Suchergebnisse

Relevance of the theme: self-injury realization considerably aggravates the somatic, social and psychical condition of the convicted and arrested persons; health and life are devalued. Furthermore, the imprisonment system incurs considerable financial loss. Self-injury consist the largest part of the total traumatism in the imprisonment institutions (48 per cent). There is a need to explore the problems of the self-injured convicted and arrested persons at the imprisonment institutions; to find the causes of such behaviour in order to determine the prevention possibilities by the further researches of this phenomenon. According to the Law on Nursing Practice of the Republic of Lithuania [1] issued in 2001, one of the functions of nursing is to ensure the physical, mental and social care of the healthy and ill persons. Originality of the theme: until now, in the theory and practice of nursing in our country there was no sufficient attention to the mental and social care of the convicted and arrested persons who are a part of the society. There are also no subjective researches or publications on the convicted and arrested persons' self-injury motives. Goal of the thesis: to analyse the motives of self-injury of the convicted and arrested persons. Tasks of the thesis: To analyse the medical statistic data and other documents related to the self-injury in order to assess the dynamics of the phenomenon and to find the factors having the most considerable influence on self-injury of convicted and arrested persons; to research the consultations which are provided to the self-injured persons. Hypothesis: social isolation involves the most frequent motives of self-injury of convicted and arrested persons. Subject of the research: self-injured convicted and arrested persons. 210 respondents from 12 imprisonment institutions took part in the research. Research methods: Analysis of medical statistical data and other medical documents; questionnaire survey (cross-section research). 210 convicted and arrested persons were surveyed. 21 of them needed stationary treatment because of self-injury and were hospitalized at the Hospital of imprisonment institutions (LAVL); and 189 persons were from 11 national imprisonment institutions. Questionnaire survey was carried out in July – August of 2007. The program Microsoft Excel was applied for diagrams and tables' formation as well as program packet SPSS 13.0 for Windows was applied for analysis of research data. Conclusions: 1) Self-injury consist the largest part of the total traumatism in the imprisonment institutions (48 per cents); when new legislation had came into effect, the total number of self-injuries decreased, but the leaders remained the same: Lukiškės TI-K (241, 16,2 % and 185, 34,0 %), Alytus PN (162, 10,9 % and 115, 21,1 %), Pravieniškės 2 PN-AK (188, 12,6 % and 62, 11,3 %); 2) the most influential factors of self-injury of convicted and arrested persons: number of convictions (correlation analysis showed that increase of the number of convictions increases the number of self-injury by 0,822 times); education (secondary – 35,1 per cent, basic – 22,1 per cent, elementary – 19,7 per cent, higher – 0 per cent of respondents); longing for family and friends (45,2 per cent); to little appointments with family and friends (24,3 per cent); improper life conditions (42,4 per cent); odds with employees (32,9 per cent); lack of occupation (work – 31,9 per cent; study – 31,6 per cent); 3) the most frequent motives of self-injury of convicted and arrested persons are the following: attempted suicide (25,7 per cent); rejection by family (21,9 per cent); debts (20,0 per cent); 4) only 56,94 per cent of self-injured were consulted by specialist. Of them: 30,6 per cent who attempted suicide and 12,4 per cent attempted self-injure. This fact shows that the self-injury prevention basis is weak; 5) the hypothesis of the thesis was confirmed.

