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Abstract
The International Fact-Finding Commission mentioned by Article 90 of
Additional Protocol I is the only new measure introduced by the Diplomatic
Conference of 1914-1911 intended to strengthen implementation of
international humanitarian law. (The word 'humanitarian' was added to the
title by the Commission itself, in order to better express the Commission's
limited jurisdiction.) The Commission was established and its rules of
procedure were adopted, but never since 1977 has any party to an armed
conflict or any other State ever asked the Commission to exercise its
activity in a concrete situation. The author (a member of the Commission)
examines the reasons of this apparent failure and suggests new ways of
understanding Article 90. He has no doubts about the Commission's
usefulness, and he calls upon States and the other members of the
international community – in particular the United Nations – to accept the
Commission as a tool for strengthening respect for international
humanitarian law.

Human security is concerned with the protection of people from not only external but also domestic threats. It is revolutionary in that it focuses on the individual & evolutionary in that it builds on earlier notions of security, adding the human element to those of territory, economics, & governmental authority. This article addresses a number of questions about human security: How does it differ from earlier practices? Does it drive policy change or is it driven by policy? Is it a new idea? How does global integration affect security? The answers provide a conceptual explanation of human security. The paper goes on to suggest some skills required to incorporate human security competently. As evidence of its efficacy, the Canadian experience in promoting human security as a foreign policy goal is described. Tables. J. Stanton

Also available as an e-book Ce cours apporte la cohérence au pluralisme des méthodes, dans une perspective qui tient compte des intérêts de la société. Les règles de conflit de lois sont présentées dans une nouvelle structure, exhaustive, permettant de définir la place des règles unilatérales et bilatérales et des lois de police et d'y intégrer le droit de l'Union européenne. On distinguera ainsi entre les règles attributives, matérielles et réceptives de conflit de lois. Le lecteur emportera le message que les « mécanismes », la « proximité », l'« harmonie des solutions », la « coopération » et tant d'autres « techniques » en droit international privé doivent être remplies d'une idée de justice sans laquelle elles n'ont pas de mérite. Cette justice met en valeur l'identité et la protection de la personne à travers les ordres juridiques. Le regard sur cette idée sera le meilleur guide dans l'étude des règles et des méthodes du droit international privé

Liberalism has been the most successful political ideology during the past two centuries in withstanding challenges and adapting to new environments. The liberal international order, set up after the Second World War and strengthened at the end of the Cold War, is going through a series of crises, propelled by deglobalization pressures, and the rise of illiberal and populist leaders, all challenging the three pillars of the liberal order: democracy, economic interdependence and international institutions. Two critical reasons for the decline of the liberal order are internal in terms of income distribution and institutional malaise. The article argues that the demise of the liberal order is not inevitable provided liberal states take remedial measures and adapt to the new environment as they did in 1919, 1930s, the second half of the 1940s, 1960s and 1991. Reformed globalization, or re-globalization is essential for facing the geopolitical challenges emanating from China and other illiberal states. The inability of other systems to offer both prosperity and freedom that the liberal order can provide is its main attractiveness. The connection between internal reforms in liberal states to address deepening inequalities and wealth distribution, a by-product of intensified globalization, and the prospects of liberal order's success is highlighted. The need for a refined welfare state taking into account the new realities to tackle the internal challenges is proposed.

Preliminary Material /Kevin Y.L. Tan -- Positivism in International Law: State Sovereignty, Self-Determination, and Alternative Perspectives /Hee Eun Lee and Seokwoo Lee -- Partly Virtual, Partly Real: Taiwan's Unique Interaction with International Human Rights Instruments /Fort Fu-Te Liao -- International Law in the Courts of the Straits Settlements /Kevin Yl Tan -- Why Wield Constitutions to Arrest International Law /Prabhakar Singh -- Recent Developments in Pakistan /Javaid Rehman and Eleni Polymenopoulou -- Participation In Multilateral Treaties /Kevin Y.L. Tan -- State Practice of Asian States in the Field of International Law /Kevin Y.L. Tan -- Javaid Rehman, International Human Rights Law, 2nd Edition • London: Longman Publishing Group, 2010 • ISBN 978-1405811811 • 947 + lxvi pp /Kevin Y.L. Tan -- Shirley V Scott, International Law in World Politics: An Introduction • Boulder Colorado: Lynne Rienner, 2010 • ISBN 978-1-58826-745-0 • 324 + x pp & Conway W Henderson, Understanding International Law • West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010 • ISBN 978-1-4051-9765-6 • 468 + xviii pp /Kevin Y.L. Tan -- General Information /Kevin Y.L. Tan -- Back Matter -- null.

