Suchergebnisse

В статье анализируется современное состояние представителей этнонациональных сообществ Закарпатской области. Исследуется этнополитическая ситуация региона путем рассмотрения жизнедеятельности этнонациональных меньшинств по нескольким ключевым подходам: этнотерриториальному, инфраструктурному, этноязыковому, политическому, этноконфессиональному и др. ; The representatives of more than 100 of national minorities live on the territory of Transcarpathia. The overwhelming majority is made up of Ukrainians, a significant part is constituted by Hungarians, Romanians, Slovaks, Gypsies, Germans, Russians etc. The aim of our investigation is the analysis of the ethnopolitical space through the study of the ethnopolitical situation in the district. Ethnopolitical situation can be characterized as the totality of political, economic and other circumstances that influence the state of international relations in the district. In the present investigation, we focus our attention on the ethnoterritorial, infrastructural, ethnolingual, ethnoconfessional and political approaches. Investigating the ethnoterritorial aspect, we found out that according to national structure the population of the region differ considerably. Thus, in Mizhhiria, Volovets and Irshava regions 99 % of the population are Ukrainians. At the same time 10 other regions that border on other countries (the Slovak Republic, Poland, Romania and Hungary) possess from 81,8 % (Berehovo region) to 3,7% (Velykyj Bereznyj region) of representatives of national minorities. Hungarians, Romanians, Slovaks and Germans live most tightly. Infrastructural approach gives an opportunity to determine the ways of maintenance of cultural and educational needs of representatives of national minorities. There are 118 secondary schools in the district, where more than 20 thousand students study in the languages of national minorities. In 87 pre-school educational establishments children are brought up in Hungarian, Romanian, Russian and German. The best situation is in case of Hungarians as far as they have the opportunity of the closed cycle education: from the kindergarten to higher educational establishment. Ethnolingual index characterizes the language preferences of population. Nationality and mother tongue coincide in 97,1% of Transcarpathian population. The representatives of more than 90% of four the most numerous nationalities of the district called their mother tongue the language of their nationality. Political index gives us information as to socio-political representation of national minorities. In 2014, 67 national cultural committees and 2 national parties of Hungarians have been registered in Transcarpathia. Their leaders take the most active part in social life and are the deputies of radas of different levels. As far as the structure of population is multinational, this conditions its polyconfessional character, and namely the necessity of singling out of ethnoconfessional approach. More than 350 religious committees in the district are established by national minorities. The range of approaches as to the study of ethnopolitical situation is not completed, but their detailed analysis, the lines of their common intersection can be used for elaborating of recommendations in politics and in practice.

El deporte, como actividad física o de competencia, ha permeado desde hace décadas en el quehacer de la sociedad y en la construcción de ciudadanía. Los gobiernos lo han identificado como medio para llevar a cabo funciones en distintos ámbitos sociales, educativos, de salud pública y de alto rendimiento. Esto, aunado a la mayor participación de los países en eventos deportivos internacionales, ha llevado a los gobiernos a redefinir sus políticas, estrategias y programas. Con base en la consideración de los pasados tres Juegos Olímpicos (2004, 2008 y 2012), este documento examina la incidencia de algunos factores contextuales, institucionales y organizacionales en el desempeño deportivo de los países. Los resultados de estudios previos arrojan evidencia y refuerzan la importancia de ciertas variables y relaciones, por ejemplo: el efecto positivo del tamaño y la población del país en el desempeño deportivo nacional, al igual que el hecho de ser anfitrión de eventos. Sin embargo, este estudio sugiere otras relaciones menos exploradas y hasta ahora menos analizadas. En este sentido, es posible apreciar la incidencia positiva tanto de la consolidación de una cultura del deporte como de la infraestructura deportiva con la que cuentan los países. ; Sport, both as a physical or as a competitive activity, has long influenced the day-to-day lifestyle of society and has contributed to reinforce the ideal of citizenship. Governments have identified sport as a key mean to carry out their policy strategies in several fields, such as social policy, education, health and the high performance level. Besides, the growing participation of all countries in international major events has lead governments to redesign their policies, strategies and their overall programs. This paper uses data from the last three Olympic Games (2004, 2008, and 2012) and explores the role of several cultural, institutional, and organizational elements in the national sport performance. Previous work in the field shows empirical evidence about the importance of some variables. Among them, the country size is shown to have a positive effect on the sport performance as well as the fact of being host country. This paper, however, points out the importance of other variables, which have been so far either less explored and less analyzed. This work shows that the degree to which sport either less explored and less analyzed. This work shows that the degree to which sport is culturally assimilated into the lifestyle of the population has a positive effect. In addition, we empirically obtain a positive effect of the sport infrastructure available in the country.

