Suchergebnisse

Розглянуто характер і ступінь суспільної небезпечності порушення права на захист як злочину проти правосуддя. Проаналізовано кримінально-правові аспекти правосуддя як об'єкта злочинів. Доведено, що право на захист, яке згідно з Кримінальним кодексом України розглядається як об'єкт охорони розділу «Злочини проти правосуддя», необхідно визнавати одним із гарантованих Конституцією та міжнародно-правовими актами прав особи. Запропоновано розташувати норму про кримінальну відповідальність за порушення права на захист у розділі Кримінального кодексу України про відповідальність за злочини проти прав і свобод людини і громадянина. ; The right to protection from prosecution as the object of criminal and legal protection and the object of a crime guaranteed in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the Constitution of Ukraine has been considered. The points of view of modern Ukrainian lawyers concerning the understanding of the object of a crime under the Art. 374 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine have been analyzed and systematized. The criminal and legal aspects of justice as the object of crimes have been considered. The nature and degree of social danger of violating the right to protection as a crime against justice has been analyzed. The author through the application of formal and legal, axiological, systemic and structural methods has proved that the right to protection, which according to the Criminal Code of Ukraine is considered as the object of protection of the Section "Crimes against Justice", must be recognized as one of the human rights guaranteed by the Constitution and international legal acts. It has been concluded that the public danger of violating the right to protection is determined by its ability to cause harm (to create a threat to its infliction) to the conditions of observance of personal human rights and freedoms. The author has formulated a proposition on the expediency of reviewing the location of the norm of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which criminalizes this act. It has been admitted that it is necessary to move it into a group of norms that protect personal rights and freedoms of a person and citizen (Section V of the Special Part of the Code). Such a decision will ensure a more adequate reflection of the nature of the social danger of the stated encroachment and will in some way contribute to further improvement of the domestic criminal law system, its bringing in line with the Constitution of Ukraine and generally accepted principles and norms of international law.

Within the space of less than two years the European Court of Human Rights and the Italian Constitutional Court have returned almost opposing judgments on the question of the observance of political rights by Italy's 2005 electoral law. The ECHR found the applications made to it by groups of electors inadmissible given the manifestly ill-founded character of the grievances they were based on. The Constitutional Court, on the contrary, concluded that the law was unconstitutional. At first sight, the differing conclusions they reached may be viewed as an expression of the complementary nature of the European system of protection of human rights which originates in the Convention rather than in the national legal orders. However, it may be wondered whther the reasoning of the Italian Constitutional Court might not have been applied in the European system too. What is at stake is not marginal. It is a question of striking the right balance in this system between the fundamental purpose of protecting political rights and the need to allow states some margin of appreciation in the politically sensitive choice of their electoral rules. ; En l'espace de moins de deux années, la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme et la Cour constitutionnelle italienne ont délivré des décisions presque opposées sur la question du respect des droits politiques par la loi électorale italienne de 2005. La Cour européenne a déclaré irrecevables les requêtes que des groupes d'électeurs lui avaient adressées, vu le caractère manifestement mal fondé des griefs sur lesquels elles s'appuyaient ; la Cour constitutionnelle a conclu, au contraire, pour l'illégitimité constitutionnelle de la loi. Au premier abord, les différentes approches suivies par les deux juges, ainsi que les différentes conclusions auxquelles ils sont parvenus, peuvent être considérées comme étant l'expression de la nature complémentaire du système européen de protection des droits de l'homme qui a son origine dans la Convention par rapport aux ordres juridiques nationaux. Mais en réalité on peut se demander si le raisonnement du juge constitutionnel italien n'aurait pu être appliqué dans le système européen aussi. L'enjeu n'est pas marginal : il s'agit du juste rapport à atteindre, dans ce système, entre le but foncier de protéger les droits politiques et l'exigence de reconnaitre aux Etats une marge d'appréciation dans le choix, politiquement sensible, des règles électorales.