Kamu hizmetleri, toplumun ortak gereksinimlerini karşılayan ve devamlılık arz eden hizmetlerdir. Bu nedenle, gereksinimlere uygun, verimli ve kolay ulaşılabilir hizmet üretimi, her şeyden önce idari yapının buna uygun bir şekilde örgütlenmesine, unsurları arasında akılcı bir görev paylaşımı yapılmasına bağlıdır.Günümüzde yerel yönetimler, mahalli nitelikte kamusal mal ve hizmet ihtiyaçlarını karşılayan, kendi yürütme ve karar organlarına sahip olan kamu tüzel kişilikleridir. Yerel yönetimler demokrasinin bir bakıma özü gibidir. Toplumun kendi kendisini yönetmesinin bilinen en başarılı, en mükemmel ve en mantıklı yollarından birisidir. Ülkemizde yerel yönetim birimleri içerisinde en fonksiyonel olan belediyelerdir. Ülke genel nüfusunun büyük bir kısmı belediyelerin sınırları içinde yaşamaktadır. Belediyeler sundukları hizmet yönünden halkın günlük yaşamında büyük öneme sahiptirler. 20. yüzyılın son çeyreğinden başlayarak değişen kamusal hizmet anlayışı, halkın yerel hizmetler yönünden belediyelerden beklentilerini de artırmıştır. Yazılı ve görsel basında çok telaffuz edildiği üzere, kamu yönetiminde yeniden yapılanma çalışmaları son yıllarda hız kazanmıştır. Yeniden yapılanma çalışmaları çerçevesinde, kamu kaynaklarının daha verimli ve yerinde kullanımının tespiti için kamu idarelerinin faaliyetlerinin amaç ve politikalara, kalkınma planına, programlara, stratejik planlara, performans programlarına ve mevzuata uygun olarak planlanması ve yürütülmesi, kaynakların etkili, ekonomik ve verimli kullanılması, bilgilerin güvenilirliğinin, bütünlüğünün ve zamanında elde edilebilirliğinin sağlaması amaçlamaktadır.Türk Kamu Yönetiminin bir parçası olan teftiş sistemi, "iç denetim" adı verilen yeni bir modelle tanışmıştır. AB ile başlayan müzakereler çerçevesinde 32. fasıl olarak bilinen "Mali kontrol" başlığı altında iç denetime ilişkin hususlar düzenlenmiştir. Ülkemizde yerel yönetimler için iç denetim, 5393 sayılı Belediye Kanunu ve atıfta bulunduğu 5018 sayılı Kamu Mali Yönetimi ve Kontrol Kanunu'nda yeni bir müessese olarak düzenlenmiş olup yeni sistem çerçevesinde iç denetim faaliyeti, idarelerin üst yöneticileri tarafından atanan iç denetçiler tarafından ifa edilecektir. Bu çerçevede, yönetime değer katma çabası, güvence vermesi, danışmanlık hizmeti ve etik kodları ile klasik teftiş sisteminin uzağında olan bu yeni denetim motifi; amaçları, kapsamı, ilkeleri ve evrensel geçerliliğe sahip standartları çerçevesinde ele alınmıştır. ABSTRACTPublic services, which are indispensable to meet the common needs of the society, need continuity. Therefore, in order to provide efficient services up to the needs, and easy to access, first of all, the total administrative body should be well organized and a rational distribution of tasks and cooperation among administrative units is needed.Today, local governments are public corporations which have their own decision making and executive bodies and provide local public services and goods. In a way local governments are the essence of democracy, and perhaps the best and the most successful way of self-administration. Among the most functional local administration units in our country are municipalities. A large percentage of the population in Turkey lives within the borders of a municipality. Thus the services they provide are of great importance in daily life. The public service understanding has undergone a great change since the late 20the century, which has caused greater expectations from municipalities.As we know from the written and visual media, there has been an increase in the reorganization efforts of the public administration in recent years. The aim of the reorganization attempts is to achieve a more efficient way to use the public funding and a more reliable way to access in time to more reliable data through a better organized administration system with well prepared plans and programs such as development plans, strategic plans and performance programs.As part of the Turkish Public Administration, the inspection system has been introduced to a new model: internal audit. Within the framework of the negotiations with EU, the subjects concerning the internal audit have been regulated under title of "Financial Control" known as Article 32. According to the new system regulated by the Municipality Law no.5393 and Public Financial Administration and Control law no 5018; the internal audit procedure will be carried out by the internal auditors appointed by the senior administrators of the administrations. In our study, this new inspection concept, which is far more different from the classsical understanding of inspection with its effort to add value to the administration, its advisory services and ethical codes, has been studied in terms of its scope, principles and universally accepted stan