In 2006 the UK government announced policy intentions and introduced associated building design standards and up-dated Building Regulations for all new housing to be 'zero carbon' by 2016 and all new non-domestic buildings to be 'zero carbon' by 2019. Since this time the UK build standard for 'zero carbon' compliance for housing is the Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH) and the pre-existing, but evolving, Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) is the standard for non-domestic buildings. These standards have been developed by the UK government in conjunction with BRE and other industry consultants to allow building designers to introduce incremental changes to the energy design performance of their buildings. These include for the use of higher levels of insulation (leading towards super insulated fabric design), the use of on-site renewable energy technologies and eventually 'allowable' off-site low energy and renewable energy technology solutions to achieve 'zero carbon' buildings. Since the introduction of these policy intentions and standards, the UK building design and construction industry has debated both their validity and the actual definition of 'zero carbon', with some believing that a 'fabric first' approach to housing and building design using standards such as the German Passivhaus to be a more effective and simpler way to deliver 'zero carbon' new buildings in the UK. Despite the fact that many of the technologies leading to the development of the first super-insulated house designs and eventually the Passivhaus standard originated in the USA and UK, (culminating in the construction of a number of exemplar super-insulated homes in these countries from the 1970's), the Passivhaus standard is currently less well known, accepted or understood in the UK than in Norhern Europe. The technology is however beginning to gain credence with a small but growing number of early adopters in the UK. With a focus on these early Passivhaus adopters, this thesis seeks to identify barriers to the uptake of the Passivhaus standard at the time of this research. The research has been conducted using social science mixed methods research, including for the use of thepsychometric assessment tool Q-methodology to assess the opinions of early Passivhaus adopters. The broad conclusions from this research are that barriers are cultural and linked to both social and technological constraints. These include for understanding of and installation of Mechanical Ventilation with Heat Recovery (MVHR), which is a technology intrinsic to the Passivhaus standard, but also levels of construction industry skills training and education and existing legislation and processes in the UK.

С распадом СССР США остались единственной сверхдержавой в мире. Наряду с позитивным отношением формируется и система критики и предрассудков по отношению к США, названная антиамериканизмом. Она широко распространена в странах мира. В статье рассматривается проблема антиамериканских настроений в Германии после окончания холодной войны. ; After the end of the Cold War, the US remained the only superpower in the world. Along with a positive attitude there is a criticism and prejudice towards the US, called anti-Americanism. There are various definitions of anti-Americanism. The general definition of the term anti-Americanism is the opposition or hostility to policies, culture, society, economy and international role of the United States. Given the fact that the US and Germany are allies and partners in NATO it is not serious to talk about the military and political anti-Americanism. The reason of the German -US relations deterioration in the last few years could be a clash of political cultures, accelerated by active Bush's foreign policy. The approach of his administration was based on the Americanocentrism, i.e., economic and, above all, moral superiority of the United States to any other nation. For a long time, the relations between Germany and the United States were determined exclusively by military and political cooperation. After the USSR collapse and the end of the Cold War confrontation came the new phase for Berlin Washington relations: the search for a new urgent topics that can give an impetus for transatlantic cooperation. Cooperation in the field of environmental protection could be such a topic, but revealed significant differences in the area. In culture, anti-Americanism was grounded on an understanding of the historical cultural superiority of the European countries, including Germany, over the US. At the beginning, brave, active and entrepreneurial people were needed for the North America development, education and a high level of culture were not among the essential qualities. Over time, the US became an economically developed country, the main export product of which is the "American way of life". A breeding ground for anti-Americanism is a cultural conservative-minded part of German society, as a rule, religious and nostalgic about the old days of the German cultural power. The phenomenon of anti-Americanism has a long history and a wide geography. Present in different areas of life, it plays an important role in contemporary international relations. Being a strategic partner and ally of the United States, Germany faces the existence of political, economic and cultural conditions for anti-Americanism growth. Like any other social phenomenon, anti-Americanism is adjusting to the constantly changing demands of modern society and the political agenda.

