Suchergebnisse

In a recent bibliometric analysis of alcohol- and other drug-related research publications in 11 countries, differences were found in research output across countries. In this paper we use additional secondary data to explore possible socio-historical factors that may contribute to differences in alcohol-related peer-reviewed publications across countries. Aside from general scientific productivity, we propose a possible link between the degree to which societies are concerned with alcohol and alcohol-related research outputs.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe analizuojamas projekto "Nord Stream 2" įgyvendinimas ES-Rusijos užsienio ir energetikos politikos kontekste. Tyrimo objektas - ES-Rusijos užsienio ir energetikos politikos perspektyvos. Tyrimo tikslas - išanalizuoti ES-Rusijos bendradarbiavimo energetikos srityje ir projekto "Nord Stream 2" įgyvendinimo problematiką. Tikslui pasiekti iškelti šie uždaviniai: palyginti neoklasikinio realizmo ir liberaliojo tarpvyriausybiškumo teorines kryptis, aiškinančias ES ir Rusijos užsienio ir energetikos politikos perspektyvas bei prielaidas energetinio bendradarbiavimo vystymui; įvertinti bendrosios ES energetikos politikos kontekstą: vystymosi etapus, institucijų ir valstybių narių vaidmenį; paaiškinti, kokią įtaką ES bendroji energetikos politika turi energetiniam bendradarbiavimui su Rusija ir kitomis ne ES valstybėmis; išnagrinėti projekto "Nord Stream 2" įgyvendinimą, atsižvelgiant į teisinius, politinius ir ekonominius aspektus; išanalizuoti ir palyginti ES ir trečiųjų valstybių požiūrį į NS2 įgyvendinimą, įvertinti galimas priežastis, dėl kurių susiformavo atitinkama pozicija. Tyrimo eigoje naudoti šie metodai: mokslinės literatūros analizė, atvejo studija, dokumentų analizė, antrinė statistinių duomenų analizė, lyginamoji analizė ir interviu metodas. Atlikus tyrimą prieita prie išvadų, kuriomis remiantis galima teigti, kad Rusijos atveju energetinis bendradarbiavimas yra paremtas valstybės interesu ir geopolitiniais siekiais, o ES atveju – ekonominiais tikslais. Šiame kontekste abi pusės yra linkę kliautis pragmatinėmis nuostatomis. ES pasižymi ypač didele gamtinių dujų importo iš Rusijos priklausomybe, kurią projekto NS2 įgyvendinimas tik dar labiau sustiprintų. Dėl šios priežasties projekto kritikai pabrėžia politinį ir saugumo kontekstą, taip pat, NS2 nesuderinamumą su ES teise ir strateginiais ES energetikos tikslais. Projekto šalininkai pabrėžia ekonominę naudą, kuri NS2 įgyvendinimo kontekste yra linkusi nusverti daugelį kitų argumentų. Įgyvendinant projektą išryškėja 4 pagrindiniai veikėjai ir jų grupės: NS2 iniciatorės - Vokietija ir Rusija, projektą palaikančios ES šalys, NS2 kritikuojančios ES valstybės ir JAV. Pastebėta, kad ES šalys, turinčios kitų alternatyvų rusiškoms dujoms, NS2 vertina neutraliai arba priešiškai, o Vokietijos suinteresuotumas projekto įgyvendinimu remiasi dideliu priklausomumu nuo gamtinių dujų tiekimo iš Rusijos ir svarių alternatyvų neturėjimu. ; The final Master's theses presents the analysis of implementation of the "Nord Stream 2" project in the context of EU-Russia foreign and energy policies. Object - prospects of the EU-Russia foreign and energy policy. Aim of the study is to analyze issues regarding EU-Russia energy cooperation and implementation of "Nord Stream 2" under certain circumstances. Research tasks are defined as following: to compare theories of neoclassical realism and liberal intergovernmentalism, explaining the perspectives of EU-Russia foreign and energy policy and the preconditions for energy cooperation; to assess the context of the EU's common energy policy: stages of development, role of the institutions and EU member states; to explain the impact of the EU's common energy policy on energy cooperation with Russia and other non-EU countries; to examine the implementation of the Nord Stream 2 project, taking into account legal, political and economic aspects; to analyze and compare attitudes of the EU and other countries towards the implementation of the NS2, in order to assess possible reasons for the respective position. The following methods have been chosen: scientific literature analysis, case study, document analysis, secondary statistic data analysis, comparative analysis and interview method. The study came to conclusion that Russia perceives energy cooperation as based on the state interest and geopolitical goals while the EU emphasizes economic objectives. In this context, both sides tend to rely on pragmatic attitudes. The EU is particularly dependent on natural gas imports from Russia and this dependence would increase after implementation of the NS2. For this reason, critics of the project emphasize political and security issues as well as incompatibility of the NS2 with the EU law and strategic energy objectives. Proponents of the project emphasize economic benefits, which in the context of implementing NS2 usually outweigh many other arguments. The case of NS2 highlights 4 main actors and their groups: initiators of the project (Germany and Russia), EU countries supporting the project, EU countries criticizing NS2 and the USA. It has been noted that EU countries having other alternatives to Russian gas declares neutral or adverse position towards NS2, while Germany's interest in successful completion of the project is based on its high dependence on natural gas supply from Russia and lack of other significant alternatives. ; Politikos mokslų ir diplomatijos fakultetas ; Politologijos katedra

