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The author analyzes the approaches and methods that are most commonly used in sociological studies of ethnic stereotypes and allow one to reveal social values and attitudes of the respondents as well as the subjective assessments of the representatives of ethnic groups. They include Likert scale, Bogardus social distance scale, method of assigning characteristics by D. Katz and K. Braly, twenty statements test, incomplete sentences technique, and semantic differential developed by Ch. Osgood in the second half of the 20th century. The paper provides the case studies for the analyzed methods and techniques applied in modern ethnosociological research on ethnic stereotypes. The author concludes that such projective methods as incomplete sentences technique and semantic differential should be combined in order to make the study of features of interethnic perception more effective.

The author considers the situation prevailing in post-conflict societies, basing her reflections on the assumption that a key element of the peace process should be the formation (even if incomplete) of a model of group identity. As an example, she references the ethnic identities of the two main actors in the Northern Ireland conflict: the Irish Catholics and the Ulster Protestants. The decades of conflict in Ulster caused the emergence of an ethnic group identity that was defined as being "war-related," and was oriented toward confrontation with the "enemy" and defense of the group's rights. The author analyzes examples of creating common actions, initiated both from below and from the top down (the "shared future" policy), paying attention to the potential changes in ethnic attitudes and identities, in order to verify her assumptions.

In this article, the author examines social dialogue as a means of building relationships between an employee and an employer; social dialogue is considered as the basis on which the parties are able to build such relationships when any issues can be resolved permanently in the normal working process, that is, until conflicts arise and without the application of measures for resolving labor disputes. In addition, the author analyzes social dialogue as a certain long process, in particular, negotiation, information exchange, the results of which determine their positions among the parties; in the future, the parties are aimed at converging positions in order to reach common agreements and make agreed decisions; the achievement of joint agreements and the adoption of concerted solutions are what the parties must strive for in the process of social dialogue.

The article reviews the key norms of the EU Seventh Environmental Program in the aspect of sustainable development policy, planning of legal regulation of the use and protection of certain types of natural resources and landscapes in particular. The author analyzes the legislative base and the significance of individual acts for the preservation of the natural capital of the European Union, the neighboring countries and the world"s resources in general. Data on the degree of implementation of EU plans and strategies for reducing the negative impact of human activities on the environment and on the possible consequences and damage due to delays in their implementation are given. The author underlines the importance of a holistic ecosystem approach to the use and protection of natural capital.

The year 2017 saw the celebration of the 25th anniversary of the adoption of the Constitution of Lithuania and the 20th anniversary of the adoption of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. This article presents the common constitutional heritage of these two countries primary as commonwealth est. in 1385 year and next as Polish–Lithuanian Union from 1569 to the end of the 18th century when we lost our independence. It sets out the main assumptions of the theory of the norms of basic law. The author also sums up the importance of legal culture and the social acceptance of the legal order set by a constitution as a fundament of democratic states. The author presents his reflections using metaphors from nautical terminology.

In a previous Evidence Speaks report, the author described the high rates at which student loan borrowers default on their repayment within 12 years of initial college entry, often on relatively modest amounts of debt. One of the most striking patterns emerging from that report and other prior work is how dramatically default rates vary by institution sector and by race/ethnicity: black, non-Hispanic entrants and for-profit entrants experience default at much higher rates than other students. In this report, the author uses the same source of data to examine whether these disparities in default rates can be explained by other factors. I also examine what happens after a default, and whether this also varies by race or institution sector. ; The Brookings Institution

The article depicts the problems of functioning of the beauty category in Dostoyevsky's literary works and journalistic expressions at the background of the changes in sublimity category comprehension happening in Western Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries. Such a perspective allows to treat the esthetics sphere in the author of Besy's legacy as the element of the discussion with the Western European system of values. ; The article depicts the problems of functioning of the beauty category in Dostoyevsky's literary works and journalistic expressions at the background of the changes in sublimity category comprehension happening in Western Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries. Such a perspective allows to treat the esthetics sphere in the author of Besy's legacy as the element of the discussion with the Western European system of values.

In present day, the European Union plays a very important role in the harmonization of the relations and interests of European countries and in the creation of European and global security. In the framework of this paper, the author introduces European security in accordance with the EU Global Strategy of 2016. The author presents the EU main goal and the EU values and the five priorities of EU foreign policy according to the EU 2016 Global Strategy for promoting common interests. The subject of research is an analysis of European security that highlights the changes in the global and regional environment. The purpose of this study is to approach the importance of European security to scientific literature. Key words: global security, values of the EU, priorities of the EU's foreign policy

The subject of the article is the problem of the legal construction of loans denominated and indexed with a foreign exchange rate (CHF), which were incurred by Polish consumers in 2005-2017 and their repayment. The main problem analyzed in the article is the issue of repayment of franc loans noticed and analyzed both in scientific circles (by lawyers, economists, sociologists) and by politicians, which testifies to the significance and size of the phenomenon. This article will present individual views and proposals of the author in relationto Polish conditions, primarily from the legal point of view, the author firstly presents the legal construction of the loan, then presents the positions of banks and courts and proposes the cancellation of the contract and the conversion of some of its provisions.

