Suchergebnisse

National audience ; Ten years after the introduction of laws resulting from a national consultative process (Grenelle de l'Environnement) in which ecological connectivity was strongly promoted, what can we say about the creation of "corridors" as a new element in spatial planning? In analysing some major experiences from the French Alps, we draw lessons from the opportunities and challenges of introducing corridors as a new boundary object bringing together stakeholders and ensuring their effective protection or restoration. We investigate the diverse modes of governance and the legal and financial tools that have been used at various spatial and temporal scales. We also discuss the links between planning for ecological corridors and the implementation of the mitigation hierarchy at the landscape scale. We show that the protection and restoration of ecological corridors requires a multi-faceted and multi-partner approach, at multiple scales, but its success for biodiversity ultimately rests in its capacity to protect actual interconnected pieces of land, step by step. ; Dix ans après les lois issues du Grenelle de l'Environnement, que peut-on dire de l'intégration des « corridors écologiques » dans les documents d'urbanisme ? En analysant quelques expériences menées en Isère et en Savoie, nous tirons des leçons sur les modes de gouvernance et les outils juridiques et financiers permettant de penser et d'agir sur les processus écologiques aux échelles spatiales et temporelles pertinentes. Grâce aux plans de gestion en faveur des zones humides de Chambéry et du Bourget, nous évoquons aussi le traitement de ces « corridors » dans la mise en œuvre de la séquence éviter – réduire – compenser par les porteurs de projets d'aménagement. Malgré l'accent mis sur le caractère multi-facette, multipartenaire et multi-échelle des corridors, leur succès pour la biodiversité réside tout de même dans la sécurisation d'espaces interconnectés, de proche en proche, parcelle par parcelle.

National audience ; In Germany, the legal and planning framework for establishing a biotope network has been in place since 2002 through inclusion in the Federal Nature Conservation Act ("Bundesnaturschutzgesetz" BNatSchG). Nevertheless, there is a discrepancy between theory and practice at all planning levels. Despite a wide range of information, successes have so far been achieved in Baden-Württemberg rather intermittently, particularly at the municipal level. Various model projects have been initiated with state funding since 2015. The German Federation for the Environment and Nature Conservation (Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland, BUND) - one of the largest nature conservation associations in Germany - has tested the planning, implementation and safeguarding of biotope network habitat measures in two municipalities in Baden-Württemberg. This article outlines the framework conditions for the implementation of a state-wide biotope network at the municipal level. The steps from planning to implementation are described using concrete measures. The conclusion highlights the challenges and successes and shows opportunities for continued municipal commitment to a state-wide biotope network. ; En Allemagne, le cadre juridique et de planification pour l'établissement d'un réseau de biotopes est en place depuis 2002 grâce à son intégration dans la loi fédérale sur la protection de la nature ("Bundesnaturschutzgesetz" BNatSchG). Néanmoins, un décalage s'est instauré entre la théorie et la pratique à tous les niveaux de planification. Malgré une grande campagne d'informations, les succès enregistrés jusqu'à présent dans le Bade-Wurtemberg sont plutôt ponctuels, en particulier au niveau municipal. Divers projets modèles sont lancés avec le financement du land depuis 2015. La Fédération allemande pour l'environnement et la protection de la nature (Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland, BUND) - l'une des plus grandes associations de protection de la nature en Allemagne - a testé la planification, la mise en ...

International audience ; Pour des raisons techniques et économiques, toutes les masses d'eau européennes ne bénéficient pas d'un suivi direct de leur qualité établi à partir d'une collecte régulière de données biologiques. En France, cela représente environ dix mille sites. Pour combler ces lacunes, des chercheurs d'INRAE ont mis au point un ensemble de modèles capables de prédire avec un bon taux de réussite l'état écologique de ces masses d'eau à partir d'un jeu de données de pressions. Si ce type d'outil prédictif est d'un intérêt majeur pour les gestionnaires, il ne doit cependant pas être considéré comme une approche antagoniste à l'amélioration du réseau de surveillance mais plutôt comme un moyen de fournir un cadre général pour aider les politiques de l'eau.

International audience ; Pour des raisons techniques et économiques, toutes les masses d'eau européennes ne bénéficient pas d'un suivi direct de leur qualité établi à partir d'une collecte régulière de données biologiques. En France, cela représente environ dix mille sites. Pour combler ces lacunes, des chercheurs d'INRAE ont mis au point un ensemble de modèles capables de prédire avec un bon taux de réussite l'état écologique de ces masses d'eau à partir d'un jeu de données de pressions. Si ce type d'outil prédictif est d'un intérêt majeur pour les gestionnaires, il ne doit cependant pas être considéré comme une approche antagoniste à l'amélioration du réseau de surveillance mais plutôt comme un moyen de fournir un cadre général pour aider les politiques de l'eau.

