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Five thousand refugees leave Eritrea each month according to UNHCR, making it one of the world's fastest-emptying countries. In this policy note, Redie Bereketeab, researcher at the Nordic Africa Institute, analyses the role and responsibility of the international community in the Eritrean migration crisis.

This thesis consists of five papers, which concern expenditure decisions and economic growth within Swedish local government.Paper [1] explores the hypothesis that local fiscal shocks have short run effects on revenue and expenditure decisions made within local government. It is found that although fiscal shocks do not affect local authorities' revenue decisions, they do induce municipalities to change expenditures and financial costs along with short term loans. Local authorities are also found to respond more powerful to unfavorable fiscal shocks (deficit shocks) than to favorable fiscal shocks (surplus shocks).In Paper [2], we study the hypothesis that local (municipal) expenditures, in part, can be explained by regional (county) expenditures. We formulate and estimate a demand model for municipal services that is defined conditional on the county expenditures. The results imply a positive dependency between the provision of county and municipal services. Moreover, the results suggest that the hypothesis of weak separability between the provision of county and municipal services can be rejected. In addition, we cannot reject the hypothesis that the regional expenditures are weakly exogenous in the local expenditure equation.In Paper [3] the existence of spillover between Swedish municipalities in the provision of recreational and cultural services is analyzed. A representative .voter model is derived and the demand for recreational and cultural services is estimated using spatial SUR techniques. The results suggest a negative relationship between recreational and cultural expenditures provided by neighboring municipalities, which indicates that these services are substitutes.Paper [4] concerns the regional growth pattern in Sweden by analyzing what factors might determine the growth rate of regional average income levels and the net migration rates. Our results suggest a negative dependence between the initial average income level and the subsequent income growth, which supports the conditional convergence hypothesis. Among other things, we also find that the initial endowments of human capital have a positive effect on subsequent net migration while the initial unemployment rate is found to have a negative impact on net migration.Paper [5] complements the analysis made in Paper [4] by studying which factors determine average income growth and net migration at the local level of government. The conditional convergence hypothesis cannot be rejected. Local government investments are found to have a positive effect on the subsequent net migration while leaving the growth in mean income unaffected. This may indicate that the net migration caused by these investments does not significantly affect the proportion of skilled and unskilled labor. ; Härtill 5 delarbeten. ; digitalisering@umu

Mehrere lokale Fallstudien verweisen übereinstimmend darauf, dass sich im Zusammenhang mit der sogenannten EU-Südosterweiterung 2007 europaweit ein neuer Rassismus herausgebildet hat. Dieser neue Rassismus richtete und richtet sich in Deutschland in erster Linie gegen eine als "Armutszuwanderung" stigmatisierte EU-Migration rumänischer und bulgarischer "Roma". Obwohl dieser "Armutszuwanderungsdiskurs" insbesondere in urbanen Räumen wirkt, sind die damit verbundenen Praktiken, Routinen und Strategien kommunaler Akteur:innen im deutschsprachigen Kontext bisher wenig erforscht. An dieses Forschungsdesiderat anknüpfend stellt dieser Beitrag empirische Befunde aus einem Forschungsprojekt über die Mechanismen des institutionellen Antiziganismus in einer westdeutschen Großstadt vor. Im Kern verweisen die Forschungsergebnisse auf völlig unangemessene institutionelle Routinen kommunaler Verwaltungen, während Handlungs- und Ermessensspielräume systematisch zum Nachteil von als "Roma" gelabelten EU-Migrant:innen ausgelegt werden. Handlungsleitend ist hierbei ein teils versteckter, teils offener antiziganistischer Gefahrendiskurs, wodurch die soziale und rechtliche Teilhabe ungewünschter Newcomer:innen an der Stadtgesellschaft nachhaltig verhindert wird.

