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While much scholarly attention has been paid to ways in which metropolitan areas are politically structured and operated to achieve a dual goal, economic growth, and equality, relatively less is known about the complex relationship between metropolitan governance structures and growth–inequality dynamics. This study investigates how and to what extent metropolitan governance structures shape regional economic growth and inequality trajectories using data for 267 US metropolitan areas from 1990 to 2010. Findings from a two-stage least squares regression analysis suggest that economic growth is associated with governance structures in a nonlinear fashion, with relatively more rapid growth rates in both highly centralized and decentralized metropolitan areas. However, these regions are also found to experience a larger increase in income inequality, indicating an important trade-off to be considered carefully in exploring ways to reform existing governance settings. These findings further suggest that the so-called growth–inequality trade-off may exist not only in their direct interactions but through their connections via governance or other variables.

Part 1: Introduction -- Rising inequalities and a changing social geography of cities. An introduction to the global segregation book -- Residential segregation between income groups in international perspective -- Part 2: Africa -- Income inequality, socio-economic status and residential segregation in Greater Cairo: 1986-2006 -- Social inequality and spatial segregation in Cape Town -- Income inequality and socio-economic segregation in the city of Johannesburg -- Part 3: Asia -- Dual land regime, income inequalities and multifaceted socio-economic and spatial segregation in Hong Kong -- Income inequality and socioeconomic segregation in Jakarta -- Socio-spatial segregation and exclusion in Mumbai -- Social polarisation and socio-economic segregation in Shanghai, China: Evidence from 2000 and 2010 censuses -- Increasing inequality and the changing spatial distribution of income in Tel-Aviv -- Changes in occupational structure and residential segregation in Tokyo -- Part 4: Australia -- The land of the 'fair go'? Mapping income inequality and socioeconomic segregation across Melbourne neighbourhoods -- Part 5: Europe -- Making sense of segregation in a well-connected city: the case of Berlin.

The comparative analysis of income inequality across countries has acquired increasing importance in recent years. This paper is divided in two parts. The first one is focused on the analysis of income inequality in the European Union. To carry out this task, we use different models based on Lorenz curves and quantiles functions and different equivalence scales. The European Community Household Panel Data are used. The second part of the paper is focused on explaining the differences in income and health inequalities across European countries. In particular several hypotheses concerning the economic determinants of health inequalities are studied. KEY WORDS Income inequality, Lorenz curves, quantile functions, equivalence scales, European Community Household Panel, health inequalities

This paper presents a model in which opportunity differences within society result in child labour, where 'opportunity' is broadly defined but can include school quality, access to higher paying jobs, access to information about the returns to education and actual discrimination. If opportunity differences exist, child labour and poverty are shown to be symptomatic of this underlying socioeconomic condition. It is then shown that policies that ban child labour and/or introduce compulsory education laws can actually reduce dynastic welfare, increase poverty and further exacerbate income inequality within society, because they treat the symptom rather than the disease: the lack of opportunity.

"Private restrictions on racial occupancy are a critical element and episode in the history of American inequality. This study draws on newly available full count (parcel-level) data on racial restriction for five Midwestern counties. The research makes four important and overlapping contributions to our understanding of the history of the American city, and to the patterns and processes of segregation and stratification that are so central to that history. First, it elevates and clarifies the role of private restriction in the history and architecture of racial segregation in the United States. Second, it documents the astonishing scale and reach of private racial restriction. Third, this record of private restriction offers a compelling documentary catalogue of both local and individual acts of discrimination or segregation, and of the racial assumptions and racial categories that animated them. Finally, the importance of private restriction to our account of racial segregation shifts our attention from public to private actors, and from the local and federal housing polices of the 1940s to the patchwork apartheid of private restriction that those policies accommodated, emulated and, over time, locked down. The trajectory of racial residential segregation in most settings simply does not support the conclusion that it was primarily or overwhelmingly a product of public policy. Public policies did not segregate America; they failed to challenge that segregation when confronted with it, and routinely deferred to the private actors who were responsible."

