinogen, benzo(a)pyrene, is commonly used as an environmental indicator for PAHs. A recent directive of the European Commission (The Commission of the European Communities) uses BaP as a marker for the carcinogenic risk of PAHs and sets a limit value for this toxicant, to be attained as far as possible 1 ng/m3. The carcinogenicity of BaP and of other PAHs is well established in laboratory animals. Researchers have reported incidences of skin, lung, bladder, liver, and stomach cancers, in animals. Animal studies showed that certain PAHs also can affect the immune systems and produce reproductive, neurologic, and developmental effects. ; Na relaciji ekonomija - ekologija postoje određene suprotnosti, ali je u današnjem trenutku nužno iznalaženje njihove uzajamnosti. Interakcija privrede sa prirodom ušla je u fazu koja iziskuje permanentno praćenje i aktivne mere. Ovo je neophodno ne samo zbog limitiranosti prirodnih resursa, već pre svega zbog ispuštanja otpada koji prevazilazi apsorpcioni kapacitet globalnog prirodnog okruženja. Svaka odgovorna nacija mora da razvije strategije ekološke zaštite i prihvatljivog i održivog razvoja. Te strategije se moraju zasnivati na objektivno, stručno utvrđenom stanju, ekonomskim principima i zakonskim mogućnostima. U najnovije vreme, povećana zabrinutost javnosti, kao i naučna istraživanja, bili su fokusirani na postojanje policikličnih aromatičnih ugljovodonika (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs) i njihovu kontrolu u vazduhu, vodi, zemljištu, kao i biljnim i životinjskim produktima. PAH-ovi pripadaju klasi od nekoliko stotina različitih jedinjenja, koja uobičajeno sadrže dva do sedam kondenzovanih benzenovih prstenova. Oni takođe pripadaju posebnoj grupi sveprisutnih kontaminanata poznatih kao perzistentni organski zagađivači (Persistent Organic Pollutants, POPs) i podležu transportu na velike udaljenosti (long-range atmospheric transport, LRAT), kao i foto-oksidaciji i degradaciji u jednostavnije supstance, što je od velikog značaja za njihovu disrtibuciju i sudbinu u životnoj sredini i živom svetu. Za većinu ljudi, izloženost PAH-ovima ide preko vazduha, vode, zemljišta, duvanskog dima i hrane. Putevi izloženosti uključuju ingestiju, inhalaciju i preko kože i to kako u okruženju radnog mesta, tako i van njega. Da bi se zaštitilo javno zdravlje i uopšte, životna sredina, od esencijalne važnosti je bilo da se ovi kontaminanti koji se smatraju genotoksičnim kancerogenima, drže na nivoima koji su toksikološki prihvatljivi. Maksimalne dozvoljene koncentracije u namirnicama, vodi i vazduhu ustanovljene su od strane odgovarajućih agencija u mnogim državama. Na listi prioritetnih zagađivača u EU nalazi se 16 PAHs jedinjenja: benzo(a)piren (BaP), ciklopenta(c,d)piren (CPP), indeno(1,2,3-cd)piren (IcP), benzo(c)fluoren (BcL), benzo(a)antracen (BaA), hrizen (CHR), 5-metilhrizen (5MC), benzo(b)fluoranten (BbF), benzo(j)fluoranten (BjF), benzo(k)fluoranten (BkF), benzo(g,h,i)perilen (BgP), dibenzo(a,h)antracen (DhA), dibenzo(a,e)piren (DeP), dibenzo(a,h)piren (DhP), dibenzo(a,i)piren (DiP) i dibenzo(a,l)piren (DlP). Najpoznatiji potencijalni kancerogen, benzo(a)piren, uobičajeno se koristi kao karakterističan indikator za PAH jedinjenja u životnoj sredini. Poslednja preporuka Evropske komisije (The Commission of the European Communities), koristi BaP kao marker kancerogenog rizika i definiše njegov maksimum od 1 ng/m3. Kancerogenost BaP i drugih PAH-ova temeljno je ispitana na eksperimentalnim životinjama. Istraživači su kod životinja zabeležili slučajeve kancera kože, pluća, bešike, jetre i želuca. Studije na životinjama pokazale su da neki PAHovi mogu da utiču na imuni sistem i da izazovu reproduktivne, neurološke i razvojne efekte.

