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The Author reports more important phases from the beginning of housing to now: the indoor pollution time. Shelter is a basic need; humans re-quire protection against the elements, somewhere to store and prepare the food, and a secure place to raise offspring; but indoor environment is not always safe. It has been known since Hippocrates' time that housing con-ditions affect health. Today situation starts from the enormous growth of urbanization. At 1888 in Italy first legislation on health, including healthy building, has been issued. The prevention policies were based on local hygiene regula-tions. At present housing programmes of who stress the problem in con-sideration too of the great part of time that, in industrialized Countries, we all pass at home, in the indoor environment. Following the general introduction the Author relates on the features of indoor climate, that may be identical that out of doors, or may be modi-fied by heating, cooling, humidification and ventilation. Larger commentaries are reported on indoor pollution and its increasing by modern technology producing several new hazards. Physical, chemi-cal and biological indoor air pollutants, with their principal sources and health damages associated, are analyzed. In conclusion the Author shows some data from a research on indoor pollution in the houses of Rome. Key words: Indoor pollution - Indoor climate - Houses

The United Nations, the United States, and other interested governments have sought to minimize the proliferation of nuclear weapons. North Korea's apparent attempts to begin production of nuclear materials clearly undermine the goal of non-proliferation. Moreover, the introduction of nuclear weapons onto the Korean peninsula, a site of continued political and military tension, has added a threat of potential nuclear conflict. This Article investigates the history of the Korean crisis and places North Korea's attempt to withdraw from the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in the context of the international non-proliferation regime and policy. The author then examines the present collective security system and the evolution of the concept of self-defense in international law, concluding that the traditional concept of self-defense is inadequate to deal with the problem presented by a nuclear threat. In response to this crisis, the author suggests that the United States first pursue a peaceful, diplomatic solution. Economic sanctions, imposed both by the United Nations and by the United States unilaterally, are the next proposed route. As a last resort, the author proposes that the United States should respond to North Korean hostilities by increasing its military presence in the Western Pacific and by executing a preventive strike against North Korean nuclear facilities.

There are various reasons why an author may wish to return, not to the 'classic' he wrote thirty years ago (this is a widely practised and accepted form of narcissism), but to a book he has only recently published. One such reason could be that he suffers from an acute case of what the French call esprit de l'escalier (spirit of the staircase) — thinking of the brilliant remark one might have made during the conversation only as one walks down the staircase after leaving the party. Another possibility is that the book was attacked and that some new ideas occurred to the author as he replied to his detractors. Also, upon reflecting on his book, the author may discover some connecting link between it and his earlier writings which he feels he would like to explore. While we are working on a new book we are often providentially protected by the illusion that we are engaged on an entirely novel and original enterprise. We may need this feeling to set out at all. Only after we are finished do we recognize that an argument we have put forth is closely related to points which we have made long ago or which, alternatively, stand in some tension to it.

В статье дастся развернутое изложение частично уже реализованного комплексного исследования современного российского предпринимательства. Предлагается расширительная его трактовка как всякой общественной деятельности, способствующей рыночной трансформации российской экономики. Автор резюмирует существующие в отечественной литературе точки зрения на социальное происхождение, типологию, экономическую и политическую активность бизнеса, а также на общественное восприятие предпринимательства, выдвигает собственные версии и гипотезы. ; The author of the article brings into the open a detailed account of a partly realized complex research of a modern Russian enterpreneurship, being carried out in Russian Independent Institute of social and national problems. The author suggests to treat enterpreneurship as any other public activity, favouring market transformation of economic at home. The article gives a summary of the existed in our science opinions on origin, typology, economic and political business activity and also on public apprehension of enterpreneurship. The author also brings forward his own hypotheses on a range of questions: social roots of enterpreneurship in a Russian society, the determining of economic and social status of business circles; the marketization program in Russia, political activity of Russian enterpreneurs and others. The realization of the research of Russian enterpreneurship can result, in the author's opinion, in drawing-up of prognoses conserning the development of events as well as in practical recommendations given to owners and to the bodies of executive and legislative power.

This article examines the circumstances in which life support can legally be withheld or withdrawn from adults. It analyzes the situation of patients who are both capable and incapable of making decisions, taking into account recent jurisprudence in Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Where competence is not an issue, both law and modern medicine espouse a strong normative commitment to patient self-determination. However, when no clear indication of the patient's treatment preference can be ascertained because of decisional incapacity, then the question of terminating life support is much more difficult. The author describes and analyzes the two legal standards that have evolved in the three countries to guide treatment decisions: the substituted judgment standard, which has been particularly prominent in the United States, and the best interests test. Both have been problematic in application. With respect to the best interests test prevalent in Canada, the few analogous cases that have been decided to date have been marked by an emphasis on the single criterion of the presence or absence of non-relievable pain. The author concludes that while judgments will rightly be rooted in caution, Canadian courts can and ought to develop a more encompassing series of considerations to ground decisions about ending life support. The author then begins to develop principles that could guide decision making in this area.