The article develops the theme of freedom of religion and cults in Colombia and its evolution from the judgments of the Constitutional Court between 1991 and 2015, on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the Political Constitution of 1991. Methodologically, the investigation was conducted in a deductive and historical-critical way, through the analysis of the right to freedom of religion and cults in the Inter-American and international system of human rights, ratified by the Congress of the Republic, as well as the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court around the right to religious freedom as an individual and collective expression. The results of the investigation showed that the evolution of these rights in the Colombian legal system is aligned with the legal and democratic transformations of the Constitution, and with the requirements of international organizations of human rights. ; El artículo desarrolla el tema de la libertad religiosa y de cultos en Colombia y su evolución a partir de las sentencias de la Corte Constitucional entre 1991 y 2015, con ocasión de los 25 años de la Constitución Política de 1991. Metodológicamente la investigación se realizó de manera deductiva e histórico-crítica, mediante el análisis del derecho a la libertad religiosa y de cultos en el sistema interamericano e internacional de los derechos humanos, ratificado por el Congreso de la República. Al igual que la jurisprudencia de la Corte Constitucional en torno al derecho a la libertad religiosa como una expresión individual y colectiva. Los resultados de la investigación evidenciaron que la evolución de estos derechos en el ordenamiento jurídico colombiano, está en consonancia con las transformaciones democráticas y jurídicas de la Constitución, y con los requerimientos de organismos internacionales de derechos humanos. ; O artigo desenvolve o tema da liberdade religiosa e de cultos na Colômbia e sua evolução a partir das sentenças da Corte Constitucional entre 1991 e 2015, por ocasião dos 25 anos da Constituição Política de 1991. Metodologicamente a pesquisa foi realizada de maneira dedutiva e histórico-crítica, mediante a análise do direito à liberdade religiosa e de cultos no sistema interamericano e internacional dos direitos humanos, ratificado pelo Congresso da República. Igualmente que a jurisprudência da Corte Constitucional ao redor do direito à liberdade religiosa como uma expressão individual e coletiva. Os resultados da pesquisa evidenciaram que a evolução destes direitos no ordenamento jurídico colombiano está em consonância com as transformações democráticas e jurídicas da Constituição, e com os requerimentos de organismos internacionais de direitos humanos.

The article develops the theme of freedom of religion and cults in Colombia and its evolution from the judgments of the Constitutional Court between 1991 and 2015, on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the Political Constitution of 1991. Methodologically, the investigation was conducted in a deductive and historical-critical way, through the analysis of the right to freedom of religion and cults in the Inter-American and international system of human rights, ratified by the Congress of the Republic, as well as the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court around the right to religious freedom as an individual and collective expression. The results of the investigation showed that the evolution of these rights in the Colombian legal system is aligned with the legal and democratic transformations of the Constitution, and with the requirements of international organizations of human rights. ; El artículo desarrolla el tema de la libertad religiosa y de cultos en Colombia y su evolución a partir de las sentencias de la Corte Constitucional entre 1991 y 2015, con ocasión de los 25 años de la Constitución Política de 1991. Metodológicamente la investigación se realizó de manera deductiva e histórico-crítica, mediante el análisis del derecho a la libertad religiosa y de cultos en el sistema interamericano e internacional de los derechos humanos, ratificado por el Congreso de la República. Al igual que la jurisprudencia de la Corte Constitucional en torno al derecho a la libertad religiosa como una expresión individual y colectiva. Los resultados de la investigación evidenciaron que la evolución de estos derechos en el ordenamiento jurídico colombiano, está en consonancia con las transformaciones democráticas y jurídicas de la Constitución, y con los requerimientos de organismos internacionales de derechos humanos. ; O artigo desenvolve o tema da liberdade religiosa e de cultos na Colômbia e sua evolução a partir das sentenças da Corte Constitucional entre 1991 e 2015, por ocasião dos 25 anos da Constituição Política de 1991. Metodologicamente a pesquisa foi realizada de maneira dedutiva e histórico-crítica, mediante a análise do direito à liberdade religiosa e de cultos no sistema interamericano e internacional dos direitos humanos, ratificado pelo Congresso da República. Igualmente que a jurisprudência da Corte Constitucional ao redor do direito à liberdade religiosa como uma expressão individual e coletiva. Os resultados da pesquisa evidenciaram que a evolução destes direitos no ordenamento jurídico colombiano está em consonância com as transformações democráticas e jurídicas da Constituição, e com os requerimentos de organismos internacionais de direitos humanos.

Contents: Army officers cleared of grave crimes -- Pressure for East Timor justice intensifies -- May 1998 atrocity still unresolved -- Human rights NGOs under threat -- New politicians take centre stage -- MPs accuse government -- Papuans face uncertain future -- Freeport indictment -- Military operations in Aceh fail -- Subandrio, a Sukarno man to the core.