En febrero de 2006 el gobierno nacional, encabezado por Néstor Kirchner, anunció cambios en la política de planes sociales y propuso el pasaje voluntario del Plan Jefes y Jefas de Hogar Desocupados (JJH) al Plan Familias y al Seguro de Capacitación y Empleo. Los nuevos planes sostienen el carácter individual del beneficio, ya implementado por los planes JJH, pero modifican una característica principal frente a los planes anteriores: eliminan la obligatoriedad de la contraprestación laboral. En tanto esta contraprestación se ha constituido en una instancia fundamental para la articulación colectiva de los sectores populares organizados, ya que permite la reapropiación de los planes por parte de las organizaciones y la estabilización de relaciones sociales en un contexto de incertidumbre permanente, es relevante investigar qué está sucediendo en la vida cotidiana de las organizaciones que gestionan el uso colectivo de planes y que se ven en la encrucijada de decidir el traspaso o no. En este contexto, el objetivo del trabajo es indagar qué sucede con las organizaciones sociales a partir de la propuesta gubernamental de traspaso de planes, especialmente con las implicancias que los nuevos planes tienen para la contraprestación laboral. En particular, nos interesa el análisis de aquellas organizaciones que caracterizamos por fuera tanto del denominado "movimiento piquetero" como de los vínculos de contraprestación directamente ligados al municipio. En este sentido, se analizarán las decisiones respecto a la alternativa de cambio y sus implicancias para un amplio universo de organizaciones barriales que sostienen vínculos de solidaridad y organización basados en relaciones y actividades cotidianas vinculadas a la contraprestación del plan, tales como comedores, copas de leche e instancias de apoyo escolar para niños, aunque no necesariamente articuladas en el marco de una "acción colectiva" (Tarrow, 1997). Para ello, se estudiarán tres organizaciones barriales situadas en Ringuelet, en las que se indagarán los mecanismos de toma de decisión que las organizaciones adoptan para resolver su traspaso (o no) de plan, las dimensiones organizacionales que se privilegian en estas decisiones y el modo en que se articulan, y las reconfiguraciones que el cambio de la política de planes implica en los casos a estudiar. ; In february 2006, the president Néstor Kirchner announced some changes in the social programs politics and propoused the replacement of Plan Jefes y Jefas de Hogar Desocupados (JJH) with Plan Familias y al Seguro de Capacitación y Empleo. The new social programs keep as an individual benefit but they are different from the previously mentioned programs as they eliminate the obligation of "contraprestación". As far as the"contraprestación" has become an important instance for colective articulation in popular organizations, as they allow the estabilization of social relationships in a context in which inestability is almost permanent, it's relevant to research what happens in the daily life of organizations which organize the colective usage of social programs and which have to solve the dilemma of changing or not from one program to another. The objective is to analize the implication of the guvernamental proposal of going through to new social programs to the organizations' activities. Particularly, we are interested in those organizations which are not part of "piquetero" movement, neither those "beneficiarios" who "conntraprestan" for the townhall. We will analyze the decisions the organizations have made and the impact in their personal webs and thier daily relationships and activities, although they may not be related to "colective action" or contention, as it has been studied by several authors, such as Tilly (1997). The study will look into three local organizations from Ringuelet, in which we will analyze the mechanism for decisions they have used or are still using to decide about the new social programs, which elements from the organizations are privileged in that decision and the way they articulate them, and the changes that the new politic involves for the organizations. ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

O trabalho busca, a partir do Projeto Graffita Salvador, ilustrar as complexas relações entre arte, espaço público e suas apropriações, através da dimensão midiática da cidade, permitindo o estabelecimento de nexos entre: cidade, arte, mídia e estratégia comunicacional (de empresas e do poder público). A cidade e suas apropriações constitui-se em elemento midiático estratégico e faz parte de um complexo sistema de comunicação. A arte também comunica e persuade. Ademais, as empresas e os governos vêm investindo na criação de imagens corporativas positivas junto à opinião pública, objetivado fortalecer suas imagens a partir da constituição de símbolos de referência culturais e coletivos da cidade. Num quadro de dificuldades do financiamento público, favorecem alternativas e estratégias baseadas em parcerias entre o público e o privado na gestão das cidades, reforçando-se positivamente as imagens tanto governamental (idéia de comprometimento, participação e eficiência) como empresarial (responsabilidade social). As indagações relativas ao Projeto Grafita Salvador podem ajudar na compreensão dessas dinâmicas e suas conseqüências. A partir delas é possível estabelecer-se nexos entre as estratégias de comunicação, as formas de expressão artísticas, a cidade, os movimentos sócio culturais, a arte de rua, e a constituição do espaço público e suas apropriações, no contexto contemporâneo. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: cidade, mídia, arte de rua, juventude, política pública.CITY - MEDIA AND STREET ART Any Brito Leal Ivo This study tries to illustrate, starting from the Projeto Graffita Salvador, the complex relations among art, public space and their appropriations, through the mediatic dimension of the city, allowing the establishment of connections among: city, art, media and comunicational strategy (both from private and public sectors). The city and its appropriations are an strategic mediatic element and are part of a complex communication system. Art also communicates and persuades. Besides, the public and private sectors are investing in the creation of positive corporate images for the public opinion, aimed at strengthening their images from the constitution of cultural and collective reference symbols of the city. In a framework of public financing difficulties, alternatives and strategies based in partnerships between the public and the private sectors are favored in the administration of the cities, positively reinforcing the images both of government (idea of commitment, participation and efficiency) and private sector (social responsibility). The inquiries regarding the Projeto Grafita Salvador can help in the understanding of those dynamics and their consequences. Starting from them it is possible to establish connections among the communication strategies, the artistic expression forms, the city, the social and cultural movements, street art, and the constitution of the public space and its appropriations, in the contemporary context. KEYWORDS: city, media, street art, youth, public policies.LA VILLE – LES MEDIAS ET L'ART DE LA RUE Any Brito Leal Ivo Ce travail se veut d'illustrer, à partir du Projet Graffita Salvador, les relations complexes entre l'art, l'espace public et ses appropriations, au travers d'une dimension médiatique de la ville permettant l'établissement de rapports entre: ville, art, médias et stratégie communicationnelle (des entreprises et des pouvoirs publics). La ville et ses appropriations sont des éléments médiatiques stratégiques et font partie d'un système complexe de communication. L'art aussi communique et convainc. De plus, les entreprises et les gouvernements investissent dans la création d'images corporatives positives auprès de l'opinion publique, cherchant à consolider ces images à partir de la constitution de symboles de référence culturels et collectifs de la ville. Le contexte des difficultés de financement public favorise les options et les stratégies basées sur des partenariats entre le public et le privé pour la gestion des villes et renforce positivement autant l'image du gouvernement (l'idée de compromis, la participation et l'efficacité) que celle des entreprises (responsabilité sociale). Les questions liées au Projet Graffita Salvador peuvent aider à comprendre ces dynamiques et leurs conséquences. A partir de celles-ci, il est possible d'établir des liens entre les stratégies de communication, les formes d'expression artistiques, la ville, les mouvements socioculturels, l'art de la rue et la constitution de l'espace public et de ses appropriations dans le contexte contemporain. MOTS-CLÉS: ville, art de la rue, jeunesse, politique publique.Publicação Online do Caderno CRH:http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br

O trabalho objetiva refletir sobre os impactos da globalização nas políticas públicas no Brasil e avaliar as possibilidades de construção de políticas emancipatórias a partir da análise de formas de participação cidadã em esferas públicas. Os sujeitos focalizados nessas esferas são os movimentos sociais e outras formas da sociedade civil, a exemplo dos conselhos e fóruns de participação. O suposto básico é que a participação não substitui os agentes estatais, mas contribui para a democratização e controle social da gestão pública. Dentre as conclusões do estudo, destacam-se: os movimentos e outros agentes sociais são fontes de conhecimento, suas práticas contêm possibilidades de mudanças e transformações sociais, mas o processo participativo necessita de alterações de sentido para que ele seja qualificado em direção da emancipação das camadas sociais excluídas. Para tal, a natureza das políticas públicas também deve se alterar, sendo menos compensatórias ou assistencialistas e mais desenvolvimentistas, no sentido de crescimento econômico qualificado e desenvolvimento social do País, com geração de emprego e renda. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: políticas sociais, emancipação, organizações associativas, sociedade civil, participação cidadã e educação não-formal.PUBLIC POLITICS AND PROCESSES OF EMANCIPATION: impacts of the economical globalization in the Brazilian reality Maria de Glória Gohn This work aims to contemplate the impacts of globalization in public policies in Brazil and to evaluate the possibilities of construction of emancipatory policies from the analysisof in ways to the participation of citizens in public spheres. The subjects focused in those spheres are social movements and other forms of the civilian society, for example the councils and participation forums. The basic assumption is that the participation not substitute the state agents, but to increase democratization and social control of the public administration. Among the conclusions of this study, stand out the facts that movements and other social agents are knowledge sources and their practices contain possibilities of social transformations and changes, even though the participative process needs direction changes to be qualified and to happen toward the emancipation of excluded social layers. For such, the nature of public policies also has to change, to become less compensatory or assistentialist and more developmentist, in the sense of qualified economical growth and social development of the Country, with job and income generation. KEYWORDS: social politics, emancipation, associative organizations, civilian society, citizen participation and nonformal education.POLITIQUES PUBLIQUES ET PROCESSUS D'ÉMANCIPATION: impacts de la globalisation économique sur la réalité brésilienne Maria da Glória Gohn L'objectif de ce travail est de mener une réflexion sur les impacts de la globalisation au sein des politiques publiques