SummaryThe author explores the relationship between technological change and the lawmaking process in the reorganization of international space since the Second World War. He points out three types of technological inputs that have been significant in the process: exploitation of resources technologies, of communication and transport technologies, and of military technologies. Those technological inputs each have had a different impact on the creation of new norms in international law. The author examines particularly the first two types, the latter being more ambiguous in its effects. First, he stresses that exploitation of resources technologies tends to set new rules that reattribute international space previously considered as res communis or res nullius into the jurisdiction of states or within the scope of the common heritage of mankind. The sharing of the new resources therefore withholds spatialism. Communication and transport technologies, on the contrary, support freedom in international space and therefore prefer functionalism to spatialism. Confusion may occur when a technology is considered either as a means of communication or of the exploitation of resources, as is the case in the spectrum/orbit issue. The author examines the conflicting role of different technological inputs and their effects on the emerging regime which has reattributed international space within the scope of state jurisdiction or consolidated the international status of other space.

Paper presented as part of a panel on "The Post-Service Effects of Military Experience on Low-Aptitude Recruits" at the 98th Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association, Boston, Massachusetts, August 1990 ; This paper was part of a panel discussion at the 98th Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association in Boston, Massachusetts in August 1990. "Marginality" in the present context refers to persons who are on the fringe of being eligible for military service. The author first examines the history of such marginality, showing how various groups of people have been considered barely acceptable for the military based on factors unrelated to their actual talents, aptitudes, or abilities. Since the 1950s, the term "marginal man" has been associated primarily with persons who obtained a low score on the military's enlistment test. The author then examines the U.S. military's extensive use of marginal groups, including "marginal man," during wartime mobilization as well as peacetime recruiting. Included here is a discussion of "Project 100,000" and the infamous scoring errors on the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) between 1976 and 1980, when over 360,000 young men enlisted with otherwise-ineligible AFQT scores. The author uses these and other examples to assess the future of "marginal man" in the military.

This Note addresses the ocean boundary delimitation conflict between Japan, China, Taiwan, and South Korea in the East China Sea. The author considers international law on boundary delimitation and concludes that the law is unclear on delimitations between states within four hundred nautical miles of one another. The International Court of Justice has held that equity is the norm to be applied to boundary delimitation disputes but it has not resolved the competition between the natural prolongation theory of delimitation and a theory based upon the Exclusive Economic Zone. The geology of the East China Sea brings this issue to the fore. The author concludes that regardless of how this conflict is resolved, equidistance, proportionality, and other equitable concerns will apply to any boundary delimitation. The Note accounts for the political situation in the East China Sea area and concludes that the possibility of reaching a solution is greater than it has been in the past. The author nevertheless argues that it will be necessary to look to alternatives to existing legal precedents to develop a solution to the dispute in the East China Sea. These alternatives include the creation of joint development zones, a compromise of the best legal position advanced by each side and an approach based on strict proportionality.

The article critically assesses the contribution of Italian sociology to the study of social movements in the last twenty years. These years nearly cover the "institutional life-cycle" of the discipline. In order to help the reader place the study of social movements within the mainstream of Italian sociology, some information is provided about its historical development and academic status, even in relation to political and cultural trends in overall society. Tracing the history of social movements studies back to it origins, the author shows how it has diverged from the American tradition, in particular as far as its relation to the study of other forms of collective behavior is concerned. In an extensive review of both theoretical and empirical contributions, the author points out what she sees as the main merits and faults of Italian scholars. The former include attention to theorization in the field of both conventional and collective behavior and preference for multi-factored models of explanation. Among the latter, are unsatisfactory attempts to build general testable theories, and lack of empirical research. Contributions are analysed with regard to different aspects of social movements: formation, mobilization and recruitment, ideology and organization, politics and outcomes. Pointing out achievements and failures of Italian analysts, the author arrives at some general rather optimistic conclusions about future developments, in both theory and research.

THE AUTHOR WAS SENTENCED TO FIVE-AND-A-HALF YEARS' HARD LABOUR AT THE ELEPHANT-THE APT SOUBRIQUET OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL SECURITY AT THE ELEPHANT AND CASTLE. IT PROVED A REWARDING SENTENCE IN AN UNREWARDING ENVIRONMENT. IN OCTOBER 1968 THE QUEEN HAD REMARKED TO RICHARD CROSSMAN THAT THE DEPARTMENT HAD A "WITH-IT ADDRESS". IN HIS DIARY HE DISMISSED WHAT SHE HAD SAID AS "OUT OF TOUCH"; BUT IT WAS, ON THE CONTRARY, A PERCEPTIVE COMMENT ON THE ON THE CHOSEN LOCATION OF ONE OF THE GIANT DEPARTMENTS SITED SOUTH OF THE RIVER IN THE MIDDLE OF A FAIR SAMPLE OF ITS VAST CLIENTELE. WHEN THE AUTHOR ARRIVED IN 1975, THE FASHION FOR GIANT DEPARTMENTS WAS OVER. IT HAD BEEN A SHORT-LIVED FASHION IN WHITEHALL: THE AUTHOR HAD NEVER FELT SECURE AGAINST A SUDDEN DECISION BY THE PRIME MINISTER TO BREAK UP THE DHSS. BUT THE DEPARTMENT HAS CONTINUED TO SURVIVE, ALONG WITH THREE OTHER GIANTS, THE FOREIGN AND COMMONWEALTH OFFICE, THE MINISTRY OF DEFENCE, AND THE DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT. CAN IT BE THAT THE SCALE AND STRUCTURE OF THOSE DEPARTMENTS ARE NOW STABLE, AND THAT THE ORGANISATION ARCHITECTURE OF THE 1960S AND 1970S HAS BEEN SET ASIDE FOR GOOD-ARCHITECTURE REPLACED, IN EFFECT, BY THE MANAGERIAL ENGINEERING OF TODAY?

