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Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; 2019-nCoV; Esclerosi múltiple ; Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; 2019-nCoV; Esclerosis múltiple ; Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; 2019-nCoV; Multiple Sclerosis ; Background and Objectives People with multiple sclerosis (MS) are a vulnerable group for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), particularly those taking immunosuppressive disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). We examined the characteristics of COVID-19 severity in an international sample of people with MS. Methods Data from 12 data sources in 28 countries were aggregated (sources could include patients from 1–12 countries). Demographic (age, sex), clinical (MS phenotype, disability), and DMT (untreated, alemtuzumab, cladribine, dimethyl fumarate, glatiramer acetate, interferon, natalizumab, ocrelizumab, rituximab, siponimod, other DMTs) covariates were queried, along with COVID-19 severity outcomes, hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, need for artificial ventilation, and death. Characteristics of outcomes were assessed in patients with suspected/confirmed COVID-19 using multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, MS phenotype, and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score. Results Six hundred fifty-seven (28.1%) with suspected and 1,683 (61.9%) with confirmed COVID-19 were analyzed. Among suspected plus confirmed and confirmed-only COVID-19, 20.9% and 26.9% were hospitalized, 5.4% and 7.2% were admitted to ICU, 4.1% and 5.4% required artificial ventilation, and 3.2% and 3.9% died. Older age, progressive MS phenotype, and higher disability were associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes. Compared to dimethyl fumarate, ocrelizumab and rituximab were associated with hospitalization (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–2.41; aOR 2.43, 95% CI 1.48–4.02) and ICU admission (aOR 2.30, 95% CI 0.98–5.39; aOR 3.93, 95% CI 1.56–9.89), although only rituximab was associated with higher risk of artificial ventilation (aOR 4.00, 95% CI 1.54–10.39). Compared to pooled other DMTs, ocrelizumab and rituximab were associated with hospitalization (aOR 1.75, 95% CI 1.29–2.38; aOR 2.76, 95% CI 1.87–4.07) and ICU admission (aOR 2.55, 95% CI 1.49–4.36; aOR 4.32, 95% CI 2.27–8.23), but only rituximab was associated with artificial ventilation (aOR 6.15, 95% CI 3.09–12.27). Compared to natalizumab, ocrelizumab and rituximab were associated with hospitalization (aOR 1.86, 95% CI 1.13–3.07; aOR 2.88, 95% CI 1.68–4.92) and ICU admission (aOR 2.13, 95% CI 0.85–5.35; aOR 3.23, 95% CI 1.17–8.91), but only rituximab was associated with ventilation (aOR 5.52, 95% CI 1.71–17.84). Associations persisted on restriction to confirmed COVID-19 cases. No associations were observed between DMTs and death. Stratification by age, MS phenotype, and EDSS score found no indications that DMT associations with COVID-19 severity reflected differential DMT allocation by underlying COVID-19 severity. Discussion Using the largest cohort of people with MS and COVID-19 available, we demonstrated consistent associations of rituximab with increased risk of hospitalization, ICU admission, and need for artificial ventilation and of ocrelizumab with hospitalization and ICU admission. Despite the cross-sectional design of the study, the internal and external consistency of these results with prior studies suggests that rituximab/ocrelizumab use may be a risk factor for more severe COVID-19. ; The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. The operational costs linked to this study are funded by the Multiple Sclerosis International Federation (MSIF) and the Multiple Sclerosis Data Alliance (MSDA), acting under the umbrella of the European Charcot Foundation. The MSDA receives income from a range of corporate sponsors, recently including Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb (formerly Celgene), Canopy Growth Corp, Genzyme, Icometrix, Merck, Mylan, Novartis, QMENTA, Quanterix, and Roche. MSIF receives income from a range of corporate sponsors, recently including Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb (formerly Celgene), Genzyme, Med-Day, Merck, Mylan, Novartis, and Roche. This work was supported by the Flemish government under the Onderzoeksprogramma Artificiële Intelligentie Vlaanderen programme and the Research Foundation Fladers (FWO) for ELIXIR Belgium–Flanders (FWO) for ELIXIR Belgium. The central platform was provided by QMENTA, and the computational resources used in this work were provided by Amazon. The statistical analysis was carried out at CORe, The University of Melbourne, with support from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC; 1129189 and 1140766).

Con el advenimiento del Aislamiento Social, Preventivo y Obligatorio dictado en el mes de marzo del 2020 por el Gobierno Nacional, los argentinos comenzamos vivir un contexto inédito. Las consecuencias sanitarias, sociales y económicas no tardaron en llegar y las instituciones del Estado comenzaron a tomar medidas para morigerar la situación. La Universidad Nacional de La Plata no estuvo exenta y tomó cartas en el asunto, desarrollando una serie de estrategias que impactaron por su rápida respuesta. La Incubadora Minerva de Emprendimientos fue clave en la conexión con el sistema productivo regional y, a través de ella, se realizaron acciones para canalizar los diversos emprendimientos de muchos emprendedores, quienes querían aportar en el combate de la pandemia. En este sentido, se realizó las Convocatoria "Tu idea Suma", en la que se presentaron 63 proyectos, la mayoría de los cuales fueron canalizados para que pudieran ser efectivos. Pensando en la realidad post pandemia, se convocó al concurso: "¿- Cambio Climático = Pandemias?", considerando que uno de los grandes problemas generadores de enfermedades peligrosas es la falta de cuidado del ambiente. Se readecuaron las actividades de internacionalización programadas, con el objetivo de potenciar las acciones futuras, tendientes a mitigar los efectos de esta crisis. Además, se trabajó en la articulación de las PyMEs y los emprendedores con las líneas de financiamiento que fue presentando la Secretaría de Producción del Gobierno Nacional. Estas medidas han formado parte substancial en la respuesta institucional. ; With the advent of Social, Preventive and Mandatory Isolation issued in March 2020 by the National Government, Argentines began to experience an unprecedented context. The health, social and economic consequences were not long in coming and the State institutions began to take measures to mitigate the situation. The National University of La Plata was not exempt and took action on the matter, developing a series of strategies that impacted due to its quick response. The Minerva Entrepreneurship Incubator was key in connecting with the regional production system and, through it, actions were carried out to channel the various undertakings of many entrepreneurs, who wanted to contribute to the fight against the pandemic. In this sense, the Call "Your idea Sum" was held, in which 63 projects were presented, most of which were channeled so that they could be effective. Thinking about the post-pandemic reality, the contest was called: "- Climate Change = Pandemics?", Considering that one of the great problems that generates dangerous diseases is the lack of care for the environment. The programmed internationalization activities were readjusted, with the aim of promoting future actions aimed at mitigating the effects of this crisis. In addition, work was carried out on the articulation of SMEs and entrepreneurs with the financing lines that were presented by the Ministry of Production of the National Government. These measures have been a substantial part of the institutional response. ; Com o advento do Isolamento Social, Preventivo e Obrigatório, expedido em março de 2020 pelo Governo Nacional, os argentinos passaram a vivenciar um contexto inédito. As consequências para a saúde, sociais e econômicas não tardaram a chegar e as instituições do Estado começaram a tomar medidas para mitigar a situação. A Universidade Nacional de La Plata não se eximiu e agiu sobre o assunto, desenvolvendo uma série de estratégias que impactaram devido à sua rápida resposta. A Incubadora de Empreendedorismo Minerva foi fundamental para se conectar com o sistema produtivo regional e, por meio dela, foram realizadas ações para canalizar os diversos empreendimentos de muitos empresários, que queriam contribuir no combate à pandemia. Nesse sentido, foi realizada a Chamada "Sua Ideia Summa", na qual foram apresentados 63 projetos, a maioria deles canalizados para que pudessem ser efetivos. Pensando na realidade pós-pandêmica, o concurso foi denominado: "- Mudanças Climáticas = Pandemias?", Considerando que um dos grandes problemas que geram doenças perigosas é a falta de cuidado com o meio ambiente. As atividades de internacionalização programadas foram reajustadas, com o objetivo de promover ações futuras visando mitigar os efeitos desta crise. Adicionalmente, foi realizado um trabalho de articulação das PMEs e empresários com as linhas de financiamento que estavam a ser apresentadas pelo Ministério da Produção do Governo Nacional. Essas medidas têm sido uma parte substancial da resposta institucional. ; Instituto de Investigaciones en Educación Superior