This paper aims to compare food and nutrition actions related to foodsecurity (FS) in Brazil and Portugal, keeping in mind that several countries have established guidelines to guarantee adequate food. Both nations are experiencing a reduction in fertility rates, increased life expectancy, and a high prevalence of non-communicable diseases. In Brazil, 30.2% of households live in food insecurity; in Portugal, even without estimating food insecurity, 18.0% of its inhabitants are at risk for poverty. The National Food and Nutrition Policy is the current Brazilian document which seeks to ensure universal access to food. Portugal, due to its inclusion in the European Union, is guided by the Second WHO European Action Plan for Food and Nutrition Policy as well as by the Portuguese National Health Plan, which has been updated periodically. Guided by the intersectoral approach, these countries share actions related to FS, such as combating obesity, preventing nutritional deficiences and promoting nutrition education in schools, whereas, specifically in Brazil, some strategies also combat malnutrition and, in Portugal, are linked to industry and the production of safe food. With relation to FS, some distinctions were seen: FS is more widely discussed by Brazilian policies, while this subject is implied in several food and nutrition actions in Portugal. ; Este trabalho se propõe a discutir comparativamente as ações de alimentação e nutrição que remetem ao tema da Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN) no Brasil e em Portugal, tendo em vista que diversos países têm estabelecido diretrizes para a garantia da alimentação adequada. Ambas as nações vivenciam situações de reduzida taxa de fecundidade, aumento da expectativa de vida e prevalências elevadas de doenças e agravos não transmissíveis. No Brasil, 30,2% das famílias vivem em insegurança alimentar; em Portugal, mesmo sem contabilizar a insegurança, 18,0% de seus habitantes encontram-se em risco de pobreza. A Política Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição (PNAN) é o atual documento brasileiro que visa assegurar o acesso universal ao alimento. Portugal, devido à sua inserção na União Europeia, norteia-se pelo Segundo Plano de Ação Europeu para Política de Alimentação e Nutrição, da WHO, mas também pelo Plano Nacional de Saúde, atualizado periodicamente. Pautados pela intersetorialidade, os países apresentam ações relativas à SAN comuns, como aquelas relacionadas ao combate à obesidade, ao incentivo ao aleitamento materno, à prevenção de deficiências nutricionais e promoção de ações de educação alimentar em meio escolar, enquanto que, especificamente no Brasil, encontram-se estratégias relativas ao combate à desnutrição e, em Portugal, aquelas ligadas à indústria e à produção de alimentos seguros. Com relação à abordagem acerca da SAN, são verificadas distinções: a SAN é mais amplamente discutida pela política brasileira, enquanto que, em Portugal, o tema encontra-se implícito nas diversas ações de alimentação e nutrição.

У статті науковому суспільству запропоновано обговорити основний результат дисертаційного дослідження, новий зміст навчання й екзаменаційно-залікової сесії аспірантів у новій методологічній компетентній моделі. Зміст навчання відповідає розробленій уперше освітньо-професійній програмі підготовки аспірантів у контексті компетентного підходу. З метою підвищення якості підготовки аспірантів рекомендовано ввести атестацію у формі кандидатських іспитів із дисциплін: методологічні основи наукових досліджень і основи педагогіки та психології вищої школи. ; The paper proposed the scientific community to discuss the main results of the research, new learning content and exam-record session, graduate students in the new methodological competent model. The curriculum is developed first meets the educational and vocational training program for graduate students in the context of competent approach. In order to improve the quality of post-graduate qualification recommended to put in the form of candidate tests in the disciplines: philosophy (in the direction of philosophy of science directly according to their training by specialty passport), foreign language (optional graduate), speciality (according to their training passport of speciality), pedagogy and psychology of high school and methodological bases of research. Thus we raise responsible applicant to prepare for the exam, Examination Commission objectively assess the knowledge level, skills and competencies as a result of evaluation will be reflected in the annex to the diploma of graduation (adjunction). Practical formation of interdisciplinary research and teaching competencies provided during the planned research and educational practice. The author of the work put forward the idea of the need for a thesis in a separate section to describe the current research and teaching their own system of new knowledge in the classroom. Further studies reliably confirmed its necessity, which is a fragment of a dynamic scientific world of scientific knowledge and teaching staff. Methodological competent model of training graduate students, adjunct, competitors with new educational and professional program it raises the cultural level of people, the advancement of labor experts from different educational levels, improve education specialists from different educational levels, solving the problem of variability. Methodological competent model with new content typical training program for graduate students, adjunct, not inconsistent with the legislation of Ukraine, existing laws and regulations and the obvious logic of educational phenomena. Competitor degree who has successfully mastered the content of a typical training program and successfully passed certification (making tests and candidate tests) has full rights of scientists, further regular employment and in accordance with the employment agreement (contract) is professionally engaged in scientific and scientific-pedagogical activity. Scientific novelty is the first time an adequate positive decision to improve the socio-economic efficiency of training candidates Degrees in Ukraine in the new methodological competent model.

