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Традиция «Красного» креста памятников объединила ярких деятелей культуры Франции, Швейцарии, России. Ш. Норман (1889) впервые предложил заключение международного договора по сохранению памятников во время военных действий. Рефлексией на разрушения памятников архитектуры во время Первой мировой войны и неэффективность Гаагских конвенций (1899, 1907) стали предложения, сформулированные Фердинандом Веттером в проекте «Золотого креста памятников». Идея «Красного креста культуры» Н. К. Рериха воплотилась в заключении странами Панамериканского союза первого международного Договора об охране художественных и научных учреждений и исторических памятников (Пакт Рериха, 1935). В 1938 г., проанализировав все высказанные идеи, Лига Наций разрабатывает проект Международной конвенции о защите исторических памятников и произведений искусства в период военных действий, ставший основой для Гаагской конвенции о защите культурных ценностей в случае вооруженного конфликта, принятой ЮНЕСКО в 1954 г. Истоки этой идеи и варианты воплощения появляются в последней четверти XIX в. ; The tradition of the «Red cross» of monuments united bright cultural figures of France, Switzerland, Russia. Charles Normand (1889) for the first time proposed the conclusion of the international treaty on preservation of monuments during a war. The proposals formulated by Ferdinand Vetter in the project «Golden Cross monuments» (1915) became the result of the destruction of monuments of architecture during the First World War and the ineffectiveness of the Hague Conventions (1899, 1907). The idea «The Red cross of culture» of Nikolas Roerich was embodied in the conclusion written by the countries of the Pan-American Union of the first international treaty on the Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institutions and Historical Monuments (Roerich Pact, 1935). In 1938 after analyzing all these ideas the League of Nations elaborated a draft of the international convention on the protection of historical monuments and works of art during the military operations, which became the basis of the Hague Convention on the Protection of Cultural values in case of armed conflict adopted by UNESCO in 1954. The origins of this idea appeared in the last quarter of the XIX century.

En los últimos años una cantidad cada vez mayor de empresas brasileñas pasó a actuar en el exterior. Varios factores contribuyeron a esto, destacando el nuevo posicionamiento del gobierno nacional, que pasó a incentivar directamente a tales empresas a través del Banco Nacional de Desarrollo Económico y Social (BNDES). Este texto tiene como objetivo proporcionar una visión de largo plazo para entender cómo se formaron y actuaron estos grupos desde 1970 hasta 2013. Para comprender mejor el comienzo de la internacionalización de las empresas brasileñas y su actuación al inicio del siglo XXI, se buscará responder algunas preguntas, tales como: ¿Cuáles son las ventajas específicas del Brasil para formar multinacionales? ¿Cuáles son las ventajas específicas desarrolladas por las empresas para volverse competitivas en el mercado internacional? Como conclusión preliminar, se puede afirmar que la combinación de las ventajas específicas del país con las desarrolladas por las empresas confiere a estas capacidades y competitividad en el escenario internacional. ; In recent years, an increasing number of Brazilian companies have begun to operate abroad. Several factors contributed to this – most importantly, a new approach adopted by the Brazilian government that directly promotes international expansion through the National Bank for Economic and Social Development (BNDES). The purpose of this paper is to provide a long-term perspective on how these economic groups were created, as well as their activities from 1970 to 2013. In order to understand the internationalization of Brazilian companies and their operations during the early 21st century, this article seeks to answer questions such as: what advantages does Brazil have for the creation of multinational companies? What advantages were developed by the companies themselves that make them competitive on the international market? A preliminary conclusion derived from this analysis is that it was the combination of the advantages provided by Brazil and those developed by the companies themselves that led to these capacities and competitiveness on the international level.