Article Details: Received: 2020-08-31 | Accepted: 2020-11-16 | Available online: 2021-06-30https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.02.137-140The aim of this study was to analyse the gross energy (GE) value of egg yolk from hens feed with different vegetable oils addition and based on gained results calculate the linear regression between GE and dry matter % (DM) in yolk. Total 66 hens Lohmann brown lite were divided in to 11 groups according to concentration and type of used vegetable oil (pumpkin oil 3%, flax seed oil 3%, indian hemp seed oil 2.5% and 5%, grape seed oil 2.5% and 5%, olive oil 2.5 and 5%, apricot seed oil 2.5% and 5%). Hens were in 40th week of life and were housed per 6 in cage. From each group eight eggs were randomly selected. In total 88 egg yolks were separated and analysed for DM and GE content. The highest yolk GE was detected in group with 3% pumpkin oil addition (1639 kJ/100g) followed by groups with 2.5 and 5% indian hemp seed oil addition 1632 and 1632 kJ/100g, respectively. Difference between these three groups compared to yolk GE content (1584 kJ/100g) in control group was significant (P0.05). GE concertation of yolk can be calculated as follows: GE = -17.34 + (32.73 * DM), R2 = 0.819.Keywords: laying hens, egg yolk gross energy, regressionReferencesAntova, G. A. et al. (2019). Comparative analysis of nutrient content and energy of eggs from different chicken genotypes. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 99(13), 5890–5898. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9863AOAC. (2000). Official methods of analysis AOAC. International 17th edition. Association of Analytical Communities, Gaithersburg.Benková, J. (2008). Artificial hatching of poultry is nothing simple. Slovenský chov, 13(6), 45-47. In Slovak.Gálik, B.et al. (2014). The effect of dietary Rhus coriaria L. on table eggs yolk nutrients composition. Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica, 17(3), 93–95. https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2014.17.03.93-95Herkeľ, R. et al. (2016). Fatty acid profile and nutritional composition of table eggs after supplementation by pumpkin and flaxseed oils. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 85(3), 277–283. https://doi.org/10.2754/avb201685030277Hrnčár, C. & Bujko, J. (2012). Effect of pre-storage incubation of hatching eggs on hatchability of poultry. Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica, 15(2), 34-37. http://www.acta.fapz.uniag.sk/journal/index.php/on_line/article/view/31Javad, N. et al. (2011). Effects of amino acids and metabolizable energy on egg characteristics and broiler breeder performance. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(49), 10066–10071. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb11.1268Noble, R. C. et al. (1996). Yolk lipids and their fatty acids in the wild and captive ostrich (Struthio camelus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 113(4), 753–756. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(95)02097-7Pearson, R. A. & Herron, K. M. (1981). Effects of energy and protein allowances during lay on the reproductive performance of broiler breeder hens. British Poultry Science, 22(3), 227–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071688108447881Pištěková, V. et al. (2011). The quality comparison of eggs laid by laying hens kept in battery cages and in a deep litter system. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 51(7), 318–325. https://doi.org/10.17221/3945-cjasRadu-Rusu, R. et al. (2014). Chemical features, cholesterol and energy content of table hen eggs from conventional and alternative farming systems. South African Journal of Animal Science, 44(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v44i1.5Roe, M. et al. (2013). Nutrient analysis of eggs. Analytical Report (revised version). UK Government, Department of Health and Social Care. Retrieved December 10, 2020 from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/ uploads/attachment_data/file/167973/Nutrient_analysis_of_ eggs_Analytical_Report.pdfRoztočilová, A. et al. (2018). Effect of purple wheat RU 687- 12 on performance parameters of laying hens at the end of the lay. In NutriNET 2018. Proceedings of reviewed scientific papers. Mendel University in Brno (pp. 92–97).Vojtaššáková, A. et al. (2000). Milk and eggs. Food nutrition tables. Výskumný ústav potravinársky, Bratislava. In Slovak.Van der Wagt, I. et al. (2020). A review on yolk sac utilization in poultry. Poultry Science, 99(4), 2162–2175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2019.11.041Zhang, Y. (2016). Studies on chicken hatchability and its relation with egg yolk metabolites. Dissertation thesis. GeorgAugust-University, Göttingen.

Countries facing social problems that are related to people with disabilities use a variety of instruments and methods to address them. One such measure is State aid. However, the application of these measures does not always lead to the achievement of public policy goals, the improvement of indicators such as the integration of people with disabilities into the labour market, and the reduction of social exclusion. This paper examines a social problem related not only to the increase in the employment rate of people with disabilities, but also to research on improving the living standards of this group. Lithuania has been promoting the employment of disabled people by providing State support for employing disabled people for more than a decade. It should be noted that this support scheme has remained practically unchanged throughout this period, and is provided to social enterprises where the employment of persons with disabilities provides limited opportunities for participation in society and does not change public attitudes towards persons with disabilities. This employment model shows sluggish progress in the reduction of unemployment and poverty among people with disabilities, and needs to be assessed and adjusted to implement various policy actions and measures. Efforts have been made to reform employment policy for people with disabilities since 2020, but these changes are not yet concrete, and State aid continues to be granted to disabled people employed based on a care-employment model. The impact of these changes may be insignificant in the future, so it is important for the State to fundamentally review the implemented policy based on the practice of other countries. The novelty of this paper and its contribution to science are reflected in the assessment of the effectiveness of the policies implemented by European Union countries in the field of disabled people. The aim of this article is to analyse the practices of other countries in order to develop an effective model for the employment of people with disabilities in the labour market. The analysis of EU countries for the period 2010-2018 is carried out according to the selected indicators, reflecting social exclusion and poverty. This analysis is performed using the SAW method, which integrates the values of the individual criteria of the countries analysed and the weights attributed to them into a single criterion. In this way, the best alternatives are ranked according to the values obtained, in which case countries are evaluated according to the effectiveness of the policy implementation. Considering the results of the evaluation, proposals for Lithuania are formulated. According to the results of the multi-criteria evaluation, two countries - the Netherlands and Finland - have been the most successful in implementing poverty reduction and employment policies for people with disabilities over the period analysed. According to the Dutch and Finnish policy examples, two different reform models for Lithuania can be formulated. One of the proposed models focuses on the application of strict measures to promote the integration of disabled people into the labour market. This takes its form from an example of Dutch policy, and introduces quotas for employers to employ a certain number of disabled people. In this case, the expected results would also be achieved without State aid, as the obligation to employ disabled people would be enshrined in legislation. Another proposed model involves the application of more lenient measures, such as the provision of State aid to all companies willing to employ people with disabilities. As the support provided to social enterprises in Lithuania does not generate the expected benefits, in the case of this model it is expedient to rely on the Finnish experience and to grant State aid to social enterprises if persons with severe disabilities (0-25% working capacity level) are employed. The role of the public sector as a socially responsible employer hosting people with health problems is also crucial, and quotas for the employment of people with disabilities could be set for this sector. As part of the reform under the proposed axes, the employment of disabled people would be directed towards an open labour market. In the short term, the impact of this reform on the reduction of poverty and material deprivation and on the social inclusion of people with disabilities would not be significant, but, in the long term, the participation of people with disabilities in the open labour market would lead to competitive wages and thus improve living conditions.