This paper draws upon quantitative data collected from one of the principal associations fighting Islamophobia in France along with the population census, and provides a step forward in understanding the operation and distribution of Islamophobia. It presents a geography of Islamophobia in Paris based on statistical data, and aims to observe whether or not this geography corresponds or contrasts with geographies of inequality (such as those associated with gentrification, deprivation and marginalisation), by analysing the various spatial patterns stemming from the maps. This socio-spatial analysis of anti-Muslim discrimination is important in Paris because since the terrorist attacks in 2015, anti-Muslim sentiment has increased sharply. The mapping of Islamophobia and its association with the spatial distribution of different socioeconomic and demographic variables synthetized in a typological map display significant forms, relations and diversities within Paris. This cartographic analysis demonstrates that the geography of Islamophobia does not necessarily refer to spaces where 'Muslims' and the victims of Islamophobia live in great majority, and rather refers to more privileged and central areas such as Paris intra-muros. Victims mostly experience anti-Muslim incidents outside their everyday spaces away from their homes, such as public institutions and workplaces. Indeed, the findings raise the significance of the exact place where incidents occur as well as societal attitudes to these 'hierarchical' places where the perpetrator probably feels more comfortable in behaving in an antisocial and sometimes violent way.

We here use panel data from the COME-HERE survey to track income inequality during COVID-19 in France, Germany, Italy, and Spain. Relative inequality in equivalent household disposable income among individuals changed in a hump-shaped way between January 2020 and January 2021, with an initial rise from January to May 2020 being more than reversed by September 2020. Absolute inequality also fell over this period. Due to the pandemic some households lost more than others, and government compensation schemes were targeted towards the poorest, implying that on average income differences decreased. Generalized Lorenz domination reveals that these distributive changes reduced welfare in Italy.

This review examines research about current levels and recent changes in ethnic and racial stratification in the United States. Research about ethnic inequality emphasizes that economic stagnation and restructuring are troubling impediments to progress toward equality, and it shows evidence that employers may still use racial and ethnic queues in hiring. A number of issues arise with respect to the incorporation of the new waves of immigrants who have arrived since immigration law reform in 1965. We discuss patterns of adaptation of new immigrants, including available evidence on the ethnic enclave economy and substitution in the labor market of immigrants for native minorities. We summarize new theories and hypotheses about the fate of the children of recent immigrants, and we point to topics in this area needing further research.

Parties adopt online participation methods in the hope of engaging a wider group of participants. However, literature on the digital divide suggests that this is unlikely to happen, as online participa-tion remains dependent on the same factors as offline participation: income, class, education. Based on a mixed methods study of members of the Green Party Germany, this paper discusses the expected and actual effects of online participation tools on the participation of party members. Expectations are that these tools will benefit nearly everyone, but in practice, the goal to engage inactive members is only partially achieved: Younger members and those with lower educational attainments are mo-bilised, but women are not. These effect differ depending on the type of technology. I argue that this is an expression of the prevailing digital divide, which needs to consider not only a socio-demo-graphic divisions, but also the multifaceted effects of different technologies.

An exploration of the relationship between income status, economic resources, service needs, & taxing policies for municipalities & schools in 39 metropolitan surburbs of the Milwaukee, Wisc, SMSA. Modest support was found for those concerned about the impact of SC & income clustering & government fragmentation on local tax policy inequalities. Path analysis is used to explore possible alternative linkages accounting for fiscal inequality patterns among suburban municipalities & it is shown that fiscal disparities resulting from income clustering by jurisdiction are only partially attributable to resourse & need inequities. It might also be that income status, reflecting differing service preferences, operates directly to generate intermunicipal fiscal disparities. 2 Tables, 1 Figure. HA.