au Brésil et de faire une évaluation concernant les possibilitésde construction de politiques d'émancipation à partir de l'analyse des formes de participation citoyenne dans les sphères publiques. Les sujets focalisés dans ces sphères sont les mouvements sociaux mais aussi d'autres formes de la société civile, comme les conseils et forums de participation. On part de la supposition que la participation ne pas remplace les agents étatiques mais contribue à la démocratisation et au contrôle social de la gestion publique. Les conclusions auxquelles nous arrivons permettent de relever que les mouvements et autres agents sociaux sont sources de connaissance, leurs pratiques englobent des possibilités de changements et de transformations sociales, mais le processus participatif doit changer de direction pour qu'il soit qualifié et qu'il aille vers une éman-cipation des couches sociales exclues. Pour ce faire, la nature des politiques publiques doit elle aussi être modifiée, c'est-à-dire que plutôt que d'aller dans le sens de compensations ou d'assistances, il faut aller vers un développement corres-pondant à une croissance économique qualifiée et à un développement social du Pays permettant la création d'emplois et de revenus. MOTS-CLÉS: politiques sociales, émancipation, organisations associatives, société civile, participation citoyenne et éducation non formelle.Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br

How to explain the change that occurred in the inter-war period in the assessment of Burgundy wines quality? A previous historical and ethnological study has analyzed the shift from the domination of the wine market by the traders of Beaune to the vineyard owners around Dijon. This research proposes some tools and a basic formalization in order to account of this structural transformation. A first analysis in terms of networks emphasizes that the change observed in the economic field in favour of the owners could not have taken place without the superposition of their influence in the cultural and political fields, both at the national and regional levels. Thus some actors are quite central, in the linking of different networks and the shift from one standard to another in the evaluation of wine quality. Consequently the economic equilibrium itself is drastically altered. This supports a theory of power in terms of structural holes "à la Burt". The tools of statistical physics are then adapted to this socio-economic context in order to get a formal dynamic model. It shows that long distance links from Dijon to Paris makes possible to overcome the initial asymmetry in favour of the Beaune traders. Modelling also suggests that this influence is not monotonous since there is a threshold for the probability of a long distance interaction above which prevails again a symmetrical equilibrium between Beaune and Dijon. Lastly, the same structural model can be applied mutatis mutandis to the current crisis of some French vintages: the internationalization of another quality standard for wines is the consequence of the emergence of new consumer countries. Thus, these three analyses converge towards the same provisional conclusion: the stability of local interactions leading to a set of conventions and institutions can be challenged by the strategy of new actors that benefit from long distance links and their ability to connect economic along with cultural or political networks. ; Comment expliquer le basculement intervenu dans l'entre-deux-guerres dans l'appréciation de la qualité des vins de Bourgogne ? A partir d'une étude historique et ethnologique analysant le passage de la domination des négociants de Beaune en faveur des propriétaires, le propos est de rechercher quelques-uns des outils et formalisations permettant de rendre compte de ce changement. Dans un premier temps, une analyse en termes de réseaux fait ressortir que le basculement intervenu dans l'espace économique en faveur des propriétaires n'aurait pu intervenir sans la superposition de leur influence dans l'espace culturel et politique, tant aux niveaux régional que national. A ce titre, se confirme la théorie qui fait de certains acteurs qui se trouvent aux croisements de réseaux, le facteur décisif d'un changement des normes d'évaluation de la qualité et par voie de conséquence de l'équilibre économique lui-même. Dans un second temps, la particularisation, à la configuration observée pour les agents et leurs relations en Bourgogne dans l'entre-deux-guerres, d'une approche empruntée à la physique statistique permet de montrer que c'est l'établissement de liens à longue distance - en l'occurrence avec Paris - qui a permis de compenser l'asymétrie initiale dont jouissaient les négociants de Beaune. La modélisation suggère aussi que cette influence n'est pas monotone puisqu'il existe un seuil pour la probabilité d'une interaction à longue distance à partir duquel prévaut à nouveau un équilibre symétrique. Enfin, il est suggéré que la structure du modèle correspondant peut-être étendue mutatis mutandis à la crise actuelle de certains grands crus français du fait de l'internationalisation d'une autre norme d'évaluation de la qualité des vins à l'initiative des nouveaux pays consommateurs. La conclusion, encore provisoire, est la suivante : sous certaines conditions, la stabilité d'interactions locales conduisant à un ensemble de conventions et d'institutions économiques peut-être remise en cause par l'établissement de liens à longue distance et la mobilisation d'un espace autre qu'économique, qu'il soit culturel ou politique.