Para conservar una superficie representativa de los bosques subtropicales de Misiones, ecosistema amenazado a nivel mundial, es necesario encontrar una solución económicamente viable a las superficies que actualmente y de acuerdo a la ley 26331 pueden destinarse exclusivamente al manejo sustentable del bosque nativo, así como disminuir la deforestación en las áreas pasibles de ser reemplazadas (901617 ha y 477858 ha, respectivamente, de acuerdo al último ordenamiento territorial llevado a cabo por la Provincia de Misiones). La deforestación, que ocurre desde mediados del siglo pasado, ha sido fomentada por políticas públicas de incentivos a actividades de producción intensivas como las plantaciones forestales u otros cultivos. Los bosques remanentes se encuentran degradados por la explotación de las principales especies nativas comerciales en ciclos de corta menores a 20 años, y la productividad maderera es más baja de lo necesario para sostener económicamente la actividad. La productividad podría recuperarse en algunos casos con manejos postcosecha (por ejemplo, el corte de bambúes y lianas), mientras que en situaciones de mayor degradación se necesitan acciones de manejo más intensivas como la escarificación de los suelos o la plantación de renovales de especies de alto valor comercial y rápido crecimiento que permitan turnos de corta de 30 años e incrementos de al menos 3 m3 ha-1 año-1. Asimismo, se necesita una política de control del comercio ilegal de madera nativa, la cual disminuye los precios y reduce la rentabilidad de productores responsables. Por otra parte, la obtención de madera debería complementarse con disminuciones impositivas, por ejemplo, a través de la compensación por provisión de servicios ecosistémicos, o mediante otros tipos de usos como el aprovechamiento de recursos no madereros. En el caso de pequeños y medianos productores, el gobierno y organizaciones no gubernamentales deberían estimular la conservación del bosque por el uso de sus recursos y servicios ambientales, incentivar activamente la diversificación de la producción, y brindar las herramientas que les permitan a los productores independizarse del cultivo intensivo de tabaco. Es necesario mayor financiamiento directo a los productores para el manejo, así como a organismos dedicados a generar conocimiento que permita avances concretos en el manejo sustentable del bosque. ; To conserve a representative area of the subtropical forests of Misiones, a globally endangered ecosystem, it is necessary to find a viable economic solution for the areas destined under Law 26331 exclusively for sustainable management of native forest, and to reduce deforestation in the areas where replacement of native forest is permi�ed (901617 ha and 477858 ha, respectively, according to the latest land use planning by the Province of Misiones). Since the middle of the last century, public policies have provided incentives for plantations of trees and other crops, promoting deforestation. Remnant forests are degraded from exploitation of the principal commercial species in cu�ing cycles shorter than 20 years, and productivity of wood is now too low to be economically useful. Productivity can be improved through post-harvest management (e.g., cu�ing of bamboo and lianas), but on highly degraded sites more intensive management is needed, such as scarifying of soils or planting seedlings of high-value, fast-growing species to allow cu�ing cycles of around 30 years and increments greater than 3 m3 .ha-1.year-1. Action is also needed to control illegal trade in native wood, which diminishes the prices and reduces the viability of socially and environmentally responsible enterprises. Moreover, sustainable management of the native forest should be accompanied by reductions in taxes, for example through payment for ecosystem services, or by other types of use, such as harvesting of non-timber forest products. In the case of small and medium property owners, governments and organizations should stimulate conservation of forest through forest resources and services use, actively encourage diversification of production, and offer tools that promote independence from intensive tobacco cultivation. Funding is needed both directly to producers (through laws) and to institutions that generate knowledge that permits concrete advances in sustainable forest management. ; Fil: Campanello, Paula Inés. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco"; Argentina ; Fil: Von Below, Jonathan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales; Argentina ; Fil: Hilgert, Norma Ines. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical; Argentina ; Fil: Cockle, Kristina Louise. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical; Argentina ; Fil: Villagra, Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical; Argentina ; Fil: Di Francescantonio, Débora. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical; Argentina ; Fil: García, Daily Sofía. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical; Argentina ; Fil: Jaramillo, Manuel. Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina; Argentina ; Fil: Gauto, Oscar Arturo. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales; Argentina ; Fil: Goldstein, Guillermo Hernan. Instituto Iegeba (conicet-uba); Argentina