This article presents research from a gender perspective, combining elements of a strategy important as education and migration. To do this we start from the qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews we conducted a Migrant women transiting the border of Tamaulipas (Mexico) - United States and the testimonies of professionals from government, social and religious institutions which are part of the resources helps migrants in Mexico. Through these testimonies analyse the risk factors that migrant women face in a context of insecurity, and how social and educational resources that have migrant determine the strategies used to challenge travel risks. We stress that the educational level of women well as certain social and educational resources at their disposal, diversified strategies used to cope with crisis situations that may arise along the way. ; En este artículo presentamos investigación desde la perspectiva de género, combinando elementos que conforman una estrategia importante como es la educación y la migración. Para ello partimos del análisis cualitativo de entrevistas en profundidad realizadas a mujeres migrantes en tránsito por la frontera de Tamaulipas (México) – Estados Unidos y de los testimonios de profesionales de instituciones gubernamentales, sociales y religiosas que forman parte de los recursos de ayuda a los migrantes en México. A través de estos testimonios analizamos los factores de riesgo a los que se enfrentan las mujeres migrantes en un contexto de inseguridad, y cómo los recursos socioeducativos con los que cuentan las migrantes condicionan las estrategias utilizadas para desafiar los riesgos del viaje. Destacamos que el nivel educativo de las mujeres así como determinados recursos socioeducativos con los que cuentan, diversifica las estrategias utilizadas para afrontar las situaciones de crisis que pudieran surgir en el trayecto.This article presents research from a gender perspective, combining elements of a strategy important as education and migration. To do this we start from the qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews we conducted a Migrant women transiting the border of Tamaulipas (Mexico) - United States and the testimonies of professionals from government, social and religious institutions which are part of the resources helps migrants in Mexico. Through these testimonies analyse the risk factors that migrant women face in a context of insecurity, and how social and educational resources that have migrant determine the strategies used to challenge travel risks. We stress that the educational level of women well as certain social and educational resources at their disposal, diversified strategies used to cope with crisis situations that may arise along the way.

Grenzen im Mittelpunkt der Geopolitik. Grenzen sind wieder in aller Munde. Eurokrise, Terrorismus, Migration und Flüchtlingsströme, Grenzkonflikte mit Russland, Nahostkriege, Spannungen in Asien und Pandemien: Grenzen füllen die Schlagzeilen wie kaum je zuvor. Doch was sind Grenzen? Wie sind sie beschaffen und welchen Zwecken dienen sie? In diesem Bildband demonstrieren Delphine Papin und Bruno Tertrais die Macht der Grenzen in ungewöhnlichen Karten

In Puerto Rico, Hurricane Maria laid bare the results of a long-term crisis created by dispossession, migration, and economic predation.

Deutschland befindet sich in einer Phase des rasanten gesellschaftlichen und kulturellen Wandels. Demografie und Migration sind dabei wesentliche Treiber. Die Rehabilitation muss sich diesen Herausforderungen stellen und ihre Angebote an die sich verändernden Bedürfnisse und Bedarfe anpassen.

"Im gegenwärtig vorherrschenden Klimadiskurs gilt 'klimawandelbedingte Migration' als Anpassungsstrategie und der Untergang von nur knapp über dem Meeresspiegel liegenden Inselstaaten als unvermeidlich. Mit diesem Zukunftsszenario wollen sich die Menschen von Tuvalu, Kiribati und Co. Nicht abfinden." (Autorenreferat)

Die erwarteten Arbeitskräftewanderungen im Zuge der EU-Erweiterung um die mittel- und osteuropäischen Länder erfordern institutionelle Reformen in der EU. Wie kann die Migration gesteuert werden, damit die Wanderungsanreize nicht durch die Umverteilungssysteme der Sozialstaaten westeuropäischer Prägung verzerrt werden?