La crisis económica aparecida en España, principalmente, a partir del año 2008, ha tenido una gran repercusión en el sistema de protección social de los Servicios Sociales Comunitarios. Las políticas de austeridad aplicadas por los gobiernos autonómicos y estatal han tenido como consecuencia una merma en las partidas públicas que financian la estructura de este dispositivo de atención social. Los objetivos de nuestro estudio se han centrado en conocer cómo ha influido la crisis económica en los Servicios Sociales Comunitarios en Andalucía analizando la evolución de la financiación y del gasto por cada una de las prestaciones. Otro aspecto ha sido poner en relación la financiación y el gasto realizado con el tipo de prestaciones desarrolladas. Además hemos analizado la evolución de los usuarios atendidos por el sistema y la evolución de los profesionales. Se ha utilizado un análisis cuantitativo y en dos niveles principales: autonómico y provincial. Esos análisis han sido ampliados desde otra perspectiva diferenciándose para ello dos universos distintos: rural (agrupados en las diputaciones provinciales) y urbano (agrupan los municipios mayores de 20.000 habitantes). Por último hemos analizado las prestaciones económicas de los diferentes sistemas de protección social por entender que aportan una visión certera de cómo ha sido la influencia de la crisis en las familias usuarias de esos sistemas de protección social. Para realizar nuestro análisis se ha acudido a datos estadísticos de los Servicios Sociales Comunitarios en Andalucía y a las memorias del Programa de Solidaridad (Salario Social entendido como programa de renta mínima) que están publicados en la página web de la Consejería de Igualdad y Políticas Sociales de la Junta de Andalucía, a las memorias del Plan Concertado publicadas en la página web del Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social y a los datos estadísticos publicados en la página web del Instituto Nacional de la Seguridad Social. Este estudio constata cómo el comportamiento seguido en los Servicios Sociales Comunitarios andaluces es similar a los de otras zonas del estado español, es decir, aminoramiento de la financiación y del gasto en cada una de las prestaciones, y descenso en los profesionales del sistema. Sin embargo constatamos un mantenimiento, y no un aumento, de los usuarios atendidos por este sistema de protección social. ; The economic crisis that occurred in Spain, in particular, since 2008, has had a major impact on the social protection system of the Community Social Services. The austerity policies implemented by the regional and state governments have resulted in a decrease in the public funds that finance the structure of this social care system. The objectives of our study have focused on knowing how the economic crisis has influenced the Community Social Services in Andalusia by analysing the evolution of financing and spending for each of the benefits. Another aspect has been to link funding and expenditure with the type of benefits developed. We have also analyzed the evolution of the users served by the system and the evolution of the professionals. A quantitative analysis has been used and at two main levels: autonomous and provincial. These analyses have been expanded from a different perspective by differentiating between two different universes: rural (grouped in the provincial councils) and urban (grouped in municipalities with more than 20,000 inhabitants). Finally, we have analyzed the economic benefits of the different social protection systems because we understand that they provide a clear vision of how the crisis has influenced the families who use these social protection systems. In order to carry out our analysis, we have used statistical data from the Community Social Services in Andalusia and the memoirs of the Solidarity Program (Social Salary understood as a minimum income program) which are published on the website of the Ministry of Equality and Social Policies of the Junta de Andalucía, to the Concerted Plan memoirs published on the website of the Ministry of Health, Consumer Affairs and Social Welfare and to the statistical data published on the website of the National Social Security Institute. This study shows how the behaviour in the Andalusian Community Social Services is similar to that in other parts of Spain, that is to say, a reduction in funding and expenditure on each of the benefits, and decrease in the professionals of the system. We note, however, that the number of users served by this social protection system has been maintained rather than increased.

Staranje prebivalstva v Sloveniji, Evropski uniji (EU) in v drugih državah po svetu zahteva določene prilagoditve in spremembe v družbi, ki bodo omogočale kakovostno življenje vseh generacij. Namen članka je predstaviti koncept srebrne ekonomije in aktivnega staranja, ki vplivata na javno in individualno porabo treh skupin starejših; tistih, ki so dejavni, tistih, ki so krhkega zdravja in tistih, ki so v stanju odvisnosti. K spremembam demografske slike prispevajo tudi novi vzorci, kot je večje število enočlanskih gospodinjstev, selitve v mesta, ki vodijo v depopulacijo podeželskih območij, beg možganov in tudi v migracijske tokove. Z raziskavo smo ugotavljali stanje aktivnosti starostnikov v pretežno podeželskih občinah Pesnica in Kungota, ki sodita v ruralno območje Podravske regije. Anketirali smo starejše občane in zbrane podatke primerjali s prosto dostopnimi podatki statističnih baz in z rezultati indeksa aktivnega staranja v državah EU. Po indeksu aktivnega staranja se slovenski starostniki, v primerjavi s starostniki v EU, starajo precej neaktivno. Na slovenskih podeželskih območjih, kjer je delež starejših oseb višji kot v mestih, so starostniki sicer aktivni, vendar ne na vseh obravnavanih področjih. Ena izmed vzpodbud za aktivno staranje je srebrna ekonomija, ki hkrati predstavlja tudi odlično priložnost za gospodarski in družbeni razvoj. Z vključevanjem in upoštevanjem starejših generacij, z vzpodbujanjem aktivnega staranja in s pričakovanim razvojem dejavnosti srebrne ekonomije se bo povečal delež aktivnega prebivalstva na podeželju, ki bo vplival na izboljšanje gospodarskih razmer in dvig kakovosti življenja. ; The age structure of a population is changing, in Slovenia as well as in many countries of the EU and other regions of the world. The process of population ageing requires adjustments and social and economic changes that will enable the quality of life for all generations. The article is based on an economic and social analysis of existing resources and on our own research. A critical review of the literature, secondary sources, and websites dedicated to demographic problems, the silver economy, and the quality of life of the elderly was conducted. We conducted a survey of the elderly population of the municipalities of Pesnica and Kungota, which lie in the Podravska statistical region in the Republic of Slovenia. The silver economy enables the social and economic development of individual geographical areas with potential for new markets and economic activities. In this context, it is necessary to ensure access to sustainable long-term care systems for active and healthy ageing. The concept covers lifelong learning, intergenerational cooperation, research and innovation, and institutional change. In 2017, Slovenia with Strategija dolge družbe (Active Ageing Strategy) accepted the conceptual framework of the proposed changes in the areas of: the labor market and education of the elderly; independent, healthy and safe living; involvement and participation in society and the creation of capacities and environments for activity in all stages of life. All these areas coincide with the scheme of an internationally comparable system of active ageing index indicators. The research was used to determine the activity status of 81 older people in the Podravje region, in the predominantly rural municipalities of Kungota and Pesnica. There were no employees among the respondents. The survey involved active pensioners who were mainly engaged in gardening, hobbies and farming. We note that the respondents are quite independent, physically active and in good health. While independence or autonomy of the elderly is not called into question, financial security is a matter of concern, as most respondents receive low monthly incomes. The analysis of the state of activities of the elderly shows the potential for the development of the silver economy, which would help increase the income of the elderly through active policies and projects of all participants at the local and regional level (Quadruple Helix). An important area is capacity and the environment, which enable active ageing. The research showed that some respondents use ICT for educational purposes or they learn to use a computer, while others use ICT to communicate. We did not perceive social exclusion, isolation or loneliness among the respondents. The most common forms of communication are getting together with relatives and friends. The identified characteristics of the rural area in question provide insight into the situation and opportunities in the field of active ageing and at the same time indicate areas where there is potential for the development of the silver economy.