Over the past 20 years, Massachusetts has evolved as a leader in clean energy policy, which has led to market development, job and economic growth, and reductions in greenhouse gas and other emissions. This course will provide direct insights into the brief history of these policy developments, including policy objectives, legislative and regulatory roles, tradeoffs of costs and benefits, the use of analytical methods to establish program design, and stakeholder perspectives and engagement. The course will explore the market and economic development and challenges that have resulted from the policy, and explore the economic tradeoffs and distributional impacts that may result. Lastly, the course will consider the current energy and climate issues in Massachusetts and the latest policy development and proposals that will impact our energy future.

In the European Union, the residential building sectoris responsible for about 22 % of the total energy consumption. Over the last decades policy makers recognized the high potential of this sector to contribute towards reductions of CO2 emissions through the energy consumption reduction. Thermal buildings models is the subject of several researches and several model tools resulted in. Diversity of local contexts, data availability and stakeholders goals lead to search flexible models, with ability to create information for different application. However, renewal of buildings are decided at urban scale, hence the interest to expend the knowledge of the energy demand at a local scale instead of single building. The main goal of this stage is to link three well-known and complementary approaches: the physics of buildings, the typological approach and the Geographical Information Systems. By exploring the potential of bottom-up approaches, the models existing for single buildings are extrapolated for a complete set of households in a neighbourhood. Two heating demand models at local scale have been developed and tested on the neighbourhood of St Felix in Nantes. The first one is static and mainly inspired of EPCs (Energy Performance Certificates) while the second one is dynamic and funded on an electrical analogy (5R2C). Both of them couple GIS, the typological approach and building physics. Results are analysed to check relevancy of the prototypical approach and to study energy retrofitting potential from different actions. ; Dans l'Union Européenne, le secteur des bâtiments résidentiel est responsable d'environ 22 % des consommations énergétiques. Depuis plusieurs décennies, les politiques reconnaissent le potentiel de ce secteur à pouvoir contribuer significativement à la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre grâce à la réduction des consommations énergétiques. La modélisation thermique des bâtiments fait l'objet de nombreux travaux de recherche et de nombreux outils de modélisation en ont abouti. Néanmoins, les larges actions de rénovation se décident à l'échelle locale, d'où l'intérêt de connaître les demandes en énergie à l'échelle du quartier et non plus à celle du bâtiment individuel. L'objectif de ce stage est de lier trois approches maîtrisées : la physique des bâtiments, l'approche typologique et les Systèmes d'Informations Géographique. En explorant le potentiel des approches ascendantes, les modèles existants pour les bâtiments seuls sont extrapolés pour un ensemble de logements d'un quartier. Deux modèles de demande en chauffage sont développés et testés à Saint Félix à Nantes. Le premier est statique et principalement inspiré des DPE (Diagnostiques de Performance Énergétique) alors que le deuxième est dynamique et fondé sur une analogie électrique (5R2C). Les deux approches couplent les SIG, l'approche typologique et la physique des bâtiments. Les résultats sont analysés pour vérifier l'intérêt de l'approche typologique et pour étudier le potentiel d'amélioration du rendement énergétique de différentes actions.

In the European Union, the residential building sectoris responsible for about 22 % of the total energy consumption. Over the last decades policy makers recognized the high potential of this sector to contribute towards reductions of CO2 emissions through the energy consumption reduction. Thermal buildings models is the subject of several researches and several model tools resulted in. Diversity of local contexts, data availability and stakeholders goals lead to search flexible models, with ability to create information for different application. However, renewal of buildings are decided at urban scale, hence the interest to expend the knowledge of the energy demand at a local scale instead of single building. The main goal of this stage is to link three well-known and complementary approaches: the physics of buildings, the typological approach and the Geographical Information Systems. By exploring the potential of bottom-up approaches, the models existing for single buildings are extrapolated for a complete set of households in a neighbourhood. Two heating demand models at local scale have been developed and tested on the neighbourhood of St Felix in Nantes. The first one is static and mainly inspired of EPCs (Energy Performance Certificates) while the second one is dynamic and funded on an electrical analogy (5R2C). Both of them couple GIS, the typological approach and building physics. Results are analysed to check relevancy of the prototypical approach and to study energy retrofitting potential from different actions. ; Dans l'Union Européenne, le secteur des bâtiments résidentiel est responsable d'environ 22 % des consommations énergétiques. Depuis plusieurs décennies, les politiques reconnaissent le potentiel de ce secteur à pouvoir contribuer significativement à la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre grâce à la réduction des consommations énergétiques. La modélisation thermique des bâtiments fait l'objet de nombreux travaux de recherche et de nombreux outils de modélisation en ont abouti. Néanmoins, les larges actions de rénovation se décident à l'échelle locale, d'où l'intérêt de connaître les demandes en énergie à l'échelle du quartier et non plus à celle du bâtiment individuel. L'objectif de ce stage est de lier trois approches maîtrisées : la physique des bâtiments, l'approche typologique et les Systèmes d'Informations Géographique. En explorant le potentiel des approches ascendantes, les modèles existants pour les bâtiments seuls sont extrapolés pour un ensemble de logements d'un quartier. Deux modèles de demande en chauffage sont développés et testés à Saint Félix à Nantes. Le premier est statique et principalement inspiré des DPE (Diagnostiques de Performance Énergétique) alors que le deuxième est dynamique et fondé sur une analogie électrique (5R2C). Les deux approches couplent les SIG, l'approche typologique et la physique des bâtiments. Les résultats sont analysés pour vérifier l'intérêt de l'approche typologique et pour étudier le potentiel d'amélioration du rendement énergétique de différentes actions.

