Suchergebnisse

"Increasing economic inequality in cities, and the spatial translation of that into more segregated neighbourhoods, is top of the political agenda in developed countries. While the overall living standards have increased in the last century, the focus has now shifted from poverty to economic differences, with a particular focus on the gap between the very poor and the (ultra- )rich. The authors observe a common view among policy-makers and researchers alike: that urban-economic inequality and segregation are increasing; that this increase is bad; and that money and people (in the case of segregation) need to be redistributed in response. In six compact chapters, this book enriches and broadens the debate. Chapters bring together the literature on the social effects of economic inequality and segregation and question whether there are sizable effects and what their direction (positive or negative) is. The often conflated concepts of economic inequality (and segregation) and social injustice is disentangled and the moral implications are reflected on. The book is essential reading for students and academics of Planning Theory, Planning Ethics, Urban Geography, Urban Economics, Economic Geography and Urban Sociology."--Provided by publisher.

The Global Wage Report analyses the evolution of real wages around the world, giving a unique picture of wage trends and relative purchasing power globally and by region. The 2014/15 edition examines the link between wages and inequality at the household level.

This paper is part of an ongoing research on Sexual and Reproductive Rights in West Africa, with a particular focus in Senegal. It starts with the assumption that the body is a signifier of local social and moral worlds, and also that it is through the body that experiences of freedom and autonomy, violence, social pressure and inequality are manifested. Individuals are socially situated through their gender but gender representations are disputed by social actors, endogenous and exogenous. The claims for social change concerning FGM/C envisions an abandonment of the practice as part of a social project that isn't always shared with practicing communities in the same lines as those set by stakeholders. Political and activist mobilisation often fails to anticipate backlashes. With this paper I want to claim that we have to cast a wider view on gender inequality, social values and norms, because both practicing and non-practicing communities share cultural representations that fuel an overepresentation of femininity, female sexuality and the female body and its link to social order and morality. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

AbstractEntrepreneurship is considered to be one of the most important engines of growth, and its determinants are widely investigated. Several theories of entrepreneurship have been proposed and tested in the literature, most of them focusing on "hard factors," i.e., determinants related to the quality/quantity of inputs and to the size of the market. In this paper, I investigate how the interaction between hard and soft factors may shape the entrepreneurial behavior of individuals. In particular, the aim of the paper is to explore the links among the structure of the family, land inequality at the beginning of the twentieth century, and subsequent entrepreneurship in Italian provinces. Using a novel data set on the Gini coefficient of land inequality in 1931, sharecropping in 1911, and the classification of family structures in 1950, I test their relevance to explaining entrepreneurship. I find that high land concentration with strong family ties reduces the probability of becoming an entrepreneur. Furthermore, the diffusion of sharecropping contracts is associated with higher entrepreneurship rates. Taken together, these results point to a central role played by the organization of agriculture in promoting entrepreneurship.

Social dominance theory was developed to account for why societies producing surplus take and maintain the form of group-based dominance hierarchies, in which at least one socially-constructed group has more power than another, and in which men are more powerful than women and adults more powerful than children. Although the theory has always allowed for societies to differ in their severity of group-based dominance and how it is implemented, it has predicted that alternative forms of societal organization will occur rarely and not last. This paper revisits aspects of the theory that allow for the possibility of societal alternatives and change. We also consider boundary conditions for the theory, and whether its current theoretical apparatus can account for societal change. By expanding the typical three-level dynamic system to describe societies (micro-meso-macro) into four levels (including meta) to consider how societies relate to one another, we identify political tensions that are unstable power structures rather than stable hierarchies. In research on institutions, we identify smaller-scale alternative forms of social organization. We identify logical, empirical, and theoretical shortcomings in social dominance theory's account of stability and change, consider alternative forms of social organization, and suggest fruitful avenues for theoretical extension. ; peerReviewed ; publishedVersion

Chapter 5: RURAL-URBAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO POVERTY CHANGES IN CAMEROON: A NON-PARAMETRIC ANALYSISChapter 6: INEQUALITY, POLARIZATION AND POVERTY IN CAMEROON; Chapter 7: INDIGENOUS HEALTH GAP REFRAMED: ADDRESSING ROOT CAUSES BY POVERTY ALLEVIATION; Chapter 8: AMELIORATING THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF POVERTY ON EDUCATION ACHIEVEMENT: EXEMPLAR PROGRAMS AND PRACTICES; Chapter 9: CONCLUSION: CHALLENGING THE STEREOTYPE ON GROWTH, POVERTY AND SECTORAL OUTCOMES IN AFRICA; ABOUT THE EDITOR; INDEX.