The incessant development of societies, seeking to satisfy each and every one of their needs, has led man to create different projects that without due planning have shaped the environment and have consequently involved several human rights, as they are the right to life, the right to health, the right to decent housing, among others. This was reflected in the development and operation of the Itaipú Hydroelectric Power Plant, which in order to make the hydroelectric use of the Paraná River's hydraulic resources, caused environmental, physical, biotic, cultural, economic and political impacts that they significantly affected the environment and human rights. It is important to study this topic, since, in the contemporary world, it is recognized that the greatest degree of affectation to the environment originates from anthropogenic causes (Constitutional Court of Colombia, 2011, p.1). This affectation has caused the living conditions of living beings to decrease and, in the case of people, human rights have been violated and, consequently, human dignity has been violated. ; El incesante desarrollo de las sociedades, en busca de satisfacer todas y cada una de sus necesidades, ha llevado al hombre a crear diferentes proyectos que sin la debida planeación han configurado la afectación al medio ambiente y han involucrado consecuentemente varios derechos humanos, como lo son el derecho a la vida, el derecho a la salud, el derecho a la vivienda digna, entre otros. Lo anterior, se vio reflejado en el desarrollo y funcionamiento de la Central Hidroeléctrica de Itaipú, que con el fin de realizar el aprovechamiento hidroeléctrico de los recursos hidráulicos del río Paraná, se causaron impactos ambientales, físicos, bióticos, culturales, económicos y políticos que afectaron de manera significativa el medio ambiente y los derechos humanos. Es de importancia estudiar esta temática, toda vez que, en el mundo contemporáneo, se reconoce que el mayor grado de afectación al medio ambiente se origina por causas antropogénicas (Corte Constitucional de Colombia, 2011, p. 1). Esta afectación ha generado que disminuyan las condiciones de vida de los seres vivos y en el caso de las personas se ha llegado a la vulneración de derechos humanos y por ende de su dignidad humana. ; Le développement incessant des sociétés qui cherchent à satisfaire tous et chacun de leurs besoins a conduit l'homme à créer de différents projets sans une planification adéquate. Ce projets ont affecté l'environnement et en conséquence, ont impliqué plusieurs droits de l'homme , tels que le droit à la vie, le droit à la santé, le droit à un logement décent, entre autres. Ce qui précède, a été reflété dans le développement et le fonctionnement de la centrale hydroélectrique d'Itaipú, qui, afin d'avoir un bénéfi hydroélectrique des ressources hydrauliques du fleuve Paraná, a provoqué des impacts environnementaux, physiques, biotiques, culturels, économiques et politiques. Ceux-ci ont affecté de manière significative l'environnement et droits humains. Il est important d'étudier ce sujet car, vu que dans le monde contemporain, il est reconnu que le plus grand degré d'affectation de l'environnement provient de causes anthropiques (Cour constitutionnelle de Colombie, 2011, p.1). Cette affectation a entraîné une dégradation des conditions de vie des êtres vivants et, dans le cas des personnes, leurs droits ont été violés, par conséquent, leur dignité humaine. ; O desenvolvimento incessante das sociedades, buscando satisfazer todas e cada uma de suas necessidades, levou o homem a criar diferentes projetos que, sem o devido planejamento, moldaram a afetação do meio ambiente e, consequentemente, envolveram vários direitos humanos, como eles são. o direito à vida, o direito à saúde, o direito à moradia digna, entre outros. Isso se refletiu no desenvolvimento e operação da Usina Hidrelétrica de Itaipu, que para fazer o aproveitamento hidrelétrico dos recursos hídricos do rio Paraná, causou impactos ambientais, físicos, bióticos, culturais, econômicos e políticos que eles afetaram significativamente o meio ambiente e os direitos humanos. É importante estudar este tema, pois, no mundo contemporâneo, reconhece-se que o maior grau de afetação ao meio ambiente tem origem em causas antropogênicas (Tribunal Constitucional da Colômbia, 2011, p.1). Essa afetação diminuiu as condições de vida dos seres vivos e, no caso das pessoas, os direitos humanos foram violados e, consequentemente, a dignidade humana foi violada.

Rabies, a zoonotic disease known since ancient times, is caused by lyssaviruses and almost always fatal once clinical signs develop. Although most of Europe, including Germany, is free of terrestrial rabies, bat rabies is still present. Surveillance in Europe showed that most bat rabies cases are caused by European bat lyssavirus 1 (EBLV-1). For this virus spill-over infections in various terrestrial mammals including humans have been described. Two genetic sublineages of EBLV-1 exist and a third one has been proposed. Furthermore, insertions and deletions were found in the genomes of selected isolates. Since it was proven for other lyssaviruses that genetic variation can have an impact on the pathogenicity of the respective isolates, it was investigated if the same is true for EBLV-1. Differences in the pathogenicity of investigated isolates were discovered after intranasal and intramuscular inoculation, although at the moment it is impossible to determine the exact cause. Upon comparison of the different inoculation routes, i.e. intracranial, intramuscular and intranasal, differences in the clinical signs of the mice as well as in the virus distribution within the brain were discovered. The isolates used in the pathogenicity study were obtained in the scope of passive surveillance, providing another example of the benefit of such programs. Furthermore, surveillance is important to assess the potential human health threat of endemic bat rabies by providing epidemiological data. Passive surveillance led to the detection of 362 bat rabies cases in Germany until 2016. The majority were caused by EBLV-1, but five cases of European bat lyssavirus 2 (EBLV-2) and six cases of Bokeloh bat lyssavirus (BBLV) were also discovered, including in 2015 the first case of BBLV in another bat species apart from its presumed reservoir host the Natterer's bat. Interestingly within the same year two additional cases of BBLV were found in Germany, doubling the number of BBLV cases there from three to six. Eight BBLV isolates were so far detected altogether and a division of the isolates into two genetic lineages A and B was possible. At the host level there is a massive distribution of virus to the peripheral organs. This sudden emergence of BBLV, despite similar surveillance intensity over the past years, is puzzling. The majority of human rabies cases are caused by rabid dogs and occur prominently in Asia and Africa, resulting in an estimated 59000 human deaths per year. In these regions rabies surveillance is hindered by several factors including challenges in rabies diagnosis. Therefore, alternative test methods to the standard diagnostic tests for rabies were developed, including Lateral flow devices (LFDs), which have potential for field use. However, the comparison of six commercially available LFDs performed here revealed that the tests have major deficits regarding their sensitivity and reproducibility. ; Die Tollwut ist eine zoonotische Erkrankung, die durch Lyssaviren verursacht wird, welche mit dem Auftreten klinischer Symptome fast immer tödlich endet. Obwohl große Teile Europas inklusive Deutschland frei von terrestrischer Tollwut sind, spielt die Fledermaustollwut in diesen Gebieten eine wichtige Rolle. Die Fledermaustollwutüberwachung in Europa hat gezeigt, dass das Europäische Fledermaustollwutvirus 1 (EBLV-1) für die meisten Fälle verantwortlich ist. Vereinzelte Infektionen anderer Tierarten und des Menschen wurden beschrieben. Während für EBLV-1 zwei genetisch unterschiedliche Entwicklungslinien anerkannt sind, ist eine dritte derzeit noch in Diskussion. Bei einigen wenigen EBLV-1 Isolaten wurden bislang einzigartige Insertionen und Deletionen in bestimmten Bereichen des Genoms beschrieben. Wie für andere Lyssaviren bereits gezeigt wurde, können