In the European Union, the residential building sectoris responsible for about 22 % of the total energy consumption. Over the last decades policy makers recognized the high potential of this sector to contribute towards reductions of CO2 emissions through the energy consumption reduction. Thermal buildings models is the subject of several researches and several model tools resulted in. Diversity of local contexts, data availability and stakeholders goals lead to search flexible models, with ability to create information for different application. However, renewal of buildings are decided at urban scale, hence the interest to expend the knowledge of the energy demand at a local scale instead of single building. The main goal of this stage is to link three well-known and complementary approaches: the physics of buildings, the typological approach and the Geographical Information Systems. By exploring the potential of bottom-up approaches, the models existing for single buildings are extrapolated for a complete set of households in a neighbourhood. Two heating demand models at local scale have been developed and tested on the neighbourhood of St Felix in Nantes. The first one is static and mainly inspired of EPCs (Energy Performance Certificates) while the second one is dynamic and funded on an electrical analogy (5R2C). Both of them couple GIS, the typological approach and building physics. Results are analysed to check relevancy of the prototypical approach and to study energy retrofitting potential from different actions. ; Dans l'Union Européenne, le secteur des bâtiments résidentiel est responsable d'environ 22 % des consommations énergétiques. Depuis plusieurs décennies, les politiques reconnaissent le potentiel de ce secteur à pouvoir contribuer significativement à la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre grâce à la réduction des consommations énergétiques. La modélisation thermique des bâtiments fait l'objet de nombreux travaux de recherche et de nombreux outils de modélisation en ont abouti. Néanmoins, les larges actions de rénovation se décident à l'échelle locale, d'où l'intérêt de connaître les demandes en énergie à l'échelle du quartier et non plus à celle du bâtiment individuel. L'objectif de ce stage est de lier trois approches maîtrisées : la physique des bâtiments, l'approche typologique et les Systèmes d'Informations Géographique. En explorant le potentiel des approches ascendantes, les modèles existants pour les bâtiments seuls sont extrapolés pour un ensemble de logements d'un quartier. Deux modèles de demande en chauffage sont développés et testés à Saint Félix à Nantes. Le premier est statique et principalement inspiré des DPE (Diagnostiques de Performance Énergétique) alors que le deuxième est dynamique et fondé sur une analogie électrique (5R2C). Les deux approches couplent les SIG, l'approche typologique et la physique des bâtiments. Les résultats sont analysés pour vérifier l'intérêt de l'approche typologique et pour étudier le potentiel d'amélioration du rendement énergétique de différentes actions.