In recent years, an increasing number of Brazilian companies have begun to operate abroad. Several factors contributed to this – most importantly, a new approach adopted by the Brazilian government that directly promotes international expansion through the National Bank for Economic and Social Development (BNDES). The purpose of this paper is to provide a long-term perspective on how these economic groups were created, as well as their activities from 1970 to 2013. In order to understand the internationalization of Brazilian companies and their operations during the early 21st century, this article seeks to answer questions such as: what advantages does Brazil have for the creation of multinational companies? What advantages were developed by the companies themselves that make them competitive on the international market? A preliminary conclusion derived from this analysis is that it was the combination of the advantages provided by Brazil and those developed by the companies themselves that led to these capacities and competitiveness on the international level. ; En los últimos años una cantidad cada vez mayor de empresas brasileñas pasó a actuar en el exterior. Varios factores contribuyeron a esto, destacando el nuevo posicionamiento del gobierno nacional, que pasó a incentivar directamente a tales empresas a través del Banco Nacional de Desarrollo Económico y Social (BNDES). Este texto tiene como objetivo proporcionar una visión de largo plazo para entender cómo se formaron y actuaron estos grupos desde 1970 hasta 2013. Para comprender mejor el comienzo de la internacionalización de las empresas brasileñas y su actuación al inicio del siglo XXI, se buscará responder algunas preguntas, tales como: ¿Cuáles son las ventajas específicas del Brasil para formar multinacionales? ¿Cuáles son las ventajas específicas desarrolladas por las empresas para volverse competitivas en el mercado internacional? Como conclusión preliminar, se puede afirmar que la combinación de las ventajas específicas del país con las desarrolladas por las empresas confiere a estas capacidades y competitividad en el escenario internacional.

Ist das Teilen eines Fotos auf Facebook oder das Uploaden von Musik in WhatsApp strafbar oder hat jeder Nutzer ein unabdingbares Recht auf private Vervielfältigung? Musik, Filme und andere Dateien sind nur einen Mausklick entfernt und das Angebot (im Internet), legal wie illegal, boomt. Einerseits hat sich der Begriff "geistiges Eigentum" im Laufe der Zeit ebenso gewandelt wie die Methoden der Eingriffe in das Urheberrecht, und andererseits ist die Überlegung, was "Diebstahl" im heutigen Sinn bedeutet, zu einer der Kernfragen der juristischen Diskussion geworden, weil die Rechtsordnung nicht in erster Linie auf den Schutz von immateriellen Gütern ausgerichtet ist. Umso wichtiger ist es daher, für den Gesetzgeber Bewusstsein zu schaffen, dass auch kreative Leistungen "Eigentum geistiger Natur" sind und einen Wert haben. Dies soll zum Teil durch Kriminalisierung von Urheberstraftätern auf nationaler sowie auf internationaler Ebene auch durch Rechtsvereinheitlichung erreicht werden. Im völkerrechtlich geplanten, aber aufgrund weitreichender Proteste nicht umgesetzten, ACTA-Abkommen waren ? zB durch die Umwandlung der Privatanklagedelikte im Urheberstrafrecht in Offizialdelikte ? Kriminalisierungstendenzen erkennbar. In Österreich werden qualifizierte Urheberstraftäter beispielsweise im Nachtatverhalten durch die Möglichkeit der Eigengeldwäsche kriminalisiert. ; Is photo sharing on Facebook or music uploading on Whatsapp a criminal infringement or is there an inalienable private copyright for user? Music, movies and several other files are only a mouse click away and legal as well as illegal offers (on the internet) are booming. On the one hand the term ?intellectual property? has recently changed just as the methods of violation of intellectual property rights and on the other hand the consideration what ?theft? in this case means is one of the most basic juridical discussions. This is because the legal system isn?t primarly orientated to protect intangible property rights. Therefore it?s essential for the legislator to make people aware of the fact that creative work is as valuable as any other kind of property. One way of achieving this goal is that there are national and international trends to criminalize violations of intellectual property. The under international law planned so called ACTA-treaty (short for anti counterfeiting trade agreement), which has not been implemented due to several protests, contented for example the change of offences in copyright law to criminal offence subject to public prosecution. There are also trends of criminalization for qualified violations of intellectual property in Austria, for instance the behavior after the infringement through the option of self-money laundering is criminalized. ; vorgelegt von Birgit Gabriele Kaiser ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2014 ; (VLID)240513