genetische Variationen die Pathogenität beeinflussen. Daher bestand ein wesentlicher Teil dieser Arbeit darin, herauszufinden, ob dies auch bei derartigen EBLV-1 Isolaten zutrifft. Unterschiede in der Pathogenität der untersuchten Isolate wurden nach intranasaler und intramuskulärer Inokulation von Mäusen gefunden. Allerdings ist unklar, welcher dieser genetischen Unterschiede dafür verantwortlich ist. Beim Vergleich der unterschiedlichen Inokulationsrouten, d.h. intrakranial, intramuskulär und intranasal, wurden Unterschiede im klinischen Bild der inokulierten Mäuse sowie der Virusverteilung im Gehirn gefunden. Die für die Pathogenitätsstudie verwendeten EBLV-1 Isolate wurden im Rahmen der passiven Fledermaustollwutüberwachung gefunden und stellen damit ein Beispiel für den Nutzen solcher Programme dar. Darüber hinaus ist die Überwachung und anschließende Auswertung epidemiologischer Daten eine wichtige Voraussetzung für die Risikobewertung hinsichtlich einer potentiellen Gefährdung des Menschen durch endemische Fledermaustollwut. Im Rahmen der passiven Überwachung wurden bis zum Jahr 2016 insgesamt 362 Fledermaustollwutfälle in Deutschland diagnostiziert. Während EBLV-1 für den Großteil dieser Fälle verantwortlich war, entfielen fünf Fälle auf das Europäische Fledermaustollwutvirus 2 (EBLV-2) und sechs Fälle auf das Bokeloh Fledermaustollwutvirus (BBLV). Einer dieser durch BBLV verursachten Tollwutfälle wurde 2015 in einer anderen Fledermausart als dem vermuteten Reservoir, der Fransenfledermaus, gefunden. Interessanterweise trat innerhalb eines Jahres eine unerwartete Häufung von BBLV Fällen auf. Insgesamt sind bislang acht BBLV-Isolate nachgewiesen worden, welche in zwei unterschiedliche Entwicklungslinien, A und B, eingeteilt werden können. Tollwütige Hunde sind für die überwältigende Mehrheit der schätzungsweise 59000 humanen Tollwutfälle in Asien und Afrika verantwortlich. In diesen Regionen wird die Tollwutüberwachung stark durch gesundheitspolitische und infrastrukturelle Probleme, aber auch fehlende technische Ausrüstung und Engpässe in der Tollwutdiagnostik beeinflusst. Aus diesem Grund wurden Point-of-care Tests, wie z.B. Lateral flow devices (LFD), als alternative Verfahren zu standardisierten diagnostischen Tollwuttestmethoden entwickelt, die jedoch bislang nicht ausreichend validiert sind. Die vergleichende Evaluierung sechs kommerziell erhältlicher Tollwut-LFDs ergab, dass diese Tests große Defizite hinsichtlich ihrer Sensitivität und Reproduzierbarkeit aufweisen.

In 1999, the Institute of Medicine released their landmark report To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System. The report drew wide-spread attention to the unacceptable number of adverse events occurring within the American healthcare system, the fundamental role of systemic error and healthcare culture in the causation of these events, and the necessity for prevention over deterrence. The philosophy ?To Err is Human? has become the foundation on which the ?The Patient Safety Movement? is based. To date, patient safety methodology has concentrated primarily on cultural change and accountability; incident reporting and analysis; reformed education standards; improved communication, teamwork, and consensus building; patient and family engagement, and patient and family-centred care; the use of evidence-based practices; and system redesign. All of these strategies, born of out the patient safety movement, will be examined in significant depth throughout this thesis in the context of medical error reduction. In contrast, legal strategies to prevent and respond to medical error (operating in tandem with the above) have traditionally been adversarial in nature, based primarily on the principles of deterrence and retribution, and enforced by way of civil and criminal legislation and jurisprudence. While the analysis within this thesis is strongly premised on the argument that the threat of legal, financial, or disciplinary penalties on their own are ineffective at furthering patient safety, this should not be taken as negating the role for both civil litigation and criminal prosecution when an individual or organisation has been negligent, reckless, or acted intentionally - these legal avenues undoubtably remain necessary for fostering safety and promoting accountability. For the purposes of scoping, this thesis is predominantly concerned with the interaction between patient safety methodology and the civil law, and accordingly, will focus on legislative and organisational reform intended to reduce the secrecy and fear associated with medical error common within healthcare culture. Contemporary legislative and organisational initiatives within the patient safety agenda to improve safety and reform culture have been directed primarily towards enabling the flow of communication between healthcare professionals, organisations, regulators, and patients. In particular, the use of alternative dispute resolution to reduce the length and cost of potential medical malpractice claims, as well as limiting liability from the disclosure of an incident or offering of an apology. While attempts to reform healthcare culture and implement the aforementioned strategies has consequently given way to the larger discussion of the appropriate role and application of accountability in healthcare - a challenge that will be examined at great length throughout this thesis in reference to a ?just culture? - patient safety theory continues to be fundamental in moving the conversation away from deterrence and towards prevention. The question that guides this thesis is: ?An assessment of strategies which, operating in tandem with medical malpractice actions, will improve patient safety (and based on comparative analysis of how these strategies have worked in different jurisdictions.)? Using a literature review and analysis methodology, and concentrating primarily on the healthcare and legal systems of the United States, England, Canada, Ireland, and New Zealand ? the theoretical framework of this thesis is based on two intrinsically connected themes: an assessment of strategies for reducing medical error based on patient safety methodology, and second, the role of medical malpractice law and litigation in the reduction and mitigation of medical error. In this respect, this thesis does not focus its attention on how patient safety methodology fits into the legal structure, but rather how the current and proposed legal mechanisms fit within and further patient safety. Additionally, this thesis advocates the view that above all other strategies for the reduction of medical error, those which improve healthcare communication are paramount. As a contribution to the growing body of patient safety literature, my analysis will assess the aforementioned multi-disciplinary strategies for improving patient safety, and will demonstrate that the adoption of strategies that address healthcare culture and communication by way of legislative and organisational reform are the most effective mechanism by which to reduce medical error because they are uniquely capable of bridging the dichotomy between the collaborative ideals of the patient safety movement and the inherently adversarial nature of the legal system. ; TARA (Trinity?s Access to Research Archive) has a robust takedown policy. Please contact us if you have any concerns: rssadmin@tcd.ie