One of the most perplexing features of the welter of events that led to the slaughter of 1972 has to do with the emergence, or the resurgence, of intra-Tutsi rivalries. These were particularly noticeable in the months immediately preceding the holocaust and involved among other things a struggle for power between the so-called Tutsi-Hima and the Tutsi-Banyaruguru. The following passage is excerpted from Father Rodegem's article "Burundi: La Face Cachée de la Rébellion" (Intermédiaire, 15 June 1973) in which the author emphasizes the historical dimensions of the Hima-Banyaruguru conflict. One may or may not agree with the facts and interpretations presented by the author; however, the article suggests at least one possible explanation for the scale of the massacre: by systematically killing all educated Hutu elements, the Hima elites also destroyed the basis for a potential alliance between Hutu intellectuals and Tutsi-Banyaruguru.Father Rodegem spent many years in Burundi and is intimately acquainted with the traditional aspects of Rundi culture. He is the author of Sagesse Kirundi (Tervueren: 1961) and "Ainsi Parlait Samandari: Analyse ethnolinguistique d'un phénomène de déviance dans une société à caractère empirique" (Anthropos, Vol. 69, 1974). The latter is a pioneering effort to penetrate the political culture of Burundi through techniques of analysis borrowed from ethnolinguistics.

This paper deals with the efficient numerical solution of single-phase flow problems in fractured porous media. A monolithic multigrid method is proposed for solving two-dimensional arbitrary fracture networks with vertical and/or horizontal possibly intersecting fractures. The key point is to combine two-dimensional multigrid components (smoother and intergrid transfer operators) in the porous matrix with their one-dimensional counterparts within the fractures, giving rise to a mixed-dimensional geometric multigrid method. This combination seems to be optimal since it provides an algorithm whose convergence matches the multigrid convergence factor for solving the Darcy problem. Several numerical experiments are presented to demonstrate the robustness of the monolithic mixed-dimensional multigrid method with respect to the permeability of the fractures, the grid size, and the number of fractures in the network. ; The work of the first and fourth authors was supported by Spanish project PGC2018-099536-A-I00 (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE). The work of the second author was supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement 705402, POROSOS. The work of the third author was partially supported by the Spanish project FEDER/MCYT MTM2016-75139-R. The work of the fourth author was supported by the DGA (Grupo de referencia APEDIF, ref. E24 17R).

Maritime piracy, a phenomenon which has plagued free maritime trade for thousands of years, has entered a new age of sophistication and global reverberation. These acts of illegal criminal activity in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries yield a significant profit margin for the perpetrators while creating considerable cost for ransom payments, security measures, capital, and human life. The classification of maritime pirates, as either criminals hoping to gain financial income or terrorists hoping to usher in political change, is warranted and compelling. If maritime pirates conduct their operations to institute political change, it is possible that flags of the United States and its allies can be more susceptible to pirate attacks than others. The author argues that although the definitional separation of (")maritime piracy(") and (")terrorism(") is becoming increasingly blurred in the twenty-first century, pirates will attack ships based on convenience and opportunity rather than based on the flags of vessels. Testing of this theory will be based on quantitative data produced by the International Maritime Bureau to test pirates' ideologies as a variable. To test if deprivation is a variable to consider, the author will also compare Indonesian economic performance with the frequency of attempted pirate attacks off its waters. ; 2012-12-01 ; M.A. ; Sciences, Political Science ; Masters ; This record was generated from author submitted information.

The story of the Mennonites of Kansas during World War I has never been told. This account should be of interest both as an incident in general Mennonite history and as an episode in the social history of the United States, for it demonstrates many of the problems o f incorporating a minority group into the broader society. For source material the author has drawn largely upon the material at the Bethel College Historical Library at North Newton, Kansas. This library has a large manuscript collection, most valuable of which was the correspondence of many of the most influential Mennonite ministers. Bethel Library also holds records of church conferences, diaries of Mennonites who were called into the military service, and printed material on each Mennonite church. Additional holdings which concern the Mennonites during World War I include microfilmed records of the Department of State, Bureau of Immigration, Attorney General, and Provost General. The author is indebted to the many people who have assisted him, especially Dr. John F. Schmidt, Dr. Cornelius Krahn, and James C. Juhnke of Bethel College. The author also acknowledges the following individual s who provided source material for the thesis: Mrs. Jess Smucker of Sterling, Henry B. Koehn of Montezuma, Ferdinand Schroeder of Goessel, C. E. Spurlock and Ura Hostetler of Harper.