The paper discusses voice as a medium of human communication through the
indirect approach of listening. After designating the multifaceted nature of
the voice, the author dedicates attention to Bernhard Waldenfels? theory of
the voice as developed on the basis of the phenomenology of the alien.
According to Waldenfels, the polyphony of the vocal, in which the own and
the alien re-sound in mutual permeation, calls for the possibility of
responsive listening. In the concluding portion of the article, the author
takes into consideration one of the poems from the cycle ?Stimmen?
(?Voices?) that Paul Celan published in the collection Sprachgitter. With
regard also to Celan?s auto-poetological writings, the ensuing
interpretation attempts to briefly sketch the contours of the anti-politics
of voice.

Metal in the shade of a blooming cherry. The specificity and transformationof the genre on the basis of Japanese

In the presented article the author depicts the distinctive features of the Japanese metalmusic in the different decades of its development, what she accomplishes through showingthe achievements of the chosen artists. She also focuses on pointing out the primary sourcesof their inspirations that influenced the described genre. The significant part of the presentedanalysis in the development of the cultural phenomena accompanying the development of themusic – such as zoku sub-cultures and visual kei aesthetic. Starting from the rockabilly musicthat influenced Japan in the 60s and contributed to rock and metal music, the author depictsthe ways of development of the metal genre, situating them in the broader perspective of thechanges in the Japanese music industry.

The paper considers the role of revolutions in the development of historical
process and globalization as the main component of historical process. It is shown
why the nature of revolutions has changed and their significance has sharply increased since the beginning of the 16th century, i.e., with the beginning of the Industrial revolution and the Early Modern Period. The author gives some characteristics of revolutions as a phenomenon. He also analyzes how the role of revolutions
increased in the historical process and globalization and why it began to decline in
the second half of the 19th century (in terms of the most important driving force of
progress). The paper examines the role of revolutions at present time and the methods of their use as a geopolitical weapon. The author gives some forecasts.

The article is a translation of the second chapter of O. Brenifier's book 'The Art of Philosophical Practice', in which the author considers the meanings of philosophizing from the point of view of his "practical" dimension. The author has been working on the concept of "practical philosophy" for many years. He is one of the main promoters of philosophical practice in the world, conducting philosophical cafes, philosophical seminars with children and adults. He wrote and published many books in this field, several of them from the series 'Philozenfants' were translated into 30 languages of the world. Brenifier actively develops his own method of individual and group philosophical consultations, conducts master classes in the evaluation and development of intellectual competencies in various organizations. The theoretical positions of this work are reflected in this article.

The proposed scientific exploration of the author traces the course of unprecedented 1930's repression and genocide of national minorities in the USSR, including Poles who were the first nation to go through in this tragic Stalinist experiment. It should be stressed, that these problems are sure to be given an objective and ideologically unprejudiced consideration. According to the author, such approach will considerably facilitate better understanding and embracing of the so-called 'rough and tough issues' of shared history of the two neighboring nations. What is more, the problem under study is investigated through the prism of the causes and the course of mass deportations of Poles from the USSR to Kazakhstan.
Keywords: Deportation, genocide, displacement, border, international relations, Polish people, minority, Ukrainian-Polish relations

Digital exclusion: definitions, causes, countermeasuresThe purpose of this article is to present some forms of digital exclusion. The article discusses what digital exclusion is and identifies the main causes and social consequences of the phenomenon. By determining the ways of counteracting digital exclusion, the author refers to Operational Programme Digital Poland for 2014–2020. In addition, the author presents the results of her analysis of preventing digital exclusion in rural areas. Digital exclusion – definicje, przyczyny, przeciwdziałanieCelem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie zjawiska wykluczenia cyfrowego. W artykule omówiono, czym jest wykluczenie cyfrowe, wskazano główne przyczyny oraz społeczne konsekwencje zjawiska. Określając sposoby przeciwdziałania wykluczeniu cyfrowemu, autorka odwołuje się do Programu Operacyjnego Polska Cyfrowa. Ponadto autorka przedstawia wyniki wykonanej przez siebie analizy dotyczącej przeciwdziałania wykluczeniu cyfrowemu na obszarach wiejskich.