Este estudio de vigilancia y prospectiva tecnológica para Redes Nacionales de Investigación y Educación NREN tuvo tres objetivos: 1) La caracterización de los servicios de tecnología avanzada ofrecidos por la Red Nacional Académica de Tecnología Avanzada RENATA, la NREN de Colombia, 2) la búsqueda, procesamiento y análisis de información sobre tendencias en servicios ofertados por distintas NREN a través de un análisis comparativo internacional, y 3) proponer líneas de acción estratégicas sobre los servicios de tecnología avanzada para la NREN de Colombia. El enfoque de este estudio se llevó a cabo mediante técnicas de vigilancia y prospectiva tecnológica, que implican: una planificación del proceso para obtener la definición del alcance del ejercicio, el establecimiento de aspectos relevantes para búsquedas y análisis; un proceso de análisis comparativo internacional con el fin de identificar las tendencias en servicios; un proceso de caracterización de los servicios con una encuesta para los usuarios de RENATA; y un proceso de validación con un grupo de expertos internacional. Se están construyendo cada vez más servicios de red para ofrecer enlaces de fibra oscura a los usuarios, aumentando la flexibilidad y la agilidad en la entrega de nuevos y mejores servicios, esta es una tendencia que continuará y que debe fomentarse. También, se deben establecer colaboraciones con los proveedores de servicios móviles para ofrecer soluciones académicamente innovadoras a los usuarios. Colombia, junto con países como Canadá, España y Brasil, alcanza a sentar un precedente respecto a la potencialidad que abre la participación de hospitales no universitarios para la atención remota en el sector salud. Son los docentes, investigadores y coordinadores de TI los usuarios más frecuentes de los servicios. Además de esto los servicios de conectividad avanzada, videoconferencia, transmisión en vivo, y oficina virtual, son los más conocidos y usados por los miembros de la red. Según los participantes la poca relación y colaboración con empresas del sector industrial y entidades gubernamentales, constituyen las principales barreras para el desarrollo de este tipo de servicios. Un estudio futuro podría contemplar el análisis a profundidad de los elementos de carácter social, económico, o relacionados con políticas públicas, que impulsen el desarrollo y garanticen el uso y apropiación de todos los servicios y beneficios académicos, científicos, e incluso industriales de las NREN. ; Abstract. This technology forecasting and foresight study for National Research and Education Networks NRENs has three goals: i) Characterize the advanced technology services offer by Red Nacional Académica de Tecnología Avanzada RENATA, the Colombian NREN; ii) search, process and analysis of information to identify trends related to services offered by several NRENs through international benchmarking; and, iii) to propose lines for strategy management on advanced technology services for the Colombian NREN. The approach of this study was conducted by using technology forecasting and foresight techniques, which means: a planning process in order to obtain the definition of the exercise scope, the establishment of relevant aspects for searching and analysing; a benchmarking process in order to identify services trends; a gathering process using a survey for RENATA's users; a validation process with an international expert panel. More network services are being built to provide dark fibber links to users, increasing the flexibility and agility in the delivery of new and better services, this is a trend that will continue and that should be encouraged. Also, collaborations with mobile service providers should be established to offer academically innovative solutions to users. Colombia, along with countries such as Canada, Spain and Brazil, reached a precedent respect to the potential that open the participation of non-university hospitals for remote care in the health sector. Professors, researchers and TI coordinators are the most frequent users of the services. In addition to this the services of advanced connectivity, video conferencing, live streaming, and virtual office, are the most known and used by members of the network. The little relationship and collaboration with companies of the industrial sector and Government agencies is the main barrier to the development of services, according to user's answers. A future study could contemplate the analysis in depth of the elements of social, economic, and related public policies that promote development and ensuring the use and appropriation of all NREN services and the benefits on education, science, and even in the industry. ; Maestría

Tese de doutoramento em em Engenharia Informática, apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra. ; Cardiovascular disease (CVD), a general name for a wide diversity of diseases, disorders and conditions that affect the heart and often the blood vessels, is the largest cause of death in the European Union. Since it is well known that heart health is linked to behaviour and lifestyle, the focus should be on prevention. In the context of preventive medicine, telemonitoring solutions are making a huge impact by enabling remote patient monitoring for the healthy and for those requiring management of chronic diseases. One of the projects that address CVDs management by means of telemonitoring is HeartCycle, a European Integrated Project (FP7-216695) that aims at researching, developing and clinically validating innovative solutions for this purpose. Particularly, the goal of HeartCycle is to improve the quality of care for coronary artery disease (CAD) and heart failure (HF) patients. Integrated in the third workpackage (WP3-Multi-parametric Analysis and Decision Support), the present thesis is centred on the development of specific clinical applications, which target cardiovascular conditions identified as relevant for the CAD/HF management, such as ischemia, arrhythmias and hypertension, based on the analysis and processing of the electrocardiogram (ECG) and blood pressure (BP) signals daily collected by home telemonitoring. Namely, investigation is made on techniques for the diagnosis of the referred conditions, and for the analysis of future trends of these signals enabling the early detection of critical events. Specifically, this thesis presents methodologies for similarity detection and prediction in biosignal time series, which are mainly founded on the representation of signals as linear combinations of a set of orthogonal basis and on the time-frequency analysis of those signals. Particularly, it proposes a new strategy for diagnosing ischemia comprising a measure for evaluating the ST deviation based on the time-frequency analysis of the ECG through the Wigner-Ville transform, and the use of Hermite basis functions to capture the most relevant morphologic characteristics of the QRS complex. This methodology was tested using the European Society of Cardiology ST-T public database, and the relevant results achieved, namely a sensitivity of 96.7% and a positive predictivity of 96.2%, confirmed its potential. Additionally, a new similarity measure based on a combination of the wavelet transform with the Karhunen-Loève transform for temporal patterns detection in biosignal time series, mainly to support prediction methodologies, was developed. The respective validation was performed by quantitatively comparing the proposed measure with other three common measures through the use of data from a public dataset of Physionet (MIMIC-II) and from a private telemonitoring platform (TEN-HMS). The obtained results confirm that the proposed similarity is particularly appropriate to deal with noise, trends and signals that are not perfectly aligned in time. Moreover, an iterative implementation allows for its efficient computational implementation. In terms of predictive strategies two approaches are explored. The first, based on generalized regression neural networks integrated into a multi-model structure is designed for the accurate prediction of time series future values. It was applied in the prediction of acute hypotensive episodes (AHE) and validated in the context of the 2009 Physionet/Computers in Cardiology Challenge using data from MIMIC-II dataset. A correct prediction of 10 out of 10 AHE for test set A and of 37 out of 40 AHE for test set B was achieved, corresponding to the best results of all entries in the two events of the challenge. The main advantage of the second approach is that it does not require the development of a model. It exploits the multi-resolution analysis provided by the wavelet transform to estimate future evolution trend of biosignals, based on the trend evolution of similar historic signals. Its validity was demonstrated by the comparison with other common predictive methodologies. It was employed in the evaluation of the hypertension risk using data from TEN-HMS and MyHeart studies. The obtained results, in terms of Sensitivity-Specificity, were of 84.2%-75.5% and of 85.7%-91.8%, respectively, for the TEN-HMS and the MyHeart datasets, confirming the capability of the approach in this type of application.