The arrival of e-books in Swedish libraries has been influenced by the ideas of provisions of equal access to all media and all Swedish citizens as well as by librarians' wish to provide best service to their users within the library's area of responsibility. They saw this new resource and service in the light of fulfilling their specific function in a democratic society that is usually expressed in Sweden as mediation (or transfer) of knowledge and culture to all. This is a common foundation, on which new media and information resources (including e-books) are incorporated into Swedish academic and public libraries.Apart from this common basis we see other similarities in work with e-books in both types of libraries, but also a number of differences. Most of them relate to the situation of libraries within their respective context and in relation to their specific role.Academic libraries are quite influential players in the global scholarly communication and supporters of both research and study processes. As such they are embedded in mainly international market of scientific information and scholarly materials. They have significant resources provided by parent universities for acquisition and a wide choice of commercially available material from different producers and vendors. They are organized into a national library consortium that has increased negotiation power. Thus, they have more freedom to experiment with a variety of business and pricing models offered on the international market. They also have high competence in the area of publishing and often play a role of a publisher themselves. Their involvement in research process and in open access initiatives puts them in a position to provide expertise to researchers in publishing and intellectual property areas.Public libraries are part of local cultural and educational landscape. As such they depend on the production of media and content in national languages that helps to cater to the needs and demands of the local population. They also are customers on a relatively small market of publishing, entertainment and education-related materials that help to fulfil their function in the enlightenment of the people. As public libraries offer open and free-of-charge access to their resources to the totality of the population in a particular territory, eventually covering the whole country, they are regarded as a disruptive player in the market economy. This perceived threat from public libraries was reborn in the emerging market of e-books.Despite these differences both academic and public libraries face similar challenges and problems in management of their collections, creating metadata, and providing access to them. So far, no such solutions that could satisfy all involved parties have been found. ; Sponsorship : Vetenskapsrådet

There are numerous studies in the past that examine factors, such as demographic, socio-economic, personal and attitudinal, that increase the likelihood of volunteering, among people of all ages. Who volunteers, and why? Among these are factors that are also thought to be important in fostering political participation. Early in the 1970's, studies have concluded that involvement in voluntary associations provides opportunities for equipping with the necessary skills, strengthening of social networks and enhancing one's awareness and interests in public issues. These in turn facilitate volunteers' subsequent political participation as they become more activated politically. This is further explained and exemplified in a more theoretical framework of social capital since its emergence, and attracting widespread discussion. Sociological and educational studies among youths, mostly aged 15 to 25 years, found that they tend to be apathetic and inert towards political participation, making the political outcomes of volunteering appeared highly variable. Meanwhile, literature from many Western countries show conflicting results on the relationship between volunteering and political participation, both being essential elements of active citizenship in civil societies. Social capital scholars focus on shared values and norms, trust and reciprocity that generate and accrue as individuals interact with each other. Therefore it can be hypothesised volunteering should build social capital that contribute to both voting and non-voting political activities. On the contrary, observational studies, especially in the field of education, showed that many youths think their volunteer work is simply a form of helping others in need, or even a stipulated requirement in their high school curriculum, without considering its impact upon their positions in the broader civil sphere or community. As a consequence of the increasing prevalence of volunteerism parallel to government policies in many places worldwide, especially with respect to young people, who are at an age when significant civic and political identities are being developed and shaped, this apparent paradox between youth volunteering and their political participation is increasingly being studied. There is little study on the relationship of youth volunteering and their political participation in Hong Kong. My study is to assess the relationship between youth volunteering and their political participation using a multi-dimensional theoretical framework, taking into consideration of social capital and non-social capital factors, and methodologically adopt a quantitative analysis of findings from a self-administered questionnaire to volunteers of a youth organisation in Hong Kong. Empirically, this study also serves to describe the present profiles of youth volunteers in Hong Kong, together with their volunteering and political experiences. The results from this questionnaire survey show that youth volunteering is associated with political participation in Hong Kong, and factors that may enhance political participation among these volunteers are also identified. ; published_or_final_version ; Politics and Public Administration ; Master ; Master of Philosophy