Recognition of the independence of Texas. Reports, incidents and several accounts on the government of the United States of America. U.S. invasion. The mayor of Tlaxcala reports that the invaders march on the city of Puebla. p. 2-6. The Governor of Durango reports that the American invaders march to Mapimí a Saltillo. p. 7-9. The Governor of Tabasco requests authorization to allocate resources in an effort to sustain the forces fighting against the American invaders. p. 10-13. The Governor of San Luis Potosi provides the necessary assistance for the completion of the fortifications. p. 14-21. Order to the Commanding General of the Central Army to not accept into the force the enlistment of individuals who are foreigners. p. 22-23. The Governor of San Luis Potosi complies with the provisions of the news circular of 28 April, related to the defense of the plaza against the American invaders. p. 24-27. The Governor of Durango reports on the military movements of the invaders. p. 28-30 Orders to Francisco Verduzco, Governor of Querétaro, to bring the artillery and infantry companies from San Luis to the capital and defend it from invaders. p. 31-34. The Governor of Aguascalientes says that in view of the small population of the state, it seems they have delivered a disproportionate amount of damage to the enemy in the war against the Americans. p. 35-36. Speeches addressed to the people by the San Luis Potosi government and the state legislature, during the battles of the 8th and 9th of May against the invaders. p. 37-41. The Governor of Tabasco, coordinates the defense of the state before the U.S. invasion. p. 42-43 Geronimo Cardenas, Governor of Chiapas, reports that at the port of Palisade there is an American ship whose forces are collecting weapons from transients. p. 44-46 Overview of the political status of the Republic and of the last events of the war with the United States. p. 47-51 Mexican ports occupied. Protest from Mexico regarding the tariffs enacted by the U.S. government. p. 52-61 District Governor's order that within 24 hours all natural born Americans need to leave the capital and go to Morelia and Jalisco. p. 62-85 The Governor of Durango reports that General Vincent Filisola took income from tobacco to pay war expenses. p. 86-101. The District Governor releases a statement on the measures taken for the defense of the capital before the approach of the American invaders. p. 102-109. Acts of Congress from San Luis Potosi the legislature addresses issues related to the war with the American invaders. p. 110-115. The Governor of Chiapas wants to work with Tabasco to come up with the the best way to help the Federal Army fight against the Americans. p. 116-117 Authorization from the General Gabriel Valencia Chief of the Northern Army to order the publication of a decree declaring that direct contributions made during the war with the Americans belong to the income of the federation. p. 118-127 Ignacio de Mora y Villamil Commander of the Northern Army, asks Z. Taylor, U.S. Army General to respond to if he would like to make war under the rules of combat and international law or like wild savages. p. 128-139 Order from the Minister of Finance to assist the American army deserters who passed through the ranks. p. 140 to 141 The Mayor of Tlaxcala asks for instructions regarding the people attached to the invading troops. p. 142-144 The Governor of Tabasco, participates in the plans for defending against the invading troops. p. 145-154. Recognition of the independence of Texas. Reports, incidents and several accounts on the government of the United States of America. The Governor of Oaxaca, reports that U.S. forces are tyring to invade the capital of Oaxaca through the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and requests the appointment of General Antonio de León to be military commander of the territory. p. 155-159. Proclamation by the President of the Republic of Honduras, Juan Lindo and Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Carlos Gutierrez protesting the U.S. invasion of 1847 and offering help. p. 160-182. Complaint against General Jose Urrea operating in the State of Tamaulipas. p. 183-200. Winfield Scott commanding general of the invading forces, proposing establishing a committee to work out the exchange of prisoners of war. p. 202-227. Opinion of the Congressional Commission on the Peace Treaty between Mexico and the United States. p. 228-238. Francisco