"There is much to learn through the international exchange of policy initiatives and program models. "Lessons from abroad," the knowledge about problem-solving programs in other countries, can be an important component of understanding and addressing social problems in the 21st century. In this book, the authors examine models of social welfare in other countries that are informative and possibly useful for policy action and program development in the United States. To encourage the exchange of ideas and strategies for potential adaptation of the social welfare system, every chapter examines a distinct content area, providing an in-depth look at innovative policies and programs, and then reviews implications for the United States. The content is provided by top scholars in the field who share their expertise about approaches for understanding and addressing an array of global challenges through policy and practice examples from developing and developed countries. Several chapters focus on international innovations within a specific field, such as child welfare and aging. Other chapters more broadly examine global issues directly aligned with the values and professional ethics of social work, including climate change and environmental justice, the alleviation of poverty, social security, global migration, and community development. A chapter is also devoted to the international social welfare treaties and conventions that affect social welfare and social work practice internationally. The final chapter provides a thoughtful review of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and discusses the 2030 Agenda, examining implementation strategies and the contributions of social work. As social problems are increasingly international in scope and impact, their solutions require global attention and local action. This book will inspire social work educators, professionals, and students to promote the idea of learning and sharing internationally to advance the field of social welfare globally"--

The idea of solidarity has been inscribed in the international system. Its legal mechanisms are operations defined in Chapters VI and VII of the Char- ter of the United Nations. They are operations required whenever peace and security are threatened: peacekeeping operations (undertaken under article 40 for provisional measures of the UN Charter) and humanitarian interventions (warranted under Chapter VII of the UN Charter). In 1990s humanitarian intervention was thought to be the main means of solidarity. Peacekeeping operations – carried out in a fossilized, cold-war form that was not adapted to new conditions – were underestimated. The fiasco of the humanitarian inter- ventions in Somalia and Rwanda as well as a reformulation of the mandate of peacekeeping operations (expanding the tasks of soldiers and giving them the right to use power in situations other than self-defence for the purpose of the mission fulfilment) standardised the evaluation of effectiveness of the two international operations. The 2001 and 2003 abuses of the right to humanitar- ian intervention in Afghanistan and Iraq resulted in a limited international approval of such interventions in favour of peacekeeping operations. The use of peace operations was additionally encouraged by the successful reform of UN peacekeeping missions and the intensification of peacekeeping operations, carried out by the following regional and sub-regional organizations: the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the European Union (EU), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the Or- ganization of American States (OAS), the African Union (AU), The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) , the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). In recent years, the peacekeeping operations have been a primary means of reaction to military conflicts and a primary form the international community have been choosing to express the international solidarity. In this context – and from the perspective of the effectiveness the idea of solidarity have been implemented with – it is important to determine the posi- tion of the operations for ensuring respect for personal rights and freedoms of people – that are a quintessence of solidarity – in the conglomerate of actions offered by peacekeeping missions. The analyses presented in this volume follow the evolution of UN, NATO and EU peacekeeping operations, and examine Polish participation in the operations to confirm the conclusions they lead to. ; Instytut Zachodni ; Joanna Dobrowolska-Polak

High-latitude regions like the Arctic Ocean are becoming increasingly important as global warming makes them more accessible, raising economic and political interests. Sea ice reduction is facilitating resource exploration, marine transport and other activities. Warming waters and changing sea ice conditions lead to shifts in ecosystems. Resource exploitation will grow in the coming decades, offering new opportunities but also new challenges to these fragile environments and their biodiversity. The natural and anthropogenic changes in this region will change the characteristics of soundscapes. To measure and assess them at a variety of spatial and temporal scales, the International Quiet Ocean Experiment created in 2017 a working group on Arctic Acoustic Environments. First activities focus on synthesising state-of-the-art knowledge of Arctic sounds—past, present and future. WG activities were presented at the Arctic Observing Summit 2018 and its recommendations adopted at the 2nd Arctic Science Ministerial. We are linking with indigenous communities and other stakeholders to address emerging trends, plan where/when to conduct optimal acoustic surveys, and prioritise metrics. We present the plans and first actions of this IQOE WG.

Examines the persistance of ethnic conflicts and theoretical models to explain their existence. 7 types of ethnic groups in conflict are listed but the schematic classification is not intended to be exhaustive. Presents 4 main case studies: Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka, Nicaragua, and the Spanish Basques provinces, but also discusses the Kurds, Turks in Cyprus and Bulgaria, Albanians in Yugoslavia, and the problems faced in the Soviet Baltic. (SJK)

This article employs studies of organizational behavior and of international organizations to propose what limitations may apply and what difficulties lay ahead for organizations, large and small, which deal with refugees.