How to explain the change that occurred in the inter-war period in the assessment of Burgundy wines quality? A previous historical and ethnological study has analyzed the shift from the domination of the wine market by the traders of Beaune to the vineyard owners around Dijon. This research proposes some tools and a basic formalization in order to account of this structural transformation. A first analysis in terms of networks emphasizes that the change observed in the economic field in favour of the owners could not have taken place without the superposition of their influence in the cultural and political fields, both at the national and regional levels. Thus some actors are quite central, in the linking of different networks and the shift from one standard to another in the evaluation of wine quality. Consequently the economic equilibrium itself is drastically altered. This supports a theory of power in terms of structural holes "à la Burt". The tools of statistical physics are then adapted to this socio-economic context in order to get a formal dynamic model. It shows that long distance links from Dijon to Paris makes possible to overcome the initial asymmetry in favour of the Beaune traders. Modelling also suggests that this influence is not monotonous since there is a threshold for the probability of a long distance interaction above which prevails again a symmetrical equilibrium between Beaune and Dijon. Lastly, the same structural model can be applied mutatis mutandis to the current crisis of some French vintages: the internationalization of another quality standard for wines is the consequence of the emergence of new consumer countries. Thus, these three analyses converge towards the same provisional conclusion: the stability of local interactions leading to a set of conventions and institutions can be challenged by the strategy of new actors that benefit from long distance links and their ability to connect economic along with cultural or political networks. ; Comment expliquer le basculement intervenu dans l'entre-deux-guerres dans l'appréciation de la qualité des vins de Bourgogne ? A partir d'une étude historique et ethnologique analysant le passage de la domination des négociants de Beaune en faveur des propriétaires, le propos est de rechercher quelques-uns des outils et formalisations permettant de rendre compte de ce changement. Dans un premier temps, une analyse en termes de réseaux fait ressortir que le basculement intervenu dans l'espace économique en faveur des propriétaires n'aurait pu intervenir sans la superposition de leur influence dans l'espace culturel et politique, tant aux niveaux régional que national. A ce titre, se confirme la théorie qui fait de certains acteurs qui se trouvent aux croisements de réseaux, le facteur décisif d'un changement des normes d'évaluation de la qualité et par voie de conséquence de l'équilibre économique lui-même. Dans un second temps, la particularisation, à la configuration observée pour les agents et leurs relations en Bourgogne dans l'entre-deux-guerres, d'une approche empruntée à la physique statistique permet de montrer que c'est l'établissement de liens à longue distance - en l'occurrence avec Paris - qui a permis de compenser l'asymétrie initiale dont jouissaient les négociants de Beaune. La modélisation suggère aussi que cette influence n'est pas monotone puisqu'il existe un seuil pour la probabilité d'une interaction à longue distance à partir duquel prévaut à nouveau un équilibre symétrique. Enfin, il est suggéré que la structure du modèle correspondant peut-être étendue mutatis mutandis à la crise actuelle de certains grands crus français du fait de l'internationalisation d'une autre norme d'évaluation de la qualité des vins à l'initiative des nouveaux pays consommateurs. La conclusion, encore provisoire, est la suivante : sous certaines conditions, la stabilité d'interactions locales conduisant à un ensemble de conventions et d'institutions économiques peut-être remise en cause par l'établissement de liens à longue distance et la mobilisation d'un espace autre qu'économique, qu'il soit culturel ou politique.

Valakas land reform was started in the Great Duchy of Lithuania in the middle of the 16th century and is mostly related to the changes in social and economic life. However, the reform not only changed the agrarian relationship between the estate and the village and the agronomy system, but also made complete changes in Lithuanian landscape. The rules of Valakas reform regulated the changes in Lithuanian landscape territory and settlement structures. Due to Valakas reform a three-field strip system, street strip villages with a new barton plan structure, a new building type (stockyard), the network of village streets and roads, the network of small estates, as well as new space forms of agro plantings were developed, town planning was changed, a rectangular plan system was applied for their reorganization. The research object of the present paper is the objects that developed in state lands of Upytė district under the influence of Valakas reform. The constituent parts of the research object are as follows: landscape that developed in Upytė district during the Valakas reform and its separate elements, such as replanned towns, formed street strip villages, the network of small estates. The object of the paper is analysed in several aspects: in the aspect of heritage research and in the aspect of heritage conservation. The aim of the paper is to localize the heritage of Valakas reform in state lands of Upytė district and to analyse the heritage situation in the view of heritage conservation as well as to provide a conservation outline. The present paper claims to be the first complex analysis of Valakas reform from identification and localization of Valakas heritage, to its accountancy, security. According to the inventory of Upytės district of the year 1554, the following landscape elements of state lands of Upytė district were formed: 357 villages and 2 towns. During the research 279 villages and 2 towns mentioned in Upytė district inventory were localized. After using the maps of the 19th-20th centuries for the analysis it was determined that 103 villages with the names defined in the inventory of the 16th century, no longer exist. During the field study inventory of 20 villages it was defined that the following elements of valakas landscape have remained up to the present: fragments of street villages, plan structure of barton buildings, fragments of street plantings, rectangular plan of town squares and street network, cultural layer of towns, fragmental network of small estates. The landscape which developed during the 16th century and its separate elements remained almost unchanged for even four centuries, i.e. until the first part of the 20th century. The structure of valakas landscape started disappearing at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century, when grange reform and later kolkhoz reforms in the middle of the 20th century were started to be implemented. Although the typological notion of heritage is developing, in research projects and in the system of heritage conservation the term of Valakas reform does not exist in the way that terms of industry heritage, defence heritage or other groups of heritage which were determined by certain defence, social and political actions of the society, exist. The notion of this heritage group that has not been validated does not allow to understand the complex value of this heritage, as well as the necessity of its integral security Until present the heritage of Valakas reform has been saved by keeping the cultural value of separate element objects despite their primary complex whole. The Law of the Conservation of Cultural Heritage of the Republic of Lithuania is an attempt to fortify the complex or integral security of ethno cultural parts of towns and villages by providing them with the status of cultural reservation.