La reciente promulgación de la Ley 26529 gestó el marco legal para el ordenamiento y regulación de los derechos del paciente en su relación con los profesionales e Instituciones de la salud en la República Argentina. La citada normativa fue producto de la transformación del paradigma de atención clínica en odontología. Esto condujo a generar nuevas situaciones formativas que enriquezcan la formación de grado del futuro profesional odontólogo. Por tanto, se incorporó como un estilo de trabajo profesional el Proceso de Consentimiento Informado (PCI) en las prácticas odontológicas de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de La Plata (FOUNLP). El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer diferentes aspectos, respecto a las fortalezas y debilidades de la ejecución del PCI en las prácticas odontológicas que llevan a cabo los alumnos de la Carrera de Odontología. Materiales y Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo sobre las variables: relación clínica establecida, ejecución y dificultades en la obtención del consentimiento informado. Se registró un auto reporte estructurado, voluntario y anónimo a una muestra azarosa de 123 alumnos regulares del cuarto año de la Carrera de Odontología de la FOUNLP. Resultados: La edad mínima de la muestra fue 21 y la edad máxima 42, promedio 24.17, moda y mediana 24 años. Sobre la variable relación clínica, los alumnos manifiestan que el PCI genera las siguientes actitudes sobre los pacientes: Aumenta su protagonismo = 24 (20,17%), provoca indiferencia = 82 (68,91%), desconfianza = 3 (2,52%), deciden con prudencia = 10 (8,40%). Sobre la variable ejecución, los alumnos señalaron que al realizar el PCI privilegiaron los siguientes aspectos: firma = 97(78,86%), terapéutica = 87 (70,73%), diagnóstico = 77 (62,60%), riesgos = 76 (61,79%), alternativas = 76 (61,79%), costos = 75 (60,98%), capacidad de decisión = 47 (38,21%), anamnesis = 40 (32,52%), garantías = 28 (22,76%). Acerca de la variable dificultades halladas, la distribución fue: necesidad de mayor conocimientos = 76,42%, inconvenientes en la relación clínica = 56,10%, dificultades en su ejecución = 30,08%, no presentaron dificultades = 30,89%. Conclusiones: A partir de los datos tomados de la muestra procesada se puede concluir que: 1) Un amplio sector de alumnos manifestó necesitar mayor conocimientos sobre el PCI; 2) El no tener los conocimientos suficientes le generó ciertos dificultades en su relación con el paciente, 3) No obstante, se observó que al implementarlo privilegiaron aspectos trascendentes del PCI. ; The recent Law 26529 created the legal framework for the management and regulation of patient rights in relation to professionals and health institutions in Argentina. That legislation was the product of the transformation of the paradigm of clinical care in dentistry. This led to creating new training situations to enrich undergraduate education of future dental professional. Therefore, the Process of Informed Consent (PCI) in the dental practices of the Faculty of Dentistry has been gotten up like a style of professional work of the University of La Plata (FOUNLP). The objective of the present study was to know different aspects, with respect to the strengths and weaknesses of the execution of the PCI in the clinical practices that carry out the dental. Materials and Method: A descriptive study was made on the variables: established clinical relation, execution and difficulties in the obtaining of the informed consent. Self-report was registered structured, voluntary and anonymous to a risky sample of 123 regular students of the fourth year of the FOUNLP. Results: The age kitten of the sample was 21 and the maximum age 42, the average of the sample 24.17, moda and median 24 years. On the variable clinical relation, the students show that the PCI generates the following situations on the patients: protagonism = 24 (20.17%), indifference = 82 (68.91%), distrust = 3 (2.52%), wisely = 10 (8.40%). About the variable execution, the students indicated that when making the PCI privileges the following aspects: sign = 97 (78.86%), therapeutic = 87 (70.73%), diagnosis = 77 (62.60%), risks = 76 (61.79%), alternatives = 76 (61.79%), costs = 75 (60.98%), capacity of decision = 47 (38.21%), anamnesis = 40 (32.52%), guarantees = 28 (22.76%). About the variable found difficulties, the distribution was: greater necessity of knowledge = 76.42%, disadvantages in the clinical relation = 56.10%, difficulties in their execution = 30.08%, did not present difficulties = 30.89%. Conclusions: From the data taken from the processed sample it is possible to be concluded that: 1) an ample sector of students declared to need greater knowledge on the PCI; 2) not to have the sufficient knowledge generated certain difficulties in their relation with the patient, 3) We were observed that when implementing they privileged it important aspects of the PCI. ; Facultad de Odontología

ПРЕГЛЕД НА ЗАШТИТАТА ОД КРИЗА ВО ОДНЕСУВАЊЕТО И ИНТЕРВЕНЦИЈАТА ВО УЧИЛИШТАТА ЗА ПОСЕБНО ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ ВО СОЕДИНЕТИТЕ АМЕРИКАНСКИ ДРЖАВИ REFLECTIONS ON BEHAVIORAL CRISES PREVENTION AND INTERVENTION IN SPECIAL EDUCATION SCHOOLS IN THE UNITED STATES Роланд ПАУЛАУСКАС Универзитет Сиаулиаи,Сиаулиаи, Литванија Roland PAULAUSKASSiauliai University,Siauliai, Lithuania Примено: 02.11.2010Прифатено: 02.12.2010UDK: 316.628:159.922.2-053.6(73)159.922.8:37.017(73) Recived: 02.11.2010Accepted: 02.12.2010Review ArticleРезиме Abstract Развојот на цивилизацијата ги направи кри­зи­те неразделен дел од нашиот живот. Ис­ти­те се појавуваат речиси во сите соци­јални струк­тури и организации, вклучувајќи ги и обра­зовните институции. Целите на овој труд се да презентира теоретски модел на нор­­мално, девијантно и антисоцијално одне­су­­вање, да ги дискутира психо-социјалните карак­­теристики на емотивно растроените адо­лесценти, сместени во установи за пре­стој и посебно образование во САД и да ги ана­­лизира најраспространетите кризи во одне­сувањето кај оваа популација, фази на ес­ка­лацијата на кризата и ненасилна пре­вен­ција од кризи и стратегии на интервенција. Ко­рис­тените методи во овој труд вклучуваат пре­г­лед на научна литература, анализи на ста­­тистички информации од различни вла­ди­ни извори, преглед и анализа на сту­дент­ски записи и анализа на искуството на авто­рот поврзано со работата со емотивно рас­трое­ни младинци во училиштата за престој и обра­­зование во САД.Резултатите од ова истражување укажуваат на различните терминологии кои ги кори­стат научниците од различните научни дис­ци­плини при опишување на социјално неа­дек­ватното однесување.Авторот прикажува тео­ретски модел на нормално, девијантно и анти­социјално однесување кое може да го по­добри разбирањето и препознавањето на ри­зични ситуации и однесувања кои водат до сериозни кризи. Анализите на студентски за­писи открива дека повеќето од адо­лес­­це­нтите сместени во специјални училишта за пре­стој и образование се дијагностицирани со неколку ментални здравствени проблеми. Ова налага дека постоечката превентивна нега и образовна парадигма во посебните учи­лишта за образование и престој, треба да се заменат со сеопфатен третман парадигма. Тру­дот исто така ги дискутира позитивните и негативните интервенции при кризи. Мис­ле­њето на авторот е дека сите специјални еду­кативни установи, кои им се на рас­по­ла­гање на емотивно растроените деца, треба да при­фатат еден од ненасилните модели на интер­венција при криза во однесувањето и да развијат и применат менаџментска поли­тика, планови и процедури за справување со кризи. The development of civilization made crises an inseparable part of our lives. Crises manifest themselves in almost all social areas and organizations, including educational institutions. The goals of the article are to present a theoretical model of normal, deviant and antisocial behaviors, and discuss the psycho-social characteristics of emotionally disturbed adolescents situated in a residential special education school in theUnited States. The article also gives an analysis of their most prevalent behavioral crises, escalation stages, as well as nonviolent crisis prevention and intervention strategies. The methods that were used include scientific literature review, analysis of statistical information supplied from different government sources, review and analysis of student records, as well as the author's analytical reflections in working with emotionally disturbed youngsters in residential special education schools in theUnited States.The results of the study indicate that scientists from different fields use different terminology to describe socially nonconforming behaviors. The author presents a theoretical model of normal, deviant and antisocial behavior that could enhance better understanding and identification of high risk situations and conduct leading to serious crises. The analysis of student records revealed that most of the adolescents situated in specialeducation residential schools are diagnosed with a number of mental health problems. This suggests that the currently prevailing care and education paradigm in the special education residential schools should shift to a more comprehensive treatment paradigm. The article also discusses the pros and cons of nonviolent crisis intervention. It is the author's opinion that all special education schools serving children with emotional disorders should adopt one of the nonviolent crisis intervention models and develop and implement crisis management policies, plans and procedures.Клучни зборови: заштита од криза, интер­вен­ција при вербални криза, ненасилна фи­зи­чка интервенција при криза, континуирана еска­лација на кризата, позитивна поддршка на однесувањето. Key words: crisis prevention, verbal crisis intervention, nonviolent physical crisis intervention, continuum of crisis escalation, positive behavior supports. Адреса за коресподенција:Роланд Паулаускас,Универзитет Сиаулиаи, П. Висинскио 25,ЛТ-76352, Сиаулиаи, ЛитванијаE-mail: roland.paulauskas@gmail.com Corresponding addressRoland Paulauskas,Siauliai University, P. Visinskio 25,LT-76352, Siauliai, LithuaniaE-mail: roland.paulauskas@gmail.com