Ortiz de Zárate, Governor of Oaxaca announces that the news was false concerning the invasion of Tehuantepec by 500 Americans. p. 239-244. The Mayor of Tlaxcala reports that at least a thousand invaders have reached Nopalucan and are making movements in that region. p. 245-288. Francisco Verduzco, Governor of Querétaro proclaims outrage and disappointment that northern troops have gone beyond the borders of Mexico leaving the interior states at the mercy of the invaders. p. 289-291. Orders from the Governor of the State of Puebla, prohibiting trade in the areas occupied by the enemy. p. 292-300. Inquiry into the actions and fate of the schooner "Fraternity", which has seen action against U.S. forces in the war. p. 301-313

The WWF-SA and the Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials (RSB) were collectively undertaking a project to support the development of sustainable aviation biofuels in South Africa and the sub-Saharan Africa region. This initiative takes place in the wake of the aviation industry's increasing interest in the use of biofuels as an alternative fuel. WWF-SA commissioned IIASA to conduct a spatially detailed resource assessment for different biofuel feedstocks and develop a set of scenarios up to 2050 to assess biofuel feedstock potentials for sub-Saharan Africa, subject to defined sustainability criteria. The IIASA/FAO Global Agro-Ecological Zones (GAEZ) modelling system was applied for the estimation of the production potential of bio-energy feedstocks across Sub-Saharan Africa. Additional feedstocks of particular interest for aviation biofuels including a variety of solaris (tobacco), triticale and camelina were integrated into the GAEZ assessment. GAEZ together with IIASA's World Food System (WFS) are the main components of the ecological-economic modelling framework that connects biophysical and socio-economic processes on a global scale. It was used to analyze two development scenarios to estimate the sustainable biofuel potentials that are compatible with long-term food security and environmental integrity. The study applies a set of defined sustainability criteria, developed by the RSB and considered best-in-class. They include land use and conservation (no deforestation, preserve protected areas and areas of high environmental value), food security (retain adequate land for food production), greenhouse gas emission savings (minimum of 60% savings compared to fossil fuels when using a 20-year accounting period), and water security (only rain-fed biofuel production considered). Results of the study regarding the availability and productivity of land reserves in sub-Saharan Africa indicate for 2010 the existence of some 1.9 million km2 grass- and shrubland. These areas (termed REMAIN land) are in excess of land that is needed to achieve food security, land that is legally protected or land that should be set aside for nature conservation and environmental protection, including forest land, key biodiversity areas and wetlands. However, exploitation of these land resources, requiring land conversion from natural shrub land and grasslands to cropland followed by intensive feedstock cultivation practices, will result in substantial initial carbon debts due to the removal of the existing vegetation and the partial loss of soil carbon. Following the strict sustainability greenhouse gas saving criteria set by the RSB implies that almost exclusively perennial biofuel feedstocks, requiring less frequent and less intensive cultivation of soils, can meet those criteria when conversion of natural grassland or shrub land is involved. Consequently, only land that meets the specific ecological growth requirements of perennials can be considered, which restricts the choice of suitable rain-fed areas to mainly the sub-humid and humid climate zones. Considering all 11 biofuel feedstocks evaluated in this study and selection of the best feedstock in energy terms when multiple feedstock production is agronomically viable, 0.8 million km2 are agro-ecologically very suitable (prime land) or suitable (good land) for biofuel feedstock production. The technical biofuel potential of these areas amount to 7.1 thousand PJ of biofuels (lower heating value equivalent). The majority of this biofuel 'umbrella' stems from miscanthus (52%), followed by oil-palm (18%), and sugarcane (13%). In the future, the estimated biofuel potentials of the available REMAIN land will likely be significantly reduced. Depending on scenario, by 2050, a reduction in the order of 20% is due to land conversion for food production needed in response to future demographic changes and improved diets due to the expected economic development process and income growth in sub-Saharan Africa. The land suitability and yield impacts of climate change will further reduce potential biofuel production by about 10-15%, especially when