BACKGROUND: The global response to HIV suggests the potential of an emergent global right to health norm, embracing shared global responsibility for health, to assist policy communities in framing the obligations of the domestic state and the international community. Our research explores the extent to which this global right to health norm has influenced the global policy process around maternal health rights, with a focus on universal access to emergency obstetric care. METHODS: In examining the extent to which arguments stemming from a global right to health norm have been successful in advancing international policy on universal access to emergency obstetric care, we looked at the period from 1985 to 2013 period. We adopted a qualitative case study approach applying a process-tracing methodology using multiple data sources, including an extensive literature review and limited key informant interviews to analyse the international policy agenda setting process surrounding maternal health rights, focusing on emergency obstetric care. We applied John Kingdon's public policy agenda setting streams model to analyse our data. RESULTS: Kingdon's model suggests that to succeed as a mobilising norm, the right to health could work if it can help bring the problem, policy and political streams together, as it did with access to AIDS treatment. Our analysis suggests that despite a normative grounding in the right to health, prioritisation of the specific maternal health entitlements remains fragmented. CONCLUSIONS: Despite United Nations recognition of maternal mortality as a human rights issue, the relevant policy communities have not yet managed to shift the policy agenda to prioritise the global right to health norm of shared responsibility for realising access to emergency obstetric care. The experience of HIV advocates in pushing for global solutions based on right to health principles, including participation, solidarity and accountability; suggest potential avenues for utilising right to health based arguments to push for policy priority for universal access to emergency obstetric care in the post-2015 global agenda.

В статье проанализированы внешние и внутренние факторы рыночной среды, которые влияют на формирование трудового потенциала предприятия. Предложено существующие классификационные признаки дополнить следующими: международные, политико-правовые и природно-климатические факторы. Доказано, что в результате сбалансированной реакции на международный уровень влияния факторов формирования трудового потенциала можно резко ускорить развитие трудового потенциала за счет реализации программ международного образования, регулирования миграции законодательным путем, активного участия в различных межгосударственных проектах и т. д. Влияние политико-правовых факторов формирования трудового потенциала проявляется в межгосударственных соглашениях по регулированию трудовой миграции, в применении системы единых отраслевых тарифно-квалификационных справочников, в создании системы лицензирования для отдельных видов деятельности. Природно-климатические условия оказывают существенное влияние на уровень трудового потенциала. Это влияние проявляется: в наличии различий продолжительности жизни, уровня заболеваемости, продолжительности трудовой жизни и т. п. для различных природно-климатических зон. В статье приведенные факторы формирования трудового потенциала также классифицированы по отношению к предприятию на экзогенные и эндогенные группы. ; The article analyses external and internal factors of the market environment, which influence formation of the enterprise labour potential. It offers supplement the existing classification properties with the following ones: international, political-legal and natural-climate factors. It shows that, in the result of the balanced reaction on the international level of influence of factors of formation of labour potential, it is possible to sharply accelerate development of the labour potential by means of realisation of programmes of international education, legal regulation of migration, active participation in various inter-state projects, etc. Influence of political-legal factors of formation of the labour potential shows up in inter-state agreements on labour migration regulation, in application of the system of uniform branch tariff-qualification reference books and in establishment of the system of licensing individual types of activity. Natural-climate conditions exert significant influence upon the level of labour potential. This influence shows up: in different life expectancies, sickness rate, labour life duration, etc. for various natural-climate zones. The article classifies the factors of labour potential with respect to the enterprise also both by exogenous and endogenous groups.

En los últimos años una cantidad cada vez mayor de empresas brasileñas pasó a actuar en el exterior. Varios factores contribuyeron a esto, destacando el nuevo posicionamiento del gobierno nacional, que pasó a incentivar directamente a tales empresas a través del Banco Nacional de Desarrollo Económico y Social (BNDES). Este texto tiene como objetivo proporcionar una visión de largo plazo para entender cómo se formaron y actuaron estos grupos desde 1970 hasta 2013. Para comprender mejor el comienzo de la internacionalización de las empresas brasileñas y su actuación al inicio del siglo XXI, se buscará responder algunas preguntas, tales como: ¿Cuáles son las ventajas específicas del Brasil para formar multinacionales? ¿Cuáles son las ventajas específicas desarrolladas por las empresas para volverse competitivas en el mercado internacional? Como conclusión preliminar, se puede afirmar que la combinación de las ventajas específicas del país con las desarrolladas por las empresas confiere a estas capacidades y competitividad en el escenario internacional. ; In recent years, an increasing number of Brazilian companies have begun to operate abroad. Several factors contributed to this – most importantly, a new approach adopted by the Brazilian government that directly promotes international expansion through the National Bank for Economic and Social Development (BNDES). The purpose of this paper is to provide a long-term perspective on how these economic groups were created, as well as their activities from 1970 to 2013. In order to understand the internationalization of Brazilian companies and their operations during the early 21st century, this article seeks to answer questions such as: what advantages does Brazil have for the creation of multinational companies? What advantages were developed by the companies themselves that make them competitive on the international market? A preliminary conclusion derived from this analysis is that it was the combination of the advantages provided by Brazil and those developed by the companies themselves that led to these capacities and competitiveness on the international level.