Are the world's oldest democracies failing? For most of the past fifty years democratic governments made determined and successful efforts at overcoming the significant inequalities that are the by-product of a capitalist economy. During this period a new concept of democratic citizenship that added social and economic rights to the liberal legacy of political and civil liberties established roots in most North Atlantic democracies. Since the 1980s this notion of democratic citizenship has been challenged ideologically to such a degree that through either major modification or complete elimination of programs, equality as a fundamental democratic goal is disappearing in many nations -- particularly in the Anglo-American democracies. In this extraordinary collection, top scholars in political science, sociology, philosophy and economics, discuss this radical shift towards inequality in an age of mass capital globalization. Wide ranging in topic yet coherent in approach, Inequality and the Modern Democratic State comprises thirteen essays, including Ed Broadbent's "Ten Propositions about Equality and Democracy", Robert Hackett's "Watch Dogs, Mad Dogs, or Lap Dogs?: News Media and Civic Equality" and Barbara Ehrenreich's "Inequality in the Clinton Era". Many European democracies, argue the contributors, have adapted to new circumstance in the global economy without resorting to policies that actively promote inequality. While differing in some important details on solutions, they all contend that the political decision-making process is of critical importance in entrenching, or battling, an escalating inequality that is neither necessary nor desirable.

Introduction / James Summers -- Treaty obligations of collective non-state entities : the case of the deep seabed regime / Klara Polackova van der Ploeg -- The East India Company : non-state actor as treaty-maker / Michael Mulligan -- Armed non-state actors and customary international law / Agata Kleczkowska -- Ad hoc commitments by non-state armed actors : the continuing relevance of state consent / Eva Kassoti -- Exploring the borderlands : the role of private actors in individual in international cultural law / Valentina Vadi -- Shaping the Convention on Biological Diversity : the rising importance of indigenous peoples within the Nagoya protocol on access and benefit-sharing / Federica Cittadino -- Exploring the future of individuals as subjects of international law : the example of the Canadian private sponsorship of refugees programme / Ekaterina Yahyaoui Krivenko -- Redefining the position of the investor in the international legal order and the nature of investment treaty rights : a closer look at the relationship between diplomatic protection and investor-state arbitration / Javier García Olmedo -- Tracing the human rights obligations of UN peacekeeping operations / Simone F. van den Driest -- An elephant in the room : the scrutiny of the United Nations in the practice of the European Court of Human Rights / Gintaré Pažereckaité -- The business and human rights regime under international law : remedy without law? / Ioana Cismas and Sarah Macrory -- International human rights law and territorial non-state actors : cases of the Council of Europe region / Natalia Cwicinskaja -- The impact of non-state actors' intervention in investor-state arbitration : a further study / Emily Choo -- The Brčko arbitration : a process for lasting peace between non-state actors / Tomas Vail -- International law and the global public interest: ICANN's independent objector as a mechanism of responsive global governance / Adamantia Rachovitsa -- The relevance of article 9 of the Articles on State Responsibility for the Internationally Wrongful Acts of Armed Groups / Katharine Fortin -- State responsibility, "successful" insurrectional movements and governments of national reconciliation / Tatyana Eatwell -- Does an armed group have an obligation to provide reparations to its victims? : construing an obligation to provide reparations for violations of international humanitarian law / Paloma Blázquez Rodríguez -- Prosecuting members of transnational terrorist groups under article 25 of the Rome Statute : a network theory approach to accountability / Anna Marie Brennan -- NGO's in terrorism cases : diffusing norms of international human rights law / Jeffrey Davis

El Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos (TEDH), en su conformación de Gran Sala, dictó la sentencia Aksu v. Turquía estableciendo que el Gobierno turco no violó el artículo 8 del Convenio Europeo para la Protección de los Derechos Humanos y Libertades Fundamentales (CEDH). El solicitante, de nacionalidad Turca y miembro del pueblo gitano, pretendía que el TEDH estableciera la responsabilidad internacional de dicho Estado por tres publicaciones –que habían recibido financiación del gobierno– e incluían declaraciones y expresiones que reflejaban el sentimiento anti-gitano, por lo cual, alegaba la violación del artículo 8 y 14 del CEDH. Junto a la revisión de los puntos centrales del caso, centró el comentario en dos aspectos: 1) La posible ampliación del concepto de víctima que realiza el TEDH al interpretar el artículo 34 del CEDH de forma "flexible y 2) La incipiente interpretación contextualizada que se puede desprender del raciocinio de la sentencia y de su contraste con el voto disidente.Palabras clave: Derechos de grupo, artículo 34 del Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos, ampliación del concepto de víctima, artículo 8 del Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos, Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos.Abstract: The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), as a Grand Chamber, declared in its judgment for the case Aksu v. Turkey that the Turkish Government had been no violation of Article8 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR). The applicant, who is of Roma origin and member of the Turkish Roma/Gypsy community, alleged that three publications that had received Government funding included remarks and expressions that reflected anti-Roma sentiment. He relied on Article 14 read in conjunction with Article 8 of the ECHR. Along with the central aspects of the case law I will focus the review on two aspects: 1) The possible extension of the concept of victim who takes the ECtHR when interpreting Article 34 of the ECHR in a "flexible" way. 2) The emergence of contextualized interpretation by the ECtHR in the case.Keywords: Group Rights, article 34 of European Convention of Human Rights, expanding the concept of victim, article 8 of European Convention of Human Rights, European Court of Human Rights.