Examines implications of evolving social policy for Russia's northern regions; discusses settlers, commuters, unemployment, migration, decreased labor financing, and prospects.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Figures and Tables -- List of Contributors -- An Interdisciplinary Introduction to Transnational Studies -- Section 1 Epistemological Principles and Transnational Methodologies -- 1 The Twilight of Transnational Migration Studies in a Conjuncture of Dispossession: An Epistemological Approach -- 2 Expanding the Critical Knowledge Potential of Transnational Migration Research: How to Study 'Doing Migration' at the Intersection of Multiple Colonialities? -- 3 What is New About Transnational Inequality? -- Section 2 Transnational Migrant Practices, Remittances, and Transfers -- 4 Migrant Transnational Political Engagement -- 5 Remittances, Transnationalism, and the Making of Migrant Financial Inclusion Across North America -- 6 Return Mobility and Transnational Intangible Transfers: The Case of Central and Eastern Europe -- Section 3 Mobilities, Identities, and Power Structures -- 7 Second-Generation Transnational Return Mobilities -- 8 Gendered State Interests and Marriage Migration Policies: The Philippines and South Korea -- 9 White Capital: A Transnational Story -- Section 4 Social Security, Social Protection, and Health -- 10 Labyrinths of Transnational Social Protection -- 11 Bringing the Transnational into Social Work -- 12 Diasporic Bureaucracies and Transnational Social Rights: A Mexican Health Policy in New York City -- 13 Transnational Medical Mobilities -- Section 5 Organizations and Social Movements -- 14 Social Movements, Transnational Struggles, and Cross-National Diffusion: Three Waves of Research -- 15 Transnational Labor Activism: The International Labor Movement and Beyond -- 16 Transnational Migrant Organizations -- Section 6 Culture, Religion, and the Arts -- 17 Contemporary Art and Transnational Artivisms in the Americas.

1. The Climate-Conflict-Displacement Nexus from a Human Security Perspective – An Introduction -- 2. Climate-Conflict-Migration Nexus: An Assessment of Research Trends Based on a Bibliometric Analysis -- 3. Climate Change Response Mechanisms and the Risk of Increasing Vulnerability: Conceptual Background and Pathways of Change -- 4. While Carbon Burns: The Debatable Journey of 'Environmental Refugee' as a Concept and Legal Dilemma -- 5. Looking Ahead: A Human Security Perspective to Tackling the Potential for Widespread Environmental Migration in Latin America -- 6. Environmental Migration in the MENA Region: The Case of Morocco -- 7. The Environment-Climate-Conflict-Displacement Nexus in the Arab Region: Implications and Recommended Actions -- 8. The Changing Dynamics of the Arctic Ecosystem and Food Security: The Case of the Bering Sea Region -- 9. Arctic Geopolitics, Cross-Boundary Soft-Power, Ecosystem Protection, and Human Security in the Bering Sea and Strait -- 10. Decolonization, Food Sovereignty, and Climate Risks: The Case of St. Lawrence Island in the Bering Sea, Arctic -- 11. Spatial Distribution and Geosimulation of Non-Timber Forest Products for Food Security in Conflict Area -- 12. Ecology of Zoonotic Pathways Indicating Conflict and Mass Migration -- 13. Tree Species Classification of the Conflict Regions of Sudan Using RapidEye Satellite Imagery -- 14. Securitization of Human-Induced Environmental Conflict: Implications for the Military (in the Struggle for Life) -- 15. Resolution of User Rights Related Conflicts in Collective Rangelands Through Negotiation: The Case of Morocco -- 16. Reporting International Conflicts Through the Environmental Discourse: The Moroccan Sahara Conflict as a Case Study.

"Ballot box voting is often considered the essence of political freedom. But it has two major shortcomings: individual voters have only a tiny chance of making a difference, and they also have strong incentives to remain ignorant about the issues at stake. "Voting with your feet" is far superior on both counts. In Free to Move, Ilya Somin explains who expanding foot voting opportunities can greatly enhance political freedom for millions of people around the world. That applies to foot voting in federal systems, foot voting in the private sector, and especially foot voting through international migration. These three types of foot voting are rarely considered together. But Somin explains how they have major common virtues, and can be mutually reinforcing. Free to Move addresses a variety of objections to expanded migration rights, including claims that the "self-determination" of natives requires giving the power to exclude migrants, and arguments that migration is likely to have harmful side effects, such as undermining political institutions, overburdening the welfare state, increasing crime and terrorism, and spreading undesirable cultural values. While these objections are usually directed at international migration, Somin shows how a consistent commitment to such theories would also justify severe restrictions on internal freedom of movement. That implication is yet another reason to be skeptical of such arguments. The book also shows how both domestic constitutional systems and international law can be structured to increase opportunities for foot voting, while mitigating potential downsides of freedom of movement."--

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Tables -- List of Figures -- Foreword -- Preface -- 1 Economic Development and Population Growth -- The Economic Development of Taiwan -- Factors Influencing Economic Development -- Population Growth and Development -- Conclusion -- 2 An Historical Overview of Urban Growth -- The Historical Growth of Cities -- Growth of Localities and Urbanized Areas -- The Growth of Urban Population by Size of Place -- The Rank-Size Distribution of Cities -- The Growth of Intermediate Cities -- Conclusion -- 3 The Relationship Between Urbanization and Development -- Specification of the Model -- Findings -- Conclusions -- 4 The Growth of the Taipei Metropolitan Area -- Historical Perspective -- Rapid Population Concentration in Taipei -- Physical Problems -- Economic Growth and Employment -- Conclusion -- 5 Alternate Responses to a Changing Economy: Migration, Commuting and Rural Industrialization -- Migration Between Cities and Counties -- Rural Industrialization -- Off-Farm Work in Rural Households -- Study of Labor Mobility 1967-72 -- Conclusions -- 6 The Determinants of Migration to the City -- Review of Previous Theories -- A Theory of Individual Mobility -- The Migration Survey -- Test of the Theory of Individual Mobility -- Conclusion -- 7 The Economic Success of Migrants in Taipei -- Research Design -- The Comparison Between Migrants and Stayers -- The Comparison of Migrants and Taipei Natives -- Differences in Type of Employment in Taipei -- The Process of Migrant Adjustment -- Summary and Conclusion -- 8 Living Conditions and Social Life of Migrants in the City -- Method of Studying Migrant Adjustment -- Housing and Living Conditions -- Interaction with Relatives -- Urban Activities and Contact with Mass Media -- Modern Attitudes -- Conclusion.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- TRADE NET MIGRATION AND AGRICULTURE: INTERACTIONS BETWEEN EXTERNALRISKS AND THE NEW ZEALAND ECONOMY -- A. The Interaction of External Risks and Linkages in New Zealand -- B. Spillovers from a Growth Slowdown in China -- C. Spillovers from the Interplay of Net Migration and the Australian Economy -- D. Spillovers to New Zealand's Agriculture Sector -- E. Conclusions -- References -- BOX -- 1. ANZIMF - The Australia-New Zealand Integrated Monetary and Fiscal Model -- FIGURES -- 1. New Zealand's Agricultural Exports -- 2. New Zealand's Services Exports -- 3. Growth Slowdown in China - Outcomes in China -- 4. Growth Slowdown in China - Spillovers to New Zealand -- 5. Growth Slowdown in China - Net Migration Effects in New Zealand -- 6. Growth Slowdown in China with Various New Zealand Policy Options -- 7. Growth Slowdown in China with Fiscal Stimulus in Different Economies -- 8. Growth Slowdown in Australia - Outcomes in Australia -- 9. Growth Slowdown in Australia - Spillovers to New Zealand -- 10. Growth Slowdown in Australia - Net Migration Effects in New Zealand -- 11. Agriculture Sector Risk Scenarios -- TABLE -- 1. Trade Patterns in ANZIMF -- ANNEXES -- I. Key Assumptions Underlying the Simulations -- II. New Zealand's Fiscal Multipliers in ANZIMF -- QUANTIFYING CONSUMPTION-EQUIVALENT WELFARE IN NEW ZEALAND -- References -- FIGURES -- 1. Consumption-Equivalent Welfare vs. Income, 2017 -- 2. New Zealand, Welfare Index in 2017 -- 3. Progress in Welfare Over Time -- TABLES -- 1. Mapping Consumption-Equivalent Welfare (CEWS) Indicators Into Living StandardsFramework (LSF) -- 2. Welfare Indicators, 2017 -- 3. Growth of Welfare, Income, and Components, 2007-2017 -- INTERACTION BETWEEN MONETARY POLICY AND FINANCIAL STABILITY IN NEWZEALAND -- A. Introduction -- B. A Review of the Debate on Monetary Policy and Financial Stability.