Abstract Background The global response to HIV suggests the potential of an emergent global right to health norm, embracing shared global responsibility for health, to assist policy communities in framing the obligations of the domestic state and the international community. Our research explores the extent to which this global right to health norm has influenced the global policy process around maternal health rights, with a focus on universal access to emergency obstetric care. Methods In examining the extent to which arguments stemming from a global right to health norm have been successful in advancing international policy on universal access to emergency obstetric care, we looked at the period from 1985 to 2013 period. We adopted a qualitative case study approach applying a process-tracing methodology using multiple data sources, including an extensive literature review and limited key informant interviews to analyse the international policy agenda setting process surrounding maternal health rights, focusing on emergency obstetric care. We applied John Kingdon's public policy agenda setting streams model to analyse our data. Results Kingdon's model suggests that to succeed as a mobilising norm, the right to health could work if it can help bring the problem, policy and political streams together, as it did with access to AIDS treatment. Our analysis suggests that despite a normative grounding in the right to health, prioritisation of the specific maternal health entitlements remains fragmented. Conclusions Despite United Nations recognition of maternal mortality as a human rights issue, the relevant policy communities have not yet managed to shift the policy agenda to prioritise the global right to health norm of shared responsibility for realising access to emergency obstetric care. The experience of HIV advocates in pushing for global solutions based on right to health principles, including participation, solidarity and accountability; suggest potential avenues for utilising right to health based arguments to push for policy priority for universal access to emergency obstetric care in the post-2015 global agenda.

In terms of defense and security, South America is a region that faces a complex strategic situation which offers risks and opportunities, and because of that requires a clear framework to be understood. In an international level the development of security strategies has become more important as they are one of the main tools for countries to guide their decision making process in the field. In this regard, the purpose of this paper is in one hand analyze the main elements of the National Security Strategy of Spain (2013), and in the other hand, study the state of affairs of several Latin American countries. These in order to assist in the development of security strategies in a region that seeks to position itself as a relevant international actor. ; Respecto a la seguridad y defensa, Sudamérica es una región que enfrenta una situación estratégica compleja, que ofrece riesgos y oportunidades, y por esa razón requiere un marco de referencia claro para ser comprendido. A nivel internacional, la redacción de estrategias de seguridad ha cobrado mayor importancia, pues son una de las principales herramientas que tienen los países para orientar su toma de decisiones dentro de este ámbito. Según lo anterior, el objetivo de este artículo es analizar los principales puntos de la Estrategia de Seguridad Nacional de España (2013), en comparación con la realidad de una serie de países latinos, para así contribuir al desarrollo de estos documentos en una región que busca posicionarse como un actor internacional relevante. ; En matière de sécurité et de défense, l'Amérique du Sud est une région qui fait fasse à une situation complexe, parce qu'elle doit affronter parallèlement à des risques et d'opportunités, raison par laquelle on est en présence d'une région qui a besoin d'une définition d'une stratégie de sécurité. Dans le contexte international, cette définition a une prédominance parce qu'il s'agit d'un des principaux éléments qui ont les États pour orienter leurs politiques dans ce domaine. À ce sujet, l'objcetif de ...

В современной обстановке роста международной напряженности, вызванной изменениями в геополитике, а также событиями, происходящими на Ближнем Востоке, в которые втягивается и Россия, особенно остро встает вопрос отношения к военнопленным в условиях взаимодействия с мировыми дипломатическими союзами. Это, в свою очередь, обусловливает актуальность исследования темы в год столетия начала Первой мировой войны, которая затронула все слои российского общества, а также стала мощным катализатором политических процессов, изменила судьбы миллионов людей. Условия, в которых оказались многие страны, в том числе и Россия, в исследуемый период способствовали не только выработке новых международных правовых актов, но и решения важнейших правовых, экономических и социально-бытовых проблем, касающихся военнопленных. Основываясь на установленных нормах международного и российского права, автор рассматривает вопрос их соблюдения на региональном уровне в условиях военного времени. Решение проблем размещения, питания, охраны, нормы содержания австро-венгерских военнопленных на территории Восточной Сибири стояли достаточно остро, что в полной мере раскрыто в данной статье. ; The increasing tension of current international situation, caused by geopolitical changes and the Middle East crisis affecting Russia brings up the issue of prisoners-of-war confinement in the world diplomatic unions interaction environment. This, in turn, determines the significance of the research topic in the run-up to the centennial of the beginning of World War I, which affected all layers of Russian society, and became a powerful catalyst for political processes, changing the lives of millions of people. Conditions faced by many countries including Russia during World War I did not only contributed to the development of new international legal instruments, but also addressed the critical legal, economic and social issues related to prisoners of war. Taking into consideration the established norms of international and Russian law, this article examines their implementation at the regional level in the context of war. The issues of accommodation, meals, safety, conditions of confinement of the Austro-Hungarian prisoners of war on the territory of Eastern Siberia were severe enough, which is fully revealed by the author in this article.