We analyse the implications of unions (efficient bargaining) for multiplicity of stationary states and welfare, local indeterminacy, bifurcations and endogenous fluctuations (deterministic and stochastic). We use an overlapping generations model with external increasing returns to scale, where capital is the unique asset. We find that a slight increase in unions power may increase the levels of capital, employment and the welfare of all agents at the steady state. However multiple steady states may exist. Moreover, our results show that increasing returns to scale are a necessary condition for the emergence of deterministic endogenous fluctuations. However, we find that union's bargaining power can dramatically influence the local stability of the system. In fact, while an increase in the bargaining power of unions reduces the scope for local indeterminacy, the emergence of endogenous fluctuations, through Hopf bifurcations may become more likely when unions are present. Therefore, if the relevant trajectory exhibits endogenous fluctuations, steady state welfare is no longer the unique important element from a social point of view. In this case, whether unions are 'good' institutions or not may well depend on the trade off between efficiency and intergenerational equity that society is willing to take.

This book presents the work of leading experts from Austria, Finland, Sweden, and Switzerland on the changing opportunities and challenges faced by the neutral states of Europe. It outlines some of the political changes that have recently taken place in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.

Background: Gastroparesis is a condition characterized by epigastric symptoms and delayed gastric emptying (GE) rate in the absence of any mechanical obstruction. The condition is challenging in clinical practice by the lack of guidance concerning diagnosis and management of gastroparesis. Methods: A Delphi consensus was undertaken by 40 experts from 19 European countries who conducted a literature summary and voting process on 89 statements. Quality of evidence was evaluated using grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation criteria. Consensus (defined as ≥80% agreement) was reached for 25 statements. Results: The European consensus defined gastroparesis as the presence of symptoms associated with delayed GE in the absence of mechanical obstruction. Nausea and vomiting were identified as cardinal symptoms, with often coexisting postprandial distress syndrome symptoms of dyspepsia. The true epidemiology of gastroparesis is not known in detail, but diabetes, gastric surgery, certain neurological and connective tissue diseases, and the use of certain drugs recognized as risk factors. While the panel agreed that severely impaired gastric motor function is present in these patients, there was no consensus on underlying pathophysiology. The panel agreed that an upper endoscopy and a GE test are required for diagnosis. Only dietary therapy, dopamine‐2 antagonists and 5‐HT4 receptor agonists were considered appropriate therapies, in addition to nutritional support in case of severe weight loss. No consensus was reached on the use of proton pump inhibitors, other classes of antiemetics or prokinetics, neuromodulators, complimentary, psychological, or more invasive therapies. Finally, there was consensus that gastroparesis adversely impacts on quality of life and healthcare costs and that the long‐term prognosis of gastroparesis depends on the cause. Conclusions and Inferences: A multinational group of European experts summarized the current state of consensus on definition, symptom ...

Hauptbeschreibung: Der Vertrag von Lissabon hat den Grundrechtsschutz in der Europäischen Union auf eine neue vertragliche Grundlage gestellt. Die Charta der Grundrechte formalisiert die materielle Anbindung des unionsrechtlichen Grundrechtsschutzes an die EMRK. Im Hinblick auf die besonderen Ausprägungen der nationalen Grundrechtsordnungen liegt die Verantwortung für die Koordination des Grundrechtsschutzes im europäischen Mehrebenensystem jedoch unverändert in den Händen des EuGH, des EGMR und der nationalen Verfassungsgerichte. Die ersten beiden Teile dieses Buches sind der Frage gewidmet, we

Southern European countries, especially those which are EU members, share similar migration histories, being traditionally countries of emigration but now having to deal with large numbers of immigrants, many of whom arrive via irregular channels facilitated by smugglers, or enter by legitimate means as tourists and then overstay. This paper introduces a special issue of this journal on the theme of irregular migration. It starts by recounting the implications of the recent (October 2013) Lampedusa tragedy. The remainder of the paper is in three parts. We first explore the flexible concept of irregular migration, including questions of definition and migration policy – especially the policy of regularisation, which has been widespread in the four largest Southern EU states. Next, we describe what has been called the 'Southern European Model of Migration' and its constituent elements and theoretical foundations, a key part of which is the dynamic interrelationship between irregular migration and the informal economy. Finally, we introduce the six papers that follow, highlighting their key findings and significant research contributions.

Political changes in Europe at the end of the 80's have resulted in the establishment of the Central European Initiative as an international regional association. Interests in cooperation in the field of tourism can be explained by the fact that the majority of Central European countries have significant cultural, historical and natural resources which are not sufficiently used. The Working Group for Tourism, which has been led by Croatia since 1993, made a decision to conduct research with the main aim of determining basic tourism indicators as a basis for developing a common tourism marketing strategy. This paper presents the research methodology and discusses the main survey results. ; Političke promjene na području Europe krajem 80-tih rezultirale su osnivanjem Srednjoeuropske Inicijative kao međudržavne regionalne asocijacije. Interes za suradnjom u turizmu može se objasniti činjenicom da većina srednjoeuorpskih zemalja ima značajne kulturne, povijesne i prirodne resurse koje nije iskoristila u dovoljnoj mjeri. Djelatna skupina za turizam kojom predsjedava Hrvatska od 1993. godine, donijela je odluku o provođenju istraživanja s glavnim ciljem određivanja osnovnih turističkih pokazatelja kao temelja za formuliranje zajedničke strategije marketinga u turizmu. Ovaj rad predstavlja metodologiju istraživanja te iznosi njegove glavne rezultate.