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The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights is the main regional text on the protection of human and peoples' rights. Before its adoption, many thought of adopting a continental text that would provide adequate protection for citizens' rights, especially in a period when certain countries were still under the yoke of colonial domination. The drafters of the Charter thus wanted to adopt a unique text of its kind that, that beyond providing the rights of individuals, also proclaims in its lines the rights of african peoples, including the fundamental right of peoples to self-government, a right that colonization has taken away from them. Nevertheless, can we really say that the African Charter is a text which reflects african legal cultures ? The history of Africa shows us that the continent, contrary to the prejudices of several europeancentrist authors, abounds in a very rich legal culture. Indeed, the existence of political and legal forms of organization on the continent is far from being a utopia. These traditions influence african social realities to this day. But the attachment invoked to universal human rights principles suggests that African cultures have somehow been scorned to make way for the universalism of modern human rights theories. This work therefore seeks to conduct a study of the legal context of african societies, to assess the degree to which african legal cultures are taken into account in the drafting of the Charter. ; La Charte africaine des droits de l'homme et des peuples est le principal texte régional portant sur la protection des droits de l'homme et des peuples. Avant son adoption, plusieurs furent ceux à avoir songé à l'adoption d'un texte d'ampleur continentale qui apporterait la protection adéquate aux droits citoyens, en particulier dans une période où certains pays se trouvaient encore sous le joug de la domination coloniale. Les rédacteurs de la Charte ont ainsi voulu adopter un texte unique en son genre qui, au-delà de prévoir les seuls droits des individus, proclame ...

United States military veterans are a special population of men and women that have willingly sacrificed their lives to serve their country. They are perceived to be patriotic, honorable, strong, and disciplined people. Unfortunately, veterans are not exempt from committing criminal acts that land them in the criminal justice system. In fact, veterans are highly susceptible to developing mental illnesses and substance use disorders which can ultimately lead to criminal behavior. The purpose of this study was to examine to what extent available resources are provided to veterans to help them prevent contact with the criminal justice system. This study used a mixed methods approach to identify themes in quantitative survey responses which asked veteran respondents about their history with substance use, mental health disorders, and criminal involvement. Respondents provided information on treatment court participation and spoke on their experiences before, during, and after court participation. This study found mentorship and mental health counseling were effective resources for veterans. This study highlights potential barriers veterans face when seeking help. Future research and policy recommendations are discussed.

Hand-drawn sketch. "Each mule was carrying eighty bottles of tequila or about 164 pounds. Mule in the smuggling business." ; https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/johnrpeavey/1017/thumbnail.jpg

Black and white photograph. "In the early days there was plenty of wild life deer. Were here for the taking anytime, we never had such things as game laws, in Jim Hogg county we had antelope plenty of wild turkey, doves and quail were everywhere in the winter season ducks and geese were plentiful along the coast line and they were easy to take." ; https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/johnrpeavey/1022/thumbnail.jpg

Black and white photograph. Border Patrol horses "cooling off" in a river. ; https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/johnrpeavey/1023/thumbnail.jpg

Black and white photograph. Texas Rangers with their horses. A old Spanish home is seen in the background. ; https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/johnrpeavey/1037/thumbnail.jpg

Black and white photograph. Newspaper clipping. Depicted: Stagecoach used in the Old Alice Road up until 1904; "The Brownsville to Alice Stagecoach Line junction at Paso Real after the hurricane of September 1919.". Newspaper clipping stating "move launched for restoration of stage stop" written by Bob McDonald. ; https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/johnrpeavey/1087/thumbnail.jpg

Hand-drawn sketch. Draft of cover page for the Echoes From the Rio Grande From the thorny hills of Duval to the sleepy Rio Grande. "1905 to 1941, former Deputy Sheriff, Chief Scout U.S. Army Mounted Guard, U.S.I.S. Assistant Chief Patrol Inspector U.S. Border Patrol, Special Texas Rangers." ; https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/johnrpeavey/1088/thumbnail.jpg

Black and white photograph. Hand-drawn sketch. Photograph: "Mission, 1910 Lon C. Hill trying to convince William Jennings Bryan that he should move into the Valley country. Left to right: Greg Wood of Mission, Tex, Texas Ranger Sam McKinsey, seated Lon C. Hill of Harlingen, Senator William Jennings Bryan. Notice two guns under the rangers coat and one under coat of Lon C. Hill." Sketch: "Harlingen, Texas, in 1905. A man told me it was Six-shooter Junction, but the conductor called in Harlingen." ; https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/johnrpeavey/1074/thumbnail.jpg

Black and white photographs. Three photographs. Two reproductions. Depicted: Stagecoach used in the valley before the coming of the railroad. "This old stagecoach was in operation as late as 1904 on the Old Alice Road. ; Reproductions: Elizabeth st. Brownsville 1905 and 12th street in Brownsville.; Entrance to the King Ranch Inc.; Portrait of John R. Peavey. ; https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/johnrpeavey/1079/thumbnail.jpg