An ecosystem approach to management requires a holistic view by integrating different system components, and is now beginning to be more strongly included into marine policy decisions. The EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) addresses such an ecosystem approach, together with an economic assessment of the ecosystem. In the Baltic Sea, the overfishing of cod (Gadus morhua) has, along with eutrophication, been a major environmental concern. Overfishing has not only decreased the productivity of this stock, and thereby affected both commercial and recreational use, but has also altered the entire food-web dynamics. The aim of this pilot study was to collect economic fisheries-related data, forming the basic input for a bio-economic model to simulate management scenarios for fisheries. To this end, economic fisheries-related data from seven countries around the Baltic Sea were collected. The collected data show that the Baltic Sea fishing fleets employ more than 9400 persons. In 2007, the industry generated around 160 million Euros of value added. An overview of the current fisheries management was also undertaken, showing that the EU Common Fisheries Policy is the basic regulatory framework for nearly all countries. The distribution of fishing rights is however a national responsibility. Many countries are moving in the direction of more flexible quota management, where fishermen receive a certain share of the overall quota with the possibility to trade this share.Bio-economic model tools have been used to simulate different management scenarios and their potential economic and ecological impacts. This model was constructed using the collected economic data and analyses how fishing effort changes would affect profits from fisheries and the state of the ecosystem. Based on this model approach, four management scenarios were calculated optimizing economic, social and ecological conditions. The modelling results indicate that fisheries in the Central Baltic Sea are only profitable if the fishing effort is low, given current stocks size and fishing fleets structure. However, this result needs to be interpreted cautiously due to data-related problems. For example, some of the cost indicators were lacking for some countries due to different book-keeping rules, and when aggregated, the total landing data for the fleets did not correspond to the official ICES landings data in the Central Baltic Sea. This first pilot study shows that the ecological-economic modelling tool functioned reasonably well but that the uncertainties in the economic input data caused unrealistic management scenarios. To improve such a fisheriesrelated ecosystem assessment, either the type of economic data needs to be improved to run more realistic scenarios or another economic approach needs to be applied.

AbstractTo realize the integrated remediation of SW/GW and soil in the rural river network area, the integrated remediation in rural river network area project (IR-RRNA), funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, has been launched. In eastern China, the rural river network area (RRNA) is an anthropic active area characterized by its rapid economic development and high gross national product. However, the water environmental pollution in these areas is increasingly severe, which has greatly hindered their sustainable development. Especially, the frequent interactions between surface/groundwater (SW–GW) have intensified the pollution migration and transformation in RRNA. The IR-RRNA (2019–2022) will apply the related interdisciplinary and methodological knowledge to elucidate the transportation and transformation of pollutants in water and soil during SW–GW interaction and develop remediation technologies of surface water, groundwater, and soil suitable for the RRNA. In this way, to realize the remediation technologies integration for surface/groundwater and soil in RRNA and implementing application demonstration. Meanwhile, a technical guideline will be compiled for the integrated remediation suitable for the RRNA. This project is conducive to addressing the urgent environmental problems as well as promoting rural economic revitalization and ecological environment optimization.

Abstract
Currently, chemical monitoring based on priority substances fails to consider the majority of known environmental micropollutants not to mention the unexpected and unknown chemicals that may contribute to the toxic risk of complex mixtures present in the environment. Complementing component- and effect-based monitoring with wide-scope target, suspect, and non-target screening (NTS) based on high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) data is recommended to support environmental impact and risk assessment. This will allow for detection of newly emerging compounds and transformation products, retrospective monitoring efforts, and the identification of possible drivers of toxicity by correlation with effects or modelling of expected effects for future and abatement scenarios. HRMS is becoming increasingly available in many laboratories. Thus, the time is right to establish and harmonize screening methods, train staff, and record HRMS data for samples from regular monitoring events and surveys. This will strongly enhance the value of chemical monitoring data for evaluating complex chemical pollution problems, at limited additional costs. Collaboration and data exchange on a European-to-global scale is essential to maximize the benefit of chemical screening. Freely accessible data platforms, inter-laboratory trials, and the involvement of international partners and networks are recommended.

AbstractBackgroundThe stabilization of fine sediments via biofilms ('biostabilization') has various economic and ecological implications but is presently unaddressed within lotic waters. To investigate natural biofilm growth and functionality in freshwater sediments under controlled boundary conditions, a unique mesocosm was constructed that combines established know-how from engineering and natural sciences and consists of six straight flumes. To test the comparability of biofilm growth within one flume and between the flumes, extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs), microbial biomass and microbial community composition were closely monitored over time and space as well as in relation to biofilm adhesiveness (proxy for biostabilization).ResultsMost importantly, biofilm development and biostabilization capacity revealed no significant differences within flume regions or between the flumes and the biofilms significantly stabilized the substratum as compared to abiotic controls. However, interesting temporal successions in biofilm growth phases became visible in shifting abundance and diversity of bacteria and microalgae resulting in varying EPS secretion and biostabilization.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrated the importance of biostabilization for fine sediment dynamics in freshwaters. Secondly, this unique setup allows comparable biofilm growth under controlled environmental conditions, an important requisite for future research on the ecological significance and impact of biostabilization for ecosystem functioning at varying environmental scenarios.

Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Environment contains a chronology, an introduction, appendixes, and an extensive bibliography. The dictionary section has over 200 cross-referenced entries on environmental degradation including air and water pollution, deforestation, desertification, and resource depletion.