Introduction: Smoking has been considered as one of the leading preventable cause of lung disease, cardiovascular disease and cancer. China, has 20% of the population in the world, but consumes 30% of the world's cigarette and has suffered 1 million deaths per year from tobacco use. The workplace is an important field for smoking control, but there are relatively few reports on the current situation of workplace smoking control with the exception of reports from North American countries. Objectives: This project aims to investigate the effectiveness of workplace smoking control policy on smokers' behavior in Asian population, mainly the comparison of smoke free policy, smoke restriction ban with no smoking ban, and to identify the potential factors that associated with the compliance of smoking policy. Methods:Articles that are relevant to workplace smoking policy were searched and identified through PubMed and CNKI by using a combination of keywords. Articles that studied the effects of workplace smoking control policy on smoking behavior and the factors that associated the compliance of smoke control policy were included. All studies were conducted in the Asian countries and the outcome measures were current smoking prevalence, daily cigarette consumption, and willingness to quit smoking. Results: Of the 541 studies identified, 11 articles were identified to be relevant and included in this systematic review. Smoking-free policy was showed to be the most effective strategy to enhance the changes in smokers' behavior. Eight of nine studies that compared smoke free with no smoke ban gave consistent conclusion that smoking free policy could reduce the prevalence of smoking dramatically. It was associated with higher willingness to quit smoking among smokers and could reduce the smokers' daily cigarettes consumption by 3 to 4 cigarettes per day. There was limited evidence that smoke restriction policy could reduce the prevalence of smokers. Even though smoke restriction policy could reduce daily cigarettes consumption and increased the smokers' willingness to quit smoking, but the effect was much lower than those in the workplace with smoke free policy. In addition, occupation, such as salesmen and marketing employee, the reason of implementing the smoke control policy(e.g. 'workplace safety', 'maintain good air quality', 'reduce ETS in non-smokers'), and lack of knowledge of hazard in cigarettes were the factors contributed to the low compliance of smoke control policy. Conclusion: Overall, workplace smoke-free policy is the most effective way in changing smoking behavior. Workplace smoke-free should be implemented as a public health priority and accompanied with health education and smoking cessation service to assure the compliance. ; published_or_final_version ; Medicine ; Master ; Master of Public Health

Open Access: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.-- et al. ; Results are reported from a search for new physics processes in events containing a single isolated high-transverse-momentum lepton (electron or muon), energetic jets, and large missing transverse momentum. The analysis is based on a 4.98 fb−1 sample of proton–proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV, obtained with the CMS detector at the LHC. Three separate background estimation methods, each relying primarily on control samples in the data, are applied to a range of signal regions, providing complementary approaches for estimating the background yields. The observed yields are consistent with the predicted standard model backgrounds. The results are interpreted in terms of limits on the parameter space for the constrained minimal supersymmetric extension of the standard model, as well as on cross sections for simplified models, which provide a generic description of the production and decay of new particles in specific, topology based final states. ; We acknowledge support from BMWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MEYS (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); MoER, SF0690030s09 and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); OTKA and NKTH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); NRF and WCU (Korea); LAS (Lithuania); CINVESTAV, CONACYT, SEP, and UASLPFAI (Mexico); MSI (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Ukraine Uzbekistan); MON, RosAtom, RAS and RFBR (Russia); MSTD (Serbia); SEIDI and CPAN (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); NSC (Taipei); ThEP, IPST and NECTEC (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA). Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie programme and the European Research Council and EPLANET(EuropeanUnion); the Leventis Foundation; the A.P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dansl'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschapen Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports(MEYS) of Czech Republic; the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the Compagnia di San Paolo(Torino); the HOMINGPLUS programme of Foundation for PolishScience, cofinanced by EU,Re-gional Development Fund; and the Thalis and Aristeia programmes cofinanced byEU-ESFand the Greek NSRF. ; Peer Reviewed