In recent years, an increasing number of Brazilian companies have begun to operate abroad. Several factors contributed to this – most importantly, a new approach adopted by the Brazilian government that directly promotes international expansion through the National Bank for Economic and Social Development (BNDES). The purpose of this paper is to provide a long-term perspective on how these economic groups were created, as well as their activities from 1970 to 2013. In order to understand the internationalization of Brazilian companies and their operations during the early 21st century, this article seeks to answer questions such as: what advantages does Brazil have for the creation of multinational companies? What advantages were developed by the companies themselves that make them competitive on the international market? A preliminary conclusion derived from this analysis is that it was the combination of the advantages provided by Brazil and those developed by the companies themselves that led to these capacities and competitiveness on the international level. ; En los últimos años una cantidad cada vez mayor de empresas brasileñas pasó a actuar en el exterior. Varios factores contribuyeron a esto, destacando el nuevo posicionamiento del gobierno nacional, que pasó a incentivar directamente a tales empresas a través del Banco Nacional de Desarrollo Económico y Social (BNDES). Este texto tiene como objetivo proporcionar una visión de largo plazo para entender cómo se formaron y actuaron estos grupos desde 1970 hasta 2013. Para comprender mejor el comienzo de la internacionalización de las empresas brasileñas y su actuación al inicio del siglo XXI, se buscará responder algunas preguntas, tales como: ¿Cuáles son las ventajas específicas del Brasil para formar multinacionales? ¿Cuáles son las ventajas específicas desarrolladas por las empresas para volverse competitivas en el mercado internacional? Como conclusión preliminar, se puede afirmar que la combinación de las ventajas específicas del país con las desarrolladas por las empresas confiere a estas capacidades y competitividad en el escenario internacional.

Communication to the International Colloquium of Aix-en-Provence, 2011 The study of symbols at work in Piazza d'Italia and Il piccolo Naviglio shows that the mineral element represents the inertia of history, which is proud of the popular elans. Clearly, the monument of Piazza d'Italia, which is immutable despite Italy's political transformation, shows a stagnation that betrays Risorgimento's hopes, embodied by Plinio and its descendants. In Il piccolo Naviglio, the fall of Leonida shows that the severity of the bodies is essential when ideals are captured. Here we note the importance of the double narrative of the event: is the Folie of Leonida following its fall or is it the reason for it first? Is utopia the result of dissilsions of history or does it precede the principle of reality? The victory of stone on the fly is, depending on the case, pathetic or tragic. The Risorgimento is here designated within its limits, through the disabled characters who have believed in it (the boitus; the demantibulous fou). It is also the emblem of the historical dream, which, according to how it is told, belongs to the dimension of the failure or the long-awaited hope of a future flight. ; International audience ; Communication to the International Colloquium of Aix-en-Provence, 2011 The study of symbols at work in Piazza d'Italia and Il piccolo Naviglio shows that the mineral element represents the inertia of history, which is proud of the popular elans. Clearly, the monument of Piazza d'Italia, which is immutable despite Italy's political transformation, shows a stagnation that betrays Risorgimento's hopes, embodied by Plinio and its descendants. In Il piccolo Naviglio, the fall of Leonida shows that the severity of the bodies is essential when ideals are captured. Here we note the importance of the double narrative of the event: is the Folie of Leonida following its fall or is it the reason for it first? Is utopia the result of dissilsions of history or does it precede the principle of reality? The victory of stone on the ...

People are moving due to various push and pull factors. Phenomenon of a new threat to human security is environmental migration. Environmental disasters were recognized as a root cause for forced displacement. As there is no legally binding definition established members of environmental migration are usually referred as "environmental refugees" or "environmental migrants". Main difference between two terms is that people who migrate have an option of action – to leave home or not and refugees are forced to move. 1951 Refugee Convention defines refugee as "any person who owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of the country". According to definition it seems that Convention does include neither specific legal status nor protection provided to persons, who flee because of long-term or short-term environmental disasters. Nevertheless, depending on the origin of environmental hazard, environmentally displaced person can sometimes qualify for refugee's status. In 1993 UNHCR has declared that destruction of habitat could qualify as a form of persecution if legal authorities are responsible for intentional action or wilful negligence without helping displaced persons (e.g. cyclone Nargis case in Myanmar). In case when refugee status would not be granted, depending on circumstances EDP can qualify for other statuses of legal protection, e.g. humanitarian status, IDP status (e.g. Carteret islands case), even stateless person's status or status under complimentary protection. Subsidiary or temporary protection can be granted in cases when person does not qualify for refugee status, but still needs international protection. Raised hypothesis that there is no specific legal status and protection provided to persons, who flee environmental disasters is partially confirmed. There is no specific legal status for EDPs in international law system, but there can be protection granted on the grounds of 1951 Refugee Convention, in other cases – complimentary protection, humanitarian asylum. However, international system needs improvement.

People are moving due to various push and pull factors. Phenomenon of a new threat to human security is environmental migration. Environmental disasters were recognized as a root cause for forced displacement. As there is no legally binding definition established members of environmental migration are usually referred as "environmental refugees" or "environmental migrants". Main difference between two terms is that people who migrate have an option of action – to leave home or not and refugees are forced to move. 1951 Refugee Convention defines refugee as "any person who owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of the country". According to definition it seems that Convention does include neither specific legal status nor protection provided to persons, who flee because of long-term or short-term environmental disasters. Nevertheless, depending on the origin of environmental hazard, environmentally displaced person can sometimes qualify for refugee's status. In 1993 UNHCR has declared that destruction of habitat could qualify as a form of persecution if legal authorities are responsible for intentional action or wilful negligence without helping displaced persons (e.g. cyclone Nargis case in Myanmar). In case when refugee status would not be granted, depending on circumstances EDP can qualify for other statuses of legal protection, e.g. humanitarian status, IDP status (e.g. Carteret islands case), even stateless person's status or status under complimentary protection. Subsidiary or temporary protection can be granted in cases when person does not qualify for refugee status, but still needs international protection. Raised hypothesis that there is no specific legal status and protection provided to persons, who flee environmental disasters is partially confirmed. There is no specific legal status for EDPs in international law system, but there can be protection granted on the grounds of 1951 Refugee Convention, in other cases – complimentary protection, humanitarian asylum. However, international system needs improvement.

International audience ; After several military expeditions failed, international negotiations began in the 1390s to put an end to the Western Schism (1378-1417). During that period of turmoil, Bernard Alaman, bishop of Condom (France, Gers) who had already been noticed for his defence of Urban VI in 1378, compounded two long treatises dealing with the roots of the scandal and the way to resolve it. His stand, subordinated to that of the French government, was widely shared by the prelates of the kingdom: in November 1393, he propounded the cession of both contenders; in August 1396, he explained to the second assembly of the French clergy the government preference for a way of partial subtraction; in June 1398 he pleaded for a total subtraction of obedience from Benedict XIII. This prelate contrasted with his contemporaries by the way he compounded his treatises if not by his polemic orientations. By writing his compositions, he extended the anti-hierocratic reflexions crystallized at the time of the conflict between Philip the Fair and Boniface VIII : the Papacy was reduced to a symbol of peace in a Church, of which the Christ is the sole chief and the cornerstone of nations. Bernard Alaman, who was close to some reforming themes and joachimite literature, wanted to see in the figure of Charles VI, tormented by madness, the one of the new saviour. Writing his last will, he was keen to distance himself from every prejudicial speech to the ecclesiastical hierarchy he may have made in the past. ; A la faillite de campagnes militaires décousues, ont succédé dans les années 1390 des négociations internationales pour mettre fin au Grand Schisme d'Occident (1378-1417). Dans ce contexte d'effervescence, Bernard Alaman, évêque de Condom déjà remarqué par une intervention en faveur d'Urbain VI en 1378, compose deux longs traités où il expose les racines du scandale et propose des solutions. Sa ligne politique, subordonnée à celle du gouvernement français, rejoint l'opinion majoritaire : en novembre 1393, il promeut la ...