Valakas land reform was started in the Great Duchy of Lithuania in the middle of the 16th century and is mostly related to the changes in social and economic life. However, the reform not only changed the agrarian relationship between the estate and the village and the agronomy system, but also made complete changes in Lithuanian landscape. The rules of Valakas reform regulated the changes in Lithuanian landscape territory and settlement structures. Due to Valakas reform a three-field strip system, street strip villages with a new barton plan structure, a new building type (stockyard), the network of village streets and roads, the network of small estates, as well as new space forms of agro plantings were developed, town planning was changed, a rectangular plan system was applied for their reorganization. The research object of the present paper is the objects that developed in state lands of Upytė district under the influence of Valakas reform. The constituent parts of the research object are as follows: landscape that developed in Upytė district during the Valakas reform and its separate elements, such as replanned towns, formed street strip villages, the network of small estates. The object of the paper is analysed in several aspects: in the aspect of heritage research and in the aspect of heritage conservation. The aim of the paper is to localize the heritage of Valakas reform in state lands of Upytė district and to analyse the heritage situation in the view of heritage conservation as well as to provide a conservation outline. The present paper claims to be the first complex analysis of Valakas reform from identification and localization of Valakas heritage, to its accountancy, security. According to the inventory of Upytės district of the year 1554, the following landscape elements of state lands of Upytė district were formed: 357 villages and 2 towns. During the research 279 villages and 2 towns mentioned in Upytė district inventory were localized. After using the maps of the 19th-20th centuries for the analysis it was determined that 103 villages with the names defined in the inventory of the 16th century, no longer exist. During the field study inventory of 20 villages it was defined that the following elements of valakas landscape have remained up to the present: fragments of street villages, plan structure of barton buildings, fragments of street plantings, rectangular plan of town squares and street network, cultural layer of towns, fragmental network of small estates. The landscape which developed during the 16th century and its separate elements remained almost unchanged for even four centuries, i.e. until the first part of the 20th century. The structure of valakas landscape started disappearing at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century, when grange reform and later kolkhoz reforms in the middle of the 20th century were started to be implemented. Although the typological notion of heritage is developing, in research projects and in the system of heritage conservation the term of Valakas reform does not exist in the way that terms of industry heritage, defence heritage or other groups of heritage which were determined by certain defence, social and political actions of the society, exist. The notion of this heritage group that has not been validated does not allow to understand the complex value of this heritage, as well as the necessity of its integral security Until present the heritage of Valakas reform has been saved by keeping the cultural value of separate element objects despite their primary complex whole. The Law of the Conservation of Cultural Heritage of the Republic of Lithuania is an attempt to fortify the complex or integral security of ethno cultural parts of towns and villages by providing them with the status of cultural reservation.