The European Commission has published in May 2009 a recommendation "on the implementation of privacy and data protection principles in applications supported by radio-frequency identification", which is designed to provide "guidance to Member States on the design and operation of RFID applications in a lawful, ethical and socially and politically acceptable way, respecting the right to privacy and ensuring protection of personal data." This recommendation requires RFID operators to conduct a "Privacy and Data Protection Impact Assessment" before an RFID application is deployed, and make its results available to the competent authority. The RFID recommendation is also designed to promote "information and transparency on RFID use", in particular through the development of "a common European sign developed by European Standardisation Organisations, with the support of concerned stakeholders", designed "to inform individuals of the presence of readers". The RFID PIA (Privacy and Impact Asssessment) process aims to reach several objectives: * to favour "privacy by design" by helping data controllers to address privacy and data protection before a product or service is deployed, * to help data controllers to address privacy and data protection risks in a comprehensive manner. an opportunity to reduce legal uncertainty and avoid loss of trust from consumers, * to help data controllers and data protection authorities to gain more insight into the privacy and data protection aspects of RFID applications. The industry has proposed a RFID PIA framework which classifies a RFID application into 4 possible levels: Level 0 applications, which essentially cover RFID applications that do not process personal data and where tags are only manipulated by users, and which are rightly excluded from conducting a PIA. Level 1 applications cover applications where no personal data is processed, yet tags are carried by individuals. Level 2 applications process personal data but where tags themselves do not contain personal data. Level 3 applications where tags contain personal data. If the RFID application level is determined to be 1 or above, the RFID operator is then required to conduct a four part analysis of the application, with a level of detail that is proportionate to identified privacy and data protection implications. The first part is used to describe the RFID application. The second part allows highlighting control and security measures. The third part addresses user information and rights. The final part of the proposed PIA framework requires the RFID operator to conclude whether or not the RFID application is ready for deployment. As a result of the PIA process, the RFID operator will produce a PIA report that will be made available to the competent authority. For the industry, only levels 2 and 3 are to be submitted to a PIA because it considers that information contained in a tag at level 1 are not personal. However level 1 arises concerns of Article 29 Working Party because tagged items carried by a person contain unique identifiers that could be read remotely. In turn, these unique identifiers could be used to recognize that particular person through time. It raises the possibility that a person will be tracked without his knowledge by a third party. When a unique identifier is associated to a person, it falls in the definition of personal data set forth in Directive 95/46/EC, regardless of the fact that the "social identity" (name, address, etc.) of the person remains unknown (i.e. he is "identifiable" but not necessarily "identified"). Additionally, the unique number contained in a tag can also serve as a means to remotely identify the nature of items carried by a person, which in turn may reveal information about social status, health, or more. Thus, even in those cases where a tag contains solely a number that is unique within a particular context, and no additional personal data, care must be taken to address potential privacy and security issues if this tag is going to be carried by persons. The Working Party has urged the industry to fully address this issue, by clearly mentioning it in the framework as part of a revised risk assessment approach for level 1. This chapter will address the issue of protecting privacy of RFID tag carriers in a privacy by design model which puts them in a position to decide if they accept or not to be tracked at level 1. In case of a negative decision, tags have to be deactivated. Security measures have also to be taken to protect personal information on RFID tags against information leak which could lead to identity theft.

The European Commission has published in May 2009 a recommendation "on the implementation of privacy and data protection principles in applications supported by radio-frequency identification", which is designed to provide "guidance to Member States on the design and operation of RFID applications in a lawful, ethical and socially and politically acceptable way, respecting the right to privacy and ensuring protection of personal data." This recommendation requires RFID operators to conduct a "Privacy and Data Protection Impact Assessment" before an RFID application is deployed, and make its results available to the competent authority. The RFID recommendation is also designed to promote "information and transparency on RFID use", in particular through the development of "a common European sign developed by European Standardisation Organisations, with the support of concerned stakeholders", designed "to inform individuals of the presence of readers". The RFID PIA (Privacy and Impact Asssessment) process aims to reach several objectives: * to favour "privacy by design" by helping data controllers to address privacy and data protection before a product or service is deployed, * to help data controllers to address privacy and data protection risks in a comprehensive manner. an opportunity to reduce legal uncertainty and avoid loss of trust from consumers, * to help data controllers and data protection authorities to gain more insight into the privacy and data protection aspects of RFID applications. The industry has proposed a RFID PIA framework which classifies a RFID application into 4 possible levels: Level 0 applications, which essentially cover RFID applications that do not process personal data and where tags are only manipulated by users, and which are rightly excluded from conducting a PIA. Level 1 applications cover applications where no personal data is processed, yet tags are carried by individuals. Level 2 applications process personal data but where tags themselves do not contain personal data. Level 3 applications where tags contain personal data. If the RFID application level is determined to be 1 or above, the RFID operator is then required to conduct a four part analysis of the application, with a level of detail that is proportionate to identified privacy and data protection implications. The first part is used to describe the RFID application. The second part allows highlighting control and security measures. The third part addresses user information and rights. The final part of the proposed PIA framework requires the RFID operator to conclude whether or not the RFID application is ready for deployment. As a result of the PIA process, the RFID operator will produce a PIA report that will be made available to the competent authority. For the industry, only levels 2 and 3 are to be submitted to a PIA because it considers that information contained in a tag at level 1 are not personal. However level 1 arises concerns of Article 29 Working Party because tagged items carried by a person contain unique identifiers that could be read remotely. In turn, these unique identifiers could be used to recognize that particular person through time. It raises the possibility that a person will be tracked without his knowledge by a third party. When a unique identifier is associated to a person, it falls in the definition of personal data set forth in Directive 95/46/EC, regardless of the fact that the "social identity" (name, address, etc.) of the person remains unknown (i.e. he is "identifiable" but not necessarily "identified"). Additionally, the unique number contained in a tag can also serve as a means to remotely identify the nature of items carried by a person, which in turn may reveal information about social status, health, or more. Thus, even in those cases where a tag contains solely a number that is unique within a particular context, and no additional personal data, care must be taken to address potential privacy and security issues if this tag is going to be carried by persons. The Working Party has urged the industry to fully address this issue, by clearly mentioning it in the framework as part of a revised risk assessment approach for level 1. This chapter will address the issue of protecting privacy of RFID tag carriers in a privacy by design model which puts them in a position to decide if they accept or not to be tracked at level 1. In case of a negative decision, tags have to be deactivated. Security measures have also to be taken to protect personal information on RFID tags against information leak which could lead to identity theft.