The fast development of modern society and communication, as well as the emergence of globalization, bring on the diversification and complexity of public affairs. New missions require that administrations or civil servants become flexible and open to meet the needs of the people, but, because of the authentic framework, the State and hierarchical administrations are not able to easily change the rigid structure and procedure in the administration. On the one hand, the State has provided public services for the people through continuous intervention in the free market. In the original, public services have had the aim of promoting the general interest, some politicians and civil servants have illegally satisfied the private interest through their powers; on the other hand, the efficiency of public services is worse than that of private companies. Administration is used to ignoring the importance of cost-benefit analysis. Even if an administration carries out its task in the name of the general interest, citizens do not allow it to waste state resources.The design of the public organization's institution outside the hierarchical administration can refer to the theory of new public governance. In order to ensure the boundary between legislative power and executive power, the separation of powers claims to take into consideration legitimacy and reasonableness. Finally, the accountability mechanism is embodied in the demand for democracy and political responsibility. Taking account of the potential corruptions and the decrease the conflict of interest, the emergence of the independent administrative organization arrived for maintaining the fair competition and avoiding the corruption in the United States at the end of the 19th century. France established the first independent administrative authority, the Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés (CNIL) in 1978. Up to now, there are 26 independent administrative authorities. The legislative power extends the functions of those who are likely to regulate competition, promote relations between administrations and citizens, and protect fundamental rights. Compared with the independent administrative authority in France, the Taiwanese legislation has been cautious about creating the independent administrative organization. In his view, it evades the control of the senior administration and easily causes the flight within the government. The legislative Yuan inaugurated the first independent administrative commission, the Fair Competition Commission (FCC) in 1992. (.) ; Le développement rapide de la société contemporaine et de la communication, ainsi que l'avènement de la mondialisation aboutissent à la diversification et complexité des affaires publiques. Ces missions nouvelles exigent que l'administration ou le fonctionnaire reste flexible et ouvert pour répondre aux besoins du peuple, cependant l'État et les administrations hiérarchiques ne sont pas capables d'assouplir facilement la structure et la procédure administrative non contentieuses en raison du cadre authentique. D'une part, l'État s'est attaché à des services publics en intervenant longtemps sur le marché libre, à l'origine, les services publics ont eu pour but de promouvoir l'intérêt général, une part des politiciens et des fonctionnaires ont satisfait illégalement l'intérêt privé à travers la puissante confiée ; d'autre part, l'efficacité des services publics restait plus mauvaise que celle des entreprises privées. C'est-à-dire que les administrations ont ignoré souvent l'importance de l'analyse coût-avantage. Même si une administration remplit sa tâche au nom de l'intérêt général, les citoyens ne lui permettent pas de gaspiller les ressources étatiques. Le design de l'institution de l'organisation publique au dehors de l'administration hiérarchique peut se référer à la théorie de gouvernance publique nouvelle. Afin d'assurer la limite de compétence entre pouvoir législatif et pouvoir exécutif, la séparation des pouvoirs mérite de prendre en considération la légitimité et raisonnabilité. Enfin, le mécanisme de l'imputabilité se concrétise la demande de la démocratie et la responsabilité politique. Compte tenu de la corruption potentielle et de la diminution de juge et partie, l'apparition de l'organisation administrative indépendante a la fonction de maintenir la compétition équitable et d'éviter la corruption aux États-Unis à la fin de 19e siècle. La France a instauré la première autorité administrative indépendante, la Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés (CNIL) en 1978. Il existe 26 autorités administratives indépendantes jusqu'à aujourd'hui. Le pouvoir législatif élargit les fonctions de celles qui sont susceptibles de la régulation de la concurrence, de la promotion des rapports entre les administrations et les citoyens, ainsi que la protection des droits fondamentaux. Par rapport à l'autorité administrative indépendante en France, le législateur taïwanais a fait preuve de prudence en matière de la création de l'organisation administrative indépendante. Selon son point de vue, elle se soustrait au contrôle de l'administration supérieure en suscitant des querelles au sein du gouvernement. Le Yuan législatif a inauguré la première commission administration indépendante, la Commission de la concurrence équitable (CCE) en 1992. (.)

A significant innovation of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 is contained in section 162. This provision empowers a court to declare a director delinquent or under probation on various grounds. The effect of a delinquency order is that a person is disqualified from being a director of a company, while being placed under probation means that he or she may not serve as a director except to the extent permitted by the order. A delinquency order may be unconditional and subsist for the director's lifetime, or it may be conditional and be effective for seven years or longer, as determined by the court. A probation order generally subsists for a period not exceeding five years, and may be subject to such conditions as the court considers appropriate. The harsh effects of these orders are alleviated by section 162(11) of the Companies Act. Under this provision, a delinquent director may apply to court after three years have elapsed, to suspend the delinquency order and to substitute it with a probation order, with or without conditions. A person who was placed under a probation order may apply to court after two years for the probation order to be set aside. This article examines the procedure under section 162(11) of the Companies Act for the suspension and setting aside of delinquency and probation orders. The factors that a court must take into account in exercising its discretion whether or not to grant the application, as set out in section 162(12) of the Companies Act, are also examined. This article draws on relevant jurisprudence as decided on the equivalent provisions in the corporate legislation in the United Kingdom and Australia. The method of interpretation used in these jurisdictions provides useful guidance on how best to apply and interpret sections 162(11) and (12) of the Companies Act. Recommendations are made regarding the proper approach to interpreting, applying and enhancing sections 162(11) and (12) of the Companies Act.