Se presenta un avance de la investigación "Memorias, identidades, comunidades y prácticas en el nivel superior. Mirada histórica y actual" desarrollada en la UNLP que aborda una faceta de la política universitaria inscripta en la segunda presidencia de Videla y objetivada en un instrumento normativo, la ley Orgánica de Universidades Nacionales aprobada en abril de 1980. Algunos interrogantes son: ¿La promulgación de la ley se fundó solo en la coerción o requirió de operaciones conducentes a hacer aceptar sus contenidos? ¿Qué estrategias se desplegaron desde el poder para legitimar el modelo de universidad autoritaria? El corpus analizado está constituido por la ley y por algunas piezas discursivas mediante los cuales el Ministro de Educación Juan Llerena Amadeo buscó legitimar –en un marco en el que imperaba la coerción– los contenidos ideológicos y la direccionalidad de los cambios así como los procedimientos utilizados para configurar la norma. Nuestra perspectiva analítica asume que aunque los regimenes dictatoriales desplieguen un vasto aparato represivo esto no implica que no se preocupen por articular políticas que extiendan los apoyos para sus proyectos y desde tal calve de lectura, describimos el contexto, las condiciones de producción de la política e identificamos algunas estrategias utilizadas por un actor singular. ; A preliminary research report is presented hereby on the project "Memories, identities, communities and practices of the Higher Educational Level. A historical and a contemporary outlook" developed in the National University of La Plata. The project addresses a university policy aspect inscribed during Videla´s second presidential period. Its object of study is a normative instrument, the Organic Law of National Universities passed in April 1980. Some key questions presented are: Was the passing of the law based on coercion or did it require operations leading to making its content accepted? What strategies were displayed by the sector in power to legitimate the model of an authoritarian university? The analysed corpus is made up of the law and some discoursive pieces by means of which the Minister of Education Juan Llerena Amadeo aimed at legitimating - within a coercion framework - the ideological contents and the direction of the changes as well as the procedures used to develop the norm. Our analytical perspective assumes that even though dictatorial regimes display a vast repressive apparatus, this does not imply that they do not worry about articulating policies that broaden support for their projects. In addition, from that reading key, we describe the context, the conditions of political production and we identify some strategies used by a specific actor. ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

Abstract: The European Copyright acquis communautaire seeks a balance between a high level of protection of right holders on the one hand and the promotion of learning and culture on the other by instituting strong exploitation rights and providing exceptions to these exclusive exploitation rights for purposes of research, education and the dissemination of knowledge and culture. The use of copyrighted works for several non-commercial research purposes is therefore made possible under European Union (EU) copyright law. In this article, it is shown that, despite its increasingly international character, copyright law remains largely national law, based on the principle of territoriality. National regimes vary significantly throughout the Member States, which leads to legal uncertainty, and may cause obstacles in transnational teaching and research. It will be concluded that harmonization of 'EU Copyright Law', which is flexible enough to cope with every challenge the digital age poses, is still a work in progress, which will continue into the coming years, if not decades. Résumé: L'acquis communautaire en droit européen du droit d'auteur cherche un équilibre entre d'une part un haut niveau de protection des ayants droit et d'autre part la promotion de l'enseignement et de la culture, en instituant d'importants droits d'exploitation et en prévoyant des exceptions à ces droits d'exploitation exclusifs dans un but de recherche, d'éducation et de diffusion de la connaissance et de la culture. L'utilisation d'oeuvres protégées par le droit d'auteur dans différents buts de recherché non-commerciaux est ainsi rendue possible en droit d'auteur européen. Dans cet article, il est indiqué que malgré son caractère de plus en plus international, le droit d'auteur demeure largement un droit national, basé sur le principe de territorialité. Les régimes nationaux varient de manière significative selon les Etats membres, ce qui conduit à une incertitude juridique et peut constituer des obstacles dans l'enseignement et la recherché transnationaux. Le présent article conclut que l'harmonisation du "droit d'auteur européen" qui est suffisamment souple pour affronter les défis de l'ère digitale, est encore en développement, lequel se poursuivra au cours des prochaines années, voire décennies. Zusammenfassung: Im acquis communautaire des europäischen Urheberrechts wird ein Gleichgewicht, zwischen einem hohen Schutzniveau der Rechtsinhaber einerseits und einem Fortschritt für Entwicklung und Kultur andererseits, angestrebt. Dazu werden zum einen starke Lizenzrechte implementiert, gleichzeitig aber auch Ausnahmen für diese exklusiven Nutzungsrechte für Zwecke der Forschung, Lehre und Verbreitung von Wissen und Kultur geschaffen. Dementsprechend ist die Nutzung urheberrechtlich geschützter Arbeiten für eine gewisse Anzahl an nicht-kommerziellen Forschungszwecken gemäß EU-Urheberrecht möglich. In dem vorliegenden Beitrag wird aufgezeigt, dass das Urheberrecht trotz seines immer stärker werdenden internationalen Charakters nach wie vor weitestgehend nationales Recht, basierend auf dem Territoritalprinzip, bleibt. Die nationalen Regelungen der Mitgliedsstaaten variieren jedoch signifikant, was zu Rechtsunsicherheit führt und Hindernisse für transnationale Forschung und Lehre mit sich bringen kann. Schließlich wird die Schlussfolgerung gezogen, dass die Harmonisierung eines "EU-Urheberrechts", das flexibel genug ist, allen Anforderungen, die das digitale Zeitalter bringt, zu begegnen, eine anhaltende "Baustelle" ist, die noch die nächsten Jahre, wenn nicht Jahrzehnte andauern wird.

Die Dissertation untersucht ob partizipative Governance ein effektives Mittel ist um lokale Regierungen in Guatemala dazu zu bewegen ihren Wählern gegenüber verstärkt Rechenschaft abzulegen und den Haushalt mehr an den Bedürfnissen der Armen auszu-richten. Das erste Papier bereitet die wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse zur Wirkung von und den Bedingungen für effektive partizipative Governance auf. Das zweite Papier stellt ein neues Verfahren zur Kalibrierung qualitativer Interviewdaten für fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) vor. In einer qualitativ-vergleichenden Ana-lyse von zehn ländlichen Gemeinden untersucht das dritte Papier wie sich effektive par-tizipative Governance, politischer Wettbewerb und Zugang zu lokalen Medien auf die Haushaltsgestaltung einer Lokalregierung auswirken. Das vierte Papier analysiert mit derselben Methode die Bedingungen für effektive partizipative Governance. Das fünfte Papier präsentiert eine Fallstudie zweier Gemeinden und diskutiert Politikoptionen für die Implementierung von partizipativer Governance in Guatemala. Die Ergebnisse der Papiere zeigen, dass effektive partizipative Governance in Kombination mit starkem politischem Wettbewerb zu einer armutsorientierteren Ausrichtung öffentlicher Ausga-ben in den zehn Gemeinden führt, da Wähler besser informiert sind. Jedoch deuten die Ergebnisse auch darauf hin, dass partizipative Governance wegen des geringen Grades zivilgesellschaftlicher Organisation, des niedrigen Bildungsniveaus und hoher Armut in Guatemala nicht effektiv implementiert wird. Partizipative Governance kann also lokale Regierungen dazu bewegen Rechenschaft abzulegen und den Haushalt armutsorientier-ter zu gestalten. Ihre effektive Implementierung wird jedoch in Guatemala lange dauern und einen hohen Ressourceneinsatz erfordern. Daher sollten politische Entscheidungs-träger und Geber auch die Stärkung anderer Informations- und Rechenschaftslegungs-mechanismen, wie der Gemeinderäte, in Betracht ziehen. ; This thesis analyses whether participatory governance is an effective means for increas-ing local government accountability and for making local government spending more responsive to the needs of the poor in rural Guatemala. The first paper evaluates the scientific evidence on the impact of and the conditions for effective participatory gov-ernance. The second paper presents a new technique for calibrating qualitative interview data for fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA). In a qualitative compara-tive analysis of ten rural Guatemalan municipalities the third paper examines how effec-tive participatory governance, competitive elections, and access to local media influence the allocation of local government spending. The fourth paper analyses the conditions for effective participatory governance with the same empirical method. The fifth paper presents a comparative case study of two municipalities and discusses policy options for implementing participatory governance in Guatemala. Overall, the papers' findings show that effective participatory governance is sufficient for local government responsiveness in the study area when it is combined with competitive elections, because it increases voter information about local government performance. Yet, the findings also suggest that it will be difficult to implement participatory governance effectively in Guatemala due to the low degree of civil society organization, the low level of education of the population and the high level of poverty. The conclusion drawn from these findings is that effective participatory governance arrangements can make local governments more accountable and responsive, but that it will require much time and resources to implement them. Policy makers and donors should therefore also consider strengthening other information mechanisms, as well as existing accountability mechanisms, such as elected Municipal Councils.

Para llegar a este socialismo habrá una etapa de transición denominada democracia revolucionaria, donde se comienzan a realizar cambios necesarios que la población debe comenzar a entender, y uno de ellos, lo constituyen las fuentes y posibilidades para que todos tengan una cultura general integral satisfactoria, debido a que el conocimiento también conduce a otras instancias y donde se debe pensar ¿qué haremos como sociedad?, ¿hacia dónde nos dirigimos? Se propone como objetivo valorar las ventajas de la universalización en el aprendizaje didáctico de los programas de pre-grado de la carrera de medicina en la municipalización de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas como una realidad del socialismo en el siglo XXI. Se pudiera pensar que la municipalización de la universidad contribuye a la formación integral del estudiante y del profesor, pues es un proceso que ha ofrecido grandes logros, aportando a cada localidad el personal de la salud que necesita, la calidad de vida con el incremento de la asistencia médica se fortalece, los principales actores del proceso (estudiante y del profesor), se ponen en un contacto más directo con su pueblo y con los problemas que posee, contribuyendo en cierta medida a su solución, dotan a los futuros profesionales más humanos y comprometidos, a no solo ver los problemas de la comunidad sino ayudar a resolverlos, a ser menos hipercrítico y ser más proactivo.La universidad de forma revolucionaria y transformadora, posibilita el acceso a la Educación Superior de un mayor número de ciudadano.Palabras clave: EDUCACIÓN MÉDICA/clasificación/ética.ABSTRACTThis research paper was aimed at assessing the advantages of the universalization in the didactic learning of pre-graduate syllabuses for medical studies of the Medical Universities in municipalities as a reality for the socialism of the 21st Century. It is possible to think that, the University in municipalities contributes to the comprehensive training of the medical student and professor, as this is a process that has offered excellent achievements, providing each locality with the health personnel needed, strengthening the quality of life with the enhancement of medical assistance where the main actors of the process are students and professors, who are in direct contact with the population and the problems they have in the community to contribute to their solution to a certain measure. A future more humane and dedicated health professional, who will be able to take part not only on the problems of the community, but also to help in the solution of these problems being less hypercritical and more proactive. The university, that is revolutionary and transformer, makes possible the access of a greater number of citizens to Higher Education.Key words: MEDICAL EDUCATION/classification/ethics.

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 국제학과(국제지역학전공), 2012. 2. 한영혜. ; Unlike other countries, Germany has never been a greatly favored destination for Korean migration until the German government began to drive its Gastarbeiter (literally: "guest worker") policy in the early 1960s. Based on this policy, numerous foreign workers from a variety of countries were invited to work in Germany; amongst them thousands of Koreans. The Korean Gastarbeiter came to work in West German coal mines and hospitals without receiving sufficient prior education in German language or culture. The Germans only knew little about their Korean neighbors who worked hard to establish themselves in the foreign society. In Korea as well, Germany is not the typical country one thinks of when talking about the Korean Diaspora and so, the first generation's sacrifices and efforts for the development of their home country are almost forgotten by the young generation of Koreans today. The majority of the first generation had never planned to migrate entirely to Germany before. Most of them intended to return back to Korea after working for a couple of years since earning prospects were relatively lucrative. Yet, for different reasons, a large number of Koreans who came during that era decided to settle in Germany. They, hence, became "migrants by accident" who formed a significant portion of the first generation of Koreans in Germany. For the second generation – still essentially linked to Korea through their parents – growing up in Germany very often means living "between two worlds". In consequence, it is not uncommon that members of the second generation feel neither "German" nor "Korean". This study intends to characterize the second generation and the ethnic identity formation of its members with focus on the question whether they were able to generate a pronounced Korean ethnic identity. The study contains a survey among 144 members of the second generation and 10 in-depth personal and telephone interviews. In attempting to measure ethnic identity, I included items of the Multigroup Measure of Ethnic Identity (MEIM) that has been developed by the psychologist Jean S. Phinney and that can be used with diverse populations and enables researchers to study and compare the role of ethnic identity. The MEIM scores of Korean Germans in terms of ethnic identification with the Korean group were surprisingly high. Apparently, Korean Germans were able to achieve ethnic identity with the Korean group, despite cultural distance and other challenges. Moreover, this study revealed that self-evaluations to be "Korean-German", German-Korean or "mixed" that occurred frequently among survey participants do not mean that ethnic identification failed. They rather indicate the development of a "multiple ethnic identity". ; Master