A complete review of the main assets of the Lutheran Reform is undertaken, not only from a religious stand point, but also from it's political, cultural, educational and social implications for the Western World of Luther's times. In the religious field, subjects such as the mentality and ideology of the Middle Ages and the concepts of "christian freedom" and "theology of the cross", proposed by Luther as opposed to the Roman Catholic doctrine, are treated.Concerning politics, the article analyzes the separation between Church and State suggested by the reformer, an idea that opens the way for political Modernity, through the liberation of politics from the control of the Church, and the renewed confidence on reason to structure government. This opens the way for the modern concept of "freedom of conciusness" and for Human Rights in general. Concerning the economic and social aspects, the Lutheran criticism towards early capitalism is studied. With all these elements, it is suggested that Protestant Reformation is still alive in its criticism towards nowadays Globalization. ; Se lleva a cabo un recorrido por los principales aportes de la Reforma Luterana, no únicamente desde el punto de vista religioso, sino también de sus implicaciones políticas, culturales, educativas y sociales para el mundo occidental de su época. En el ámbito religioso, se da seguimiento a temas como el clima mental e ideológico de la Edad Media y a los conceptos de "libertad cristiana" y "teología de la cruz", que Lutero opone a la Iglesia Romana. En lo político, se analiza la separación entre la Iglesia y el Estado planteada por el reformador, la cual abre el camino para la Modernidad política al liberar lo político del dominio eclesiástico y depositar la confianza en la razón para estructurar el gobierno. Con ello, también se abre el camino para el concepto moderno de "libertad de conciencia" y para los Derechos Humanos en general. Por lo tanto, se afirma que la Reforma Protestante está en la base misma de la Ilustración del siglo XVIII. En el plano económico y social, se estudia la crítica de Lutero al capitalismo temprano. Con todos estos elementos, se plantea que la Reforma sigue viva en sus críticas al actual entorno globalizado.

As part of the 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), a compromise on domestic socio-economic issues was struck and subsequently given the name 'embedded liberalism'. The Future of International Economic Integration explores the multiple dimensions of the embedded liberalism compromise, to understand its contemporary influence on both the scope and application of international trade law, and on the content and character of parallel domestic socio-economic policy space. Top international economic law scholars have contributed chapters that look at the four principal dimensions of the topic. It sets out the history and character of the embedded liberalism compromise, explores the relationship between the compromise and WTO law, explores areas of contemporary tension that invoke the principles of the compromise such as human rights, cultural diversity, and environmental protection, and investigates what future impact the compromise might have on new trade and investment agreements.

Cover -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- Subject Index -- Table of Cases -- MWATELA AND OTHERS V EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY -- ANYANG' NYONG'O AND OTHERS V ATTORNEY-GENERAL OF THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA AND OTHERS -- NANGALE AND OTHERS V ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA AND OTHERS -- ATTORNEY-GENERAL OF THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA V ANYANG' NYONG'O AND OTHERS -- ANYANG' NYONG'O AND OTHERS V ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA AND OTHERS -- THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA AND COMMISSIONER OF LANDS V COASTAL ACQUACULTURE -- EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICAN TRADE AND OTHERS V MARTIN OGANG -- INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS -- CAESAR V TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO -- INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE YEAR 2004 -- THE PROSECUTOR V JEAN-PAUL AKAYESU -- EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT V COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES -- EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT V COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES -- EAST AFRICAN LAW SOCIETY AND OTHERS V ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA AND OTHERS -- Back cover.

Based on the constructivist international relations (IR) approach, the authors study Sweden's engagement with the DPRK as a unique case to understand motivations for engaging in a so-called fragile state. Besides having its embassy in Pyongyang and serving as a protecting power for the U.S., Sweden has provided capacity building programs for North Korean government officials and scholars. It has also made a consistent commitment to aid and human rights advocacy. In a nutshell, Sweden has been a facilitator between the DPRK and the outside world. Its motivations are mixed and multiple,including the expectation of gains, the convenience of repeating the work and the logic of appropriateness. This case expands our understanding of engagement that is often understood to a great degree as a rationalist affair between the engaging and target states. It also affirms the usefulness of constructivist IR approach in accounting for today's engagement practices involving more stakeholders and less strict cost-benefit calculation.