Foreign direct investments (FDI) is an important determinant of economic growth. FDI does not only contribute to the growth and economic development but also affects income through contributing to economic development and the impact on employment and salary structure of developing countries. The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of FDI on income inequality in Vietnam. This study is the first attempt to examine the impact of FDI on income inequality under the constraints of the institution and education levels. To address the potential endogeneity problem, this study adopts Genernalized Method of Moment (GMM) model to conduct the estimation. A two-step GMM model with robust standard errors is used in the study. Empirical results show that FDI tends to increase income inequality in Vietnam and the existence of a non-linearity relationship between FDI and income inequality is also validated. Moreover, the study finds that the effects of FDI on income inequality are different depending on the level of education and institutions of the host provinces in Vietnam. The results of this study imply that, in order to ensure sustainable development, Vietnam's policies should focus on improving the quality of economic governance and the administrative reform efforts of the government of the provinces and cities. Besides, policies should focus on increasing investment in public education and improving human capital, which not only can reduce income inequality but also can attract more FDI inflows.

Odisha, one of the socioeconomically disadvantaged states of India, registers high maternal deaths. The state features wide regional and sociodemographic diversity with the Koraput-Balangir-Kalahandi (KBK) districts, dominated by disadvantaged tribal population. This study aims to assess the level and pattern of maternal healthcare services utilization among different subgroups of women in Odisha with a special focus on the regional, economic, and educational inequality using the latest District Level Household and Facility Survey (DLHS-III, 2007-08). Descriptive statistics and bivariate and multivariate analysis were used to understand the pattern of utilization of maternal healthcare services among women by different background characteristics. Concentration curve and decomposition analysis were used to understand the inequalities in utilization of maternal healthcare services and contribution of different socioeconomic factors. Results reveal wide regional variation in the utilization of maternal healthcare services. The utilization of maternal healthcare services is more concentrated among affluent households. Economic inequality in safe delivery is high. Decomposition analysis shows education as the leading contributor in explaining maternal healthcare services utilization. Enhancing literacy among women and improving of health infrastructure and its quality in rural and disadvantaged regions may be prioritized to improve the maternal health in Odisha.

AbstractDue to the Somali Civil War of 1991, more than 10,000 Somali refugees resettled in Kebribeyah, a town in the Somali region of Ethiopia. For nearly three decades, the local and resettled refugee communities shared the resources the region had to offer, adopted a new common cultural norm, and fostered some levels of social cohesions. It is the education sector, however, that caused social conflicts and hatred between resettled Somalis and the native Somali-Ethiopians. Currently, the education of Somali refugee children is funded by various international organizations, such as the United Nations. On the contrary, the local Somali-Ethiopian children pay their way to schools which leads to poor educational experiences. Using autoethnography as the research method, this article examines the formation of educational gaps between the local and refugee children. Findings suggest that educational inequality can exist between refugee and host communities, if not properly managed, and can ultimately impact social cohesion and stability in the refugee-hosting regions.

As a collaborative effort with the UCLA Institute on Inequality & Democracy, UCLA Center for Neighborhood Knowledge, and Ong & Associates, this report breaks down how the coronavirus pandemic has intensified the plight of mass eviction for renters. In particular, the research shows how Black and Latinx renters are disproportionately impacted, underscoring how the coronavirus crisis exacerbates already existing disparities.One of the far-reaching impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic will be mass evictions in California and elsewhere in the United States. Driven by the failure at all levels of government to institute tenant protections and keep people in their homes, such evictions will reshape cities, increasing homelessness and displacing communities.Analyzing recent survey data from the U.S. Census Bureau, this research brief by CNK pinpoints the racial disparities that structure this crisis. Such disparities reflect institutionalized and systemic inequalities in education, employment, and housing. An especially important finding of the report is that across socio-economic status categories, Black and Latinx households are more likely to be unable to pay rent compared to non-Hispanic Whites and Asian Americans, a stark reminder of the entrenched racial disparities that are being re-articulated and amplified by the present crisis.The brief underscores the necessity of social protection policies and programs, whether in the form of robust unemployment relief or rent cancellation. As CNK Director and Professor Paul Ong notes, programs of relief have perpetuated discrimination through the determination of eligibility. The unprecedented crisis at hand demands a new approach to public policy, one that can ensure a just recovery.