the potential is based only on perennial crops as a consequence of imposing a strict GHG criterion for soil carbon recuperation. The estimated biofuel potential on prime and good land compliant with the RSB sustainability criteria in 2050 amounts to 3.0– 4.0 thousand PJ. For biofuel production to be viable, a minimum cumulative concentration of biomass raw materials must be available around a biofuel production plant. In this context, achievable cumulative energy production potentials were calculated for each grid-cell assuming a collection radius of 50 km, 100 km and 200 km. Considering cumulative feedstock potentials (in TJ of biofuel) from REMAIN land for vegetable oil producing feedstocks complying with the 60% saving GHG criterion, oil palm and jatropha emerge as the defining feedstocks. Bright spots of cumulative biofuel potentials of over 3000 TJ occur in several locations in tropical SSA, notably in the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Gulf of Guinea region. A similar spatial pattern emerges when considering sugar/starch based biofuel feedstock production. The dominant feedstock is, by far, miscanthus requiring second-generation biofuel production technologies. Large-scale industrial production for these second-generation conversion pathways that convert the cellulose from the miscanthus grass to biofuels is not yet commercially viable. There are extensive research and demonstration projects, yet the speed and scale of future deployment is uncertain. If second-generation conversion pathways become economically compatible, crop residues could be considered as biofuel feedstocks. Allowing 2 tons of crop residues per hectare to remain on the field as cover to reduce soil loss risks and to maintain soil fertility, results for sub-Saharan Africa's cropland in 2010 indicate a usable crop residue potential of 75.7 million tons from cereals, 11.8 million tons from oil crops and 9.6 million tons from sugarcane (in dry weight). Unlike REMAIN land, which will be decreasing towards the 2050's, cultivated land and associated crop residues will be increasing. The transition to a low-carbon economy with biomass as one of its energy sources will intensify the energy-agriculture linkage and add a new dimension to agricultural systems, heighten resource competition in the food system, and may provide new opportunities for rural communities. The study reveals that increasing biofuel feedstock production in Sub-Saharan Africa, while at the same time meeting food demand targets and strictly following sustainability principles, faces a high degree of complexity. The study highlights that attaining the sustainability goals and avoid unintended consequences of increased biofuel use requires next to sustainability criteria, an analysis of future development pathways.

The WWF-SA and the Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials (RSB) were collectively undertaking a project to support the development of sustainable aviation biofuels in South Africa and the sub-Saharan Africa region. This initiative takes place in the wake of the aviation industry's increasing interest in the use of biofuels as an alternative fuel. WWF-SA commissioned IIASA to conduct a spatially detailed resource assessment for different biofuel feedstocks and develop a set of scenarios up to 2050 to assess biofuel feedstock potentials for sub-Saharan Africa, subject to defined sustainability criteria. The IIASA/FAO Global Agro-Ecological Zones (GAEZ) modelling system was applied for the estimation of the production potential of bio-energy feedstocks across Sub-Saharan Africa. Additional feedstocks of particular interest for aviation biofuels including a variety of solaris (tobacco), triticale and camelina were integrated into the GAEZ assessment. GAEZ together with IIASA's World Food System (WFS) are the main components of the ecological-economic modelling framework that connects biophysical and socio-economic processes on a global scale. It was used to analyze two development scenarios to estimate the sustainable biofuel potentials that are compatible with long-term food security and environmental integrity. The study applies a set of defined sustainability criteria, developed by the RSB and considered best-in-class. They include land use and conservation (no deforestation, preserve protected areas and areas of high environmental value), food security (retain adequate land for food production), greenhouse gas emission savings (minimum of 60% savings compared to fossil fuels when using a 20-year accounting period), and water security (only rain-fed biofuel production considered). Results of the study regarding the availability and productivity of land reserves in sub-Saharan Africa indicate for 2010 the existence of some 1.9 million km2 grass- and shrubland. These areas (termed REMAIN land) are in excess of land that is needed to achieve food security, land that is legally protected or land that should be set aside for nature conservation and environmental protection, including forest land, key biodiversity areas and wetlands. However, exploitation of these land resources, requiring land conversion from natural shrub land and grasslands to cropland followed by intensive feedstock cultivation practices, will result in substantial initial carbon debts due to the removal of the existing vegetation and the partial loss of soil carbon. Following the strict sustainability greenhouse gas saving criteria set by the RSB implies that almost exclusively perennial biofuel feedstocks, requiring less frequent and less intensive cultivation of soils, can meet those criteria when conversion of natural grassland or shrub land is involved. Consequently, only land that meets the specific ecological growth requirements of perennials can be considered, which restricts the choice of suitable rain-fed areas to mainly the sub-humid and humid climate zones. Considering all 11 biofuel feedstocks evaluated in this study and selection of the best feedstock in energy terms when multiple feedstock production is agronomically viable, 0.8 million km2 are agro-ecologically very suitable (prime land) or suitable (good land) for biofuel feedstock production. The technical biofuel potential of these areas amount to 7.1 thousand PJ of biofuels (lower heating value equivalent). The majority of this biofuel 'umbrella' stems from miscanthus (52%), followed by oil-palm (18%), and sugarcane (13%). In the future, the estimated biofuel potentials of the available REMAIN land will likely be significantly reduced. Depending on scenario, by 2050, a reduction in the order of 20% is due to land conversion for food production needed in response to future demographic changes and improved diets due to the expected economic development process and income growth in sub-Saharan Africa. The land suitability and yield impacts of climate change will further reduce potential biofuel production by about 10-15%, especially when the potential is based only on perennial crops as a consequence of imposing a strict GHG criterion for soil carbon recuperation. The estimated biofuel potential on prime and good land compliant with the RSB sustainability criteria in 2050 amounts to 3.0– 4.0 thousand PJ. For biofuel production to be viable, a minimum cumulative concentration of biomass raw materials must be available around a biofuel production plant. In this context, achievable cumulative energy production potentials were calculated for each grid-cell assuming a collection radius of 50 km, 100 km and 200 km. Considering cumulative feedstock potentials (in TJ of biofuel) from REMAIN land for vegetable oil producing feedstocks complying with the 60% saving GHG criterion, oil palm and jatropha emerge as the defining feedstocks. Bright spots of cumulative biofuel potentials of over 3000 TJ occur in several locations in tropical SSA, notably in the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Gulf of Guinea region. A similar spatial pattern emerges when considering sugar/starch based biofuel feedstock production. The dominant feedstock is, by far, miscanthus requiring second-generation biofuel production technologies. Large-scale industrial production for these second-generation conversion pathways that convert the cellulose from the miscanthus grass to biofuels is not yet commercially viable. There are extensive research and demonstration projects, yet the speed and scale of future deployment is uncertain. If second-generation conversion pathways become economically compatible, crop residues could be considered as biofuel feedstocks. Allowing 2 tons of crop residues per hectare to remain on the field as cover to reduce soil loss risks and to maintain soil fertility, results for sub-Saharan Africa's cropland in 2010 indicate a usable crop residue potential of 75.7 million tons from cereals, 11.8 million tons from oil crops and 9.6 million tons from sugarcane (in dry weight). Unlike REMAIN land, which will be decreasing towards the 2050's, cultivated land and associated crop residues will be increasing. The transition to a low-carbon economy with biomass as one of its energy sources will intensify the energy-agriculture linkage and add a new dimension to agricultural systems, heighten resource competition in the food system, and may provide new opportunities for rural communities. The study reveals that increasing biofuel feedstock production in Sub-Saharan Africa, while at the same time meeting food demand targets and strictly following sustainability principles, faces a high degree of complexity. The study highlights that attaining the sustainability goals and avoid unintended consequences of increased biofuel use requires next to sustainability criteria, an analysis of future development pathways.