Objetivo. Presentar los primeros datos de un estudio de base poblacional sobre sordera y deficiencia auditiva en Brasil. Métodos. Se realizó una encuesta transversal de hogares en 2003 en la que participaron 2 427 personas de 4 años de edad o más. La población de estudio estuvo compuesta por 1 040 hogares escogidos de manera sistemática en 40 sectores censales (conglomerados de viviendas) escogidos al azar en la ciudad de Canoas, estado de Rio Grande do Sul, en el sur de Brasil. Se evaluó la función auditiva de los participantes mediante audiometría tonal liminar y examen físico, según el Protocolo para el Estudio de Trastornos Óticos y Auditivos y las definiciones de niveles auditivos, ambos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Entre los datos socioeconómicos colectados estaban los años de escolaridad de las personas estudiadas y los ingresos del jefe del hogar. Resultados. Se encontró que 26,1% de la población estudiada mostró algún grado de deficiencia auditiva y 6,8% (intervalo de confianza de 95% [IC95%]: 5,5% a 8,1%) se clasificó en el grupo con deficiencia auditiva incapacitante. La prevalencia de pérdida auditiva moderada fue de 5,4% (IC95%: 4,4% a 6,4%); de pérdida auditiva grave, 1,2% (IC95%: 0,7% a 1,7%); y de pérdida auditiva profunda, 0,2% (IC95%: 0,03% a 0,33%). Los grupos en mayor riesgo de pérdida auditiva fueron los hombres (razón de posibilidades [odds ratio, OR] = 1,54; IC95%: 1,06 a 2,23); los participantes de 60 años de edad o más (OR = 12,55; IC95%: 8,38 a 18,79); los que tenían menos años de escolaridad formal (OR = 3,92; IC95%: 2,14 a 7,16); y los que tenían menores ingresos (OR = 1,56; IC95%: 1,06 a 2,27). Conclusiones. Estos resultados respaldan las recomendaciones de los planificadores de políticas sanitarias y de los proveedores de servicios de salud sobre la prevención de la sordera y la deficiencia auditiva. Además, pueden contribuir a aumentar el nivel de conciencia de la comunidad, las universidades y las agencias gubernamentales acerca de las necesidades de atención sanitaria que generan los problemas auditivos. ; Objective. To provide the first population-based data on deafness and hearing impairment in Brazil. Methods. In 2003, a cross-sectional household survey was conducted of 2 427 persons 4 years old and over. The study population was composed of 1 040 systematically chosen households in 40 randomly selected census tracts (dwelling clusters) in the city of Canoas, which is in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in southern Brazil. Hearing function was evaluated in all subjects by both pure-tone audiometry and physical examination, using the World Health Organization Ear and Hearing Disorders Survey Protocol and definitions of hearing levels. The socioeconomic data that were gathered included the amount of schooling of all individuals tested and the income of the head of the household. Results. It was found that 26.1% of the population studied showed some level of hearing impairment, and 6.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 5.5%–8.1%) were classified in the disabling hearing impairment group. The prevalence of moderate hearing loss was 5.4% (95% CI = 4.4%–6.4%); for severe hearing loss, 1.2% (95% CI = 0.7%–1.7%); and for profound hearing loss, 0.2% (95% CI = 0.03%–0.33%). The groups at higher risk for hearing loss were men (odds ratio (OR) = 1.54; 95% CI = 1.06–2.23); participants 60 years of age and over (OR = 12.55; 95% CI = 8.38–18.79); those with fewer years of formal schooling (OR = 3.92; 95% CI = 2.14–7.16); and those with lower income (OR = 1.56; 95% CI = 1.06–2.27). Conclusions. These results support advocacy by health policy planners and care providers for the prevention of deafness and hearing impairment. The findings could help build awareness in the community, in universities, and in government agencies of the health care needs that hearing problems create.

Objetivo. Presentar los primeros datos de un estudio de base poblacional sobre sordera y deficiencia auditiva en Brasil. Métodos. Se realizó una encuesta transversal de hogares en 2003 en la que participaron 2 427 personas de 4 años de edad o más. La población de estudio estuvo compuesta por 1 040 hogares escogidos de manera sistemática en 40 sectores censales (conglomerados de viviendas) escogidos al azar en la ciudad de Canoas, estado de Rio Grande do Sul, en el sur de Brasil. Se evaluó la función auditiva de los participantes mediante audiometría tonal liminar y examen físico, según el Protocolo para el Estudio de Trastornos Óticos y Auditivos y las definiciones de niveles auditivos, ambos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Entre los datos socioeconómicos colectados estaban los años de escolaridad de las personas estudiadas y los ingresos del jefe del hogar. Resultados. Se encontró que 26,1% de la población estudiada mostró algún grado de deficiencia auditiva y 6,8% (intervalo de confianza de 95% [IC95%]: 5,5% a 8,1%) se clasificó en el grupo con deficiencia auditiva incapacitante. La prevalencia de pérdida auditiva moderada fue de 5,4% (IC95%: 4,4% a 6,4%); de pérdida auditiva grave, 1,2% (IC95%: 0,7% a 1,7%); y de pérdida auditiva profunda, 0,2% (IC95%: 0,03% a 0,33%). Los grupos en mayor riesgo de pérdida auditiva fueron los hombