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ABSTRACT*:  Public utilities, public enterprises, privatizations, liberalizations and related topics have been the object of far reaching and intense debate among economists, politicians and practitioners for more than a century. Ideas have frequently changed, and practical solutions chosen to manage public utilities have also undergone significant changes over time. Presently we are witnessing a renewed debate on the relative opportunity of public and private enterprise. In the last twenty years privatization and liberalization have dominated the field. The outcome of this process has produced mixed results. Merits and demerits of privatization, liberalization and regulation are reviewed and discussed in the first part of the paper. The second part of the paper provides an overview of the scientific work of CIRIEC related to issues of public enterprises and services of general interest. It refers primarily to relevant research activities done in the International Scientific Commission 'Public services/Public enterprises'. Over the past two decades CIRIEC contributed some recognized theoretical and empirical studies dealing with the functioning, governance and reform of public enterprises, based on an international perspective. Theoretical arguments and empirical findings put forward in this paper leads to the conclusion, that the often stated dominant position against public enterprises is not at all convincing. In order to arrive at a fair and valid evaluation of public utilities, it is indispensable to look more closely to the particular circumstances of the technological, economic and social environment and the goals of the provision of a concrete service of public interest.

This interview was conducted over the Internet between February and April 2006. Armand Mattelart is Emeritus Professor of Information and Communication Sciences at the University of Paris VIII. From 1962 to 1973 he was Professor of Sociology of Population and Communication at the Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, and United Nations expert in social development. During the Popular Unity period (1970–73), he worked with the Government of President Salvador Allende until the military coup of September 1973, when he was expelled from Chile. Between 1975 and 1982, he taught at the University of Paris VII and Paris VIII, and, between 1983 and 1997, as founding member of the Communications Department at the University of Rennes 2 (Haute-Bretagne). He has carried out numerous research and teaching missions in Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America. His research interests include communication theory and history, media studies and international communication. He has authored and co-authored numerous books, translated into many languages, including: Advertising International: The Privatization of Public Space (1991); Mapping World Communication: War, Progress, Culture (1994), The Invention of Communication (1996), Networking the World 1794–2000 (2000), The Information Society: An Introduction (2003), and, with Michèle Mattelart, Rethinking Media Theory: Signposts and New Directions (1992); The Carnival of Images: Brazilian Television Fiction (1990) and Theories of Communication: A Short Introduction (1998). His most recent book, published in French, is: La Globalisation de la Surveillance: Aux Origines de l'Ordre Sécuritaire (September 2007).

This interview was conducted over the Internet between February and April 2006. Armand Mattelart is Emeritus Professor of Information and Communication Sciences at the University of Paris VIII. From 1962 to 1973 he was Professor of Sociology of Population and Communication at the Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, and United Nations expert in social development. During the Popular Unity period (1970-73), he worked with the Government of President Salvador Allende until the military coup of September 1973, when he was expelled from Chile. Between 1975 and 1982, he taught at the University of Paris VII and Paris VIII, and, between 1983 and 1997, as founding member of the Communications Department at the University of Rennes 2 (Haute-Bretagne). He has carried out numerous research and teaching missions in Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America. His research interests include communication theory and history, media studies and international communication. He has authored and co-authored numerous books, translated into many languages, including: Advertising International: The Privatization of Public Space (1991); Mapping World Communication: War, Progress, culture (1994), The Invention of Communication (1996), Networking the World 1794-2000 (2000), The Information Society: An Introduction (2003), and, with Michele Mattelart, Rethinking Media Theory: Signposts and New Directions (1992); The Carnival of Images: Brazilian Television Fiction (1990) and Theories of communication: A Short Introduction (1998). His most recent book, published in French, is: La Globalisation de la Surveillance: Aux Origines de l'Ordre Securitaire (September 2007). Adapted from the source document.

This paper provides a synthesis of the scholarly literature on education for democratic citizenship (EDC) in the school sector in England since 1995. Following the publication of the Crick Report (QCA, 1998), citizenship education was introduced to secondary schools in 2002 as a statutory subject. Primary schools are also required to show, through inspection, how they are preparing learners for citizenship. The implementation of citizenship as a national curriculum subject in England is taking place during a period of constitutional reform and was the most significant innovation of curriculum 2000. Recent parallel initiatives in EDC are taking place elsewhere in the UK, in Europe and internationally. In both established democracies and newlyestablished democratic states, such as those of Eastern and Central Europe and Latin America, there is a recognition that democracy is essentially fragile and that it depends on the active engagement of citizens, not just in voting, but in developing and participating in sustainable and cohesive communities. The paper examines the role of EDC in responding to these political challenges, setting national policy developments in both European and international contexts and exploring the growing international consensus on human rights as the underpinning principles of EDC. It identifies some key themes within the research, such as diversity and unity; global and cosmopolitan citizenship; children as citizens; democratic schooling; students? understandings of citizenship and democracy; the complementary roles of schools and communities; European citizenship; and the practicalities of implementing EDC at school level. It identifies some gaps in the research literature and concludes by proposing an on-going agenda for research.

The tensions between the administrative reform plans and their impact on effectiveness and legitimation ofthe politico-administrative system have both theoretically and practically been important and interestingquestions in administrative sciences. The aim of this article is firstly to give a comprehensive evaluationsummary of the profile and success or failure of the administrative reforms in the 1990's in Finland. Heavyeconomic depression and changes in international environment with the collapse of Soviet Union andmembership in the European Union caused an active reform wave in the Finnish public administration. Themain target of the reformers was to modernise the structures, steering systems and administrative culture of theadministrative machinery to meet new challenges of administration. The international New Public Management(NPM) doctrine had clear impact on Finnish reform activities. These reforms have been successful in causingmany real changes in Finnish administration. In spite of that, the citizen reactions have been passive and evennegative concerning legitimation of the modernised administration. In this article there are someconsiderations of the reasons and backgrounds of citizen response and trust in the NPM-type administrativereforms. Partly the citizen response seems to be slow and depending more of real changes in every day life thanpolitical reform decisions. Partly it seems to be a "winners' and losers' game" in which the losers' response isloud and even aggressive and winners are mainly passive. In fact the case of Finland shows how much NPMtypereform programme can be described as a structural and cultural renovation of systems which can createmore efficiency and service-orientation in the administration, but these impacts are instrumental, indirect andtime taking.

Seminar "Developing Russian Archive of Sociological Data: Results and Future Prospects" (December 7, 2001) discussed the outcomes of the project which started in 1999 and was sponsored by the Ford Foundation. The goal of the project was the development of the open database of sociological survey data which could be used for secondary statistical analysis. Annual WCIOM conference "Social and Economic Trends of 2001" took place on December 25, 2001. Among the presenters were leading sociologists, economists, and political scientists from Moscow research institutions. WCIOM also coordinated a research section, entitled "Society, Culture And Mass Communications", during the IX International Symposium "Where Is Russia Going-. Formal Institutions and Real Practices", organized by the Moscow School of Social and Economic Sciences and InterCenter (January 18-19, 2002). ; Seminar "Developing Russian Archive of Sociological Data: Results and Future Prospects" (December 7, 2001) discussed the outcomes of the project which started in 1999 and was sponsored by the Ford Foundation. The goal of the project was the development of the open database of sociological survey data which could be used for secondary statistical analysis. Annual WCIOM conference "Social and Economic Trends of 2001" took place on December 25, 2001. Among the presenters were leading sociologists, economists, and political scientists from Moscow research institutions. WCIOM also coordinated a research section, entitled "Society, Culture And Mass Communications", during the IX International Symposium "Where Is Russia Going-. Formal Institutions and Real Practices", organized by the Moscow School of Social and Economic Sciences and InterCenter (January 18-19, 2002).

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The relevance of the research. European integration is the main and unchanging foreign policy priority of Ukraine. Further development and deepening of relations between Ukraine and the EU are the main direction of its development. A new stage in the development of EU-Ukraine treaty relations, which began with Ukraine's accession to the EU candidate status in June 2022, requires further raising awareness of Ukraine's European integration among all members of society. Libraries can contribute to the formation of objective motivations among the population by understanding the practical benefits of cooperation with the EU. One of the ways of such integration for Ukrainian libraries is to become part of the European library network.
The purpose of research is to identify the features of Europeana metadata for further digitization of library collections in Ukraine in order to preserve cultural heritage.
The methodology. To achieve this goal, theoretical and general scientific research methods, such as analysis, synthesis, induction, and deduction, were used. The data visualization method and the method of generalization were used to present the Europeana data models.
The results. The article defines the types of the Europeana operational model, provides a general overview of the classes defined in the Europeana data model and the process of interaction between Europeana data and wikidata.
The scientific topicality. The article summarizes previous, primarily foreign, research on the peculiarities of the development of the Europeana funds. The article presents the data models of the Europeana that function to fill the web portal.
The practical significance. The results of the research are presented in the form of Europeana data models and the definition of Europeana metadata types (descriptive, structural, administrative, markup language).
The conclusion. The current operating model of Europeana uses the Open Archives Initiative's Metadata Collection Protocol (OAI-PMH) and the Europeana Data Model (EDM) to import data through Metis, Europeana's data collection and aggregation service. However, OAI-PMH is an outdated technology that is not web-oriented, resulting in high maintenance costs, especially for smaller institutions. Metadata can be divided into several categories, or types, for different data management purposes. Traditional library cataloging focuses, for example, on the identification and description of resources, but there are obviously other types of metadata that carry valuable information (structural, administrative, markup language).

Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multifactorial syndrome that israpidly rising in all the continents ofthe globe, causing elevated blood sugar levels in affected people. A sample of 81 Iraqi T2DM patients was investigated based on several parameters. Glycemic control parameters includedlevels of fasting blood glucose (FBG),glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), and insulin, along with insulin resistance (IR) and insulin sensitivity (IS). Renal function tests includedmeasuring the blood levels of urea and creatinine. Oxidative stress parameters included total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and thelevel of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The results of the presentstudy showed a highly significant (P˂0.01) increase in FBG, HbA1c, insulin and IR levels in T2DM patients as compared to control.Insulin sensitivity showed a highly significant (p˂0.01) decrease in patients compared with control.Urea and creatinine levelsincreased in T2DM patients, but the differences were insignificant. TAC levelsignificantly (P<0.05) increased in patients compared with control. Also, the levels of ROSrevealed a highly significant (P<0.01) increasein T2DM patients compared with the control. Correlation analysis showedthat FBG has a highly significant (P<0.01) positive correlation with IR, urea, creatinine and ROS, as well as a significant (P<0.05) positive correlation with TAC. However, FBG shows a highlysignificant (P< 0.01) inverse correlation with IS. The levels of HbA1C show a significant (P<0.05) positive correlation with IR, creatinine, and TAC, whereas ithas a highly significant (P<0.01) positive relation with ROS. However, HbA1C level has a highly significant (P<0.01) inverse relation with IS. Insulin has highly significant (P<0.01) positive and negative associations with IR and IS, respectively.IR showshighlya significant (P<0.01) inverse correlation with IS, significant (P<0.05) positive correlation with creatinine, and highly significant (P<0.01) positive correlation with ROS. IS has a significant(P< 0.05) inverse correlation with urea. Urea shows a highly significant (P<0.01) positive correlation with creatinine. TAC has a significant (P<0.05) inverse correlation with ROS. Conclusion: diabetic patients revealed poor glycemic control. Fluctuating blood glucose concentrations may contribute significantly to oxidative stress, probablyeven more than chronic hyperglycemia. The observed significant positive correlation between FBG and the other tested parameters revealed that hyperglycemia is an obvious independent risk factor for T2DM progression.

The article presents a focused look at the professional relations of the composer and pianist Anton Grigoryevich Rubinstein (1829—1894) with his main Russian publishers — V.V. Bessel and P.I. Jurgenson. The article is based on musical and historical research concerning the history of the Bessel and Jurgenson publishing houses, works on copyright, A.G. Rubinstein's epistolary, and archival documents from the Russian National Museum of Music. For the first time in music science, there are revealed some pages of the history of personal and business contacts of the three named persons, primarily the conflicts related to the rights to publish the composer's works in Russia. The first documented contract for the publications of A.G. Rubinstein was received by P.I. Jurgenson (for op. 82, 1868). However, the contract of A.G. Rubinstein with the trading house "Bessel and Co.", concluded in 1871 (though Rubinstein's first work had been published by Bessel two years earlier), was much more extensive and significant. Under this contract, it was supposed to publish more than fifty A.G. Rubinstein's works of various genres, so in the 1870s, V.V. Bessel became the main Russian publisher of the composer. However, in 1879, A.G. Rubinstein unexpectedly changed his main publisher in Russia. This position was taken by P.I. Jurgenson, whose trading house also published an extensive list of Rubinstein's compositions, as well as his literary works. This is evidenced by several notarized contracts, stored in the Russian National Museum of Music, between Rubinstein and "P.I. Jurgenson" company. Thus, the two leading Russian publishers of A.G. Rubinstein legally formalized their relations with the composer, which allows us to follow, in a reasoned and substantive way, the process of maturation of the institution of copyright for music publications in Russia in the last third of the 19th century.Using the example of A.G. Rubinstein, in comparison with the position of M.A. Balakirev, the article also raises the issue of granting copyright to a publisher not only in Russia, but also "forever and for all countries". The comparative analysis of publications of the same composer by different publishing companies is also new to Russian musicology, this helps identify certain accents that publishers put in popularizing A.G. Rubinstein's works. The publication of the composer's works by various publishers also highlights new aspects in his creative process, in the history of the creation, receipt of the opus number, and the titles of some of his works.

The article examines the features of the US foreign policy towards the Central Asian states in the post-bipolar period. The imperatives and constants, as well as the transformation of Washington's Central Asian policy, have been characterized. It is shown that five Central Asian states have been in the focus of American foreign policy over the past thirty years. In the process of shaping the US foreign policy in Central Asia, the presence of significant reserves of energy and mineral resources in the region was of great importance. Therefore, rivalry for Caspian energy resources and their transportation routes came to the fore. In addition to diversifying transport and logistics flows and supporting American companies, the US energy policy in Central Asia was aimed at preventing the restoration of Russia's economic and political influence, as well as countering the penetration of China, which is interested in economic cooperation with the countries of the region. During the period under review, the following transformation of mechanisms and means of Washington's policy in the Central Asian direction was observed: the policy of "exporting democracy"; attempts to "nurture" the pro-American elite; striving to divide states into separate groups with permanent "appointment" of leaders; involvement in a unified military system to combat terrorism; impact on the consciousness of the population in order to destabilize geopolitical rivals; building cooperation on a pragmatic basis due to internal difficulties and external constraints. Central Asian states sympathized with the American course because of their interest in technology and investment. At the same time, these states in every possible way distanced themselves from the impulses of "democratization" from Washington. Kazakhstan was a permanent regional ally of the United States, to which Uzbekistan was striving to join. The second echelon in relations with the American side was occupied by Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. A feature of the positions of the Central Asian countries is the maximum benefit from cooperation with Washington while building good-neighborly relations with Russia and China, which is in dissonance with the regional imperatives of the United States. In the future, the American strategy in Central Asia will presumably proceed from the expediency of attracting regional allies and stimulating contradictions in order to contain geopolitical rivals in the region.

Grassy Narrows (Ontario, Canada) came to public attention in 1970 when it was revealed that an alarming number of the community members were displaying symptoms of the Minamata disease, a form of mercury poisoning. The source of pollution, Reed Paper chemical plant, had dumped between 4 and 9 kg of mercury per day into the Wabigoon river from 1962 to 1970.In January 2017, the Canadian press covered the news again after Grassy Narrows chief urged PM Trudeau to engage the federal government in the clean-up of the river.This paper takes into account the recent developments of this dispute – that bears important consequences for the community and the government – analysing the news reports published from early 2017 to early 2018. The paper compares and contrasts national and local newspapers' construal of the event and the political and social actors involved, to examine how the news was framed in relation to issues of (in)visibility as forms of violence. Special emphasis is further given to the concept of environmental racism which plays a pivotal role in how First Nations communities are treated in Canada. ; Grassy Narrows (Ontario, Canada) came to public attention in 1970 when it was revealed that an alarming number of the community members were displaying symptoms of the Minamata disease, a form of mercury poisoning. The source of pollution, Reed Paper chemical plant, had dumped between 4 and 9 kg of mercury per day into the Wabigoon river from 1962 to 1970.In January 2017, the Canadian press covered the news again after Grassy Narrows chief urged PM Trudeau to engage the federal government in the clean-up of the river.This paper takes into account the recent developments of this dispute – that bears important consequences for the community and the government – analysing the news reports published from early 2017 to early 2018. The paper compares and contrasts national and local newspapers' construal of the event and the political and social actors involved, to examine how the news was framed in relation to issues of (in)visibility as forms of violence. Special emphasis is further given to the concept of environmental racism which plays a pivotal role in how First Nations communities are treated in Canada.