Through exploring gendered inequality and re-engaging with an understanding of prostitution as harmful with impacts on the self and body that are experienced as abusive but do not always constitute violence, this book introduces a range of research and thinking, while also drawing on existing literature to explore the consequences of prostitution for women in the sex industry and wider gender relations.

The physical presence of historic villages and habitats on the Indus Delta is observed to be under threat due to environmental changes and permanent disasters. The delta of River Indus has distinct social, economical and environmental features as compared to the rest of the coast of Pakistan. The delta population, being the lower riparian of the River Indus, receives a limited flow of fresh water. This is causing environmental degradation and negatively impacting traditional livelihoods, survival and resilience patterns in the presence of high levels of social inequality. Climate and environmental changes over time are deemed as a root cause of the rise of sea level which is leading to a loss of land, rendering it unusable for cultivation, increase in salinity, depletion of mangrove forests and a decline in fish catch. This paper is an outcome of field visits to the Indus delta's inland and the island villages in Kharo Chan in particular. In this paper, the focus is on environmentally induced migration caused by slow-onset disasters and its linkages with social inequality based on class, caste and kinship groups.

Purpose : Some traditional Iranian micro institutions and also some Shariah micro institutions are working informally along with formal institutions in Iran. This paper is developed to investigate the performance of institutions in question. Although. their shares in whole economy are small, these Iranian-Islamic Micro Institutions. IMI. do play their own role on changing the related economic variables, including inequality and income distribution in Iran. A specific purpose of this paper is testing the above relationships. Design/methodology/approach: In this paper firstly, and by using library studies, we explain 3 constituents of IMI. Secondly, and in order to project the impacts of variables in question on the income distribution in Iran, we gather the required data. Sources of our data include central bank of Iran, CBI, Awqaf organization and charity affairs of Iran, AOL and Statistic Centre of Iran. Thirdly, and for statistical analyzing, and statistical inferences, we employ econometric models. Finally we use vector autoregressive method (VAR), to investigate the relationship between variables, based on time series data (for 1974-2009 periods). Findings: The results of this paper show that: 1- the performance of Iranian-Islamic Micro institutions, MI including two Shariah payment subsystems and a traditional Waqf institution, reduce the inequality and improve the distributions of income.2-comparing the impact of IMI with Iranian government size ,the government size worsens the inequality of income. In other word, the bigger the government size the, worse the income inequality, but the more Waqf revenue and Shariah payments, the better income distribution.3-In Iran, these three informal institutions, surprisingly, in some dimensions, compete with formal institutions. Mean while, the deeper the belief of the people, the more efficient the

This book advances thinking in the area of human development by analysing its relation with inequality and macro-economic policy. It presents a new framework for a pro-growth pro-human development macro-economics, including suggestions for the global management of technology and capital flows.

This paper examines the complex nexus between regulation and inequality in Zimbabwe's microfinance and tourism sectors. Rural Small to Medium Enterprises in Tourism (SMETs) is typical in the informal sector. However, SMETs in rural areas face financial, regulatory, and exclusionary constraints. This paper follows a qualitative literature review methodology guided by an exploratory design. In addition, one secondary case study was included to highlight the lived realities of SMETs. Findings indicate a complex connection between regulation and inequality in the economy. Overregulation leads to corruption, marginalization, and exclusion of small business activities. SMETs are constrained because they need access to finance for business growth. Thus, the nexus between the two variables profoundly impacts policy. The government must entangle the relationship for policy directions in the microfinance and tourism sectors. The paper concludes that the nexus between regulation and inequality needs urgent attention. The paper's originality is based on using a systematic literature review to assess how regulations affect microfinance's ability to fund rural SMETs so that these areas could have economic opportunities that would improve the livelihoods of people residing in these areas, thereby addressing inequalities. Furthermore, it contributes to the debates on the complex relationship between regulation and inequality of two sectors (microfinance and tourism) in Zimbabwe. It also informs future lines of research on the subject. Due to noted limitations on the research design used, more comprehensive empirical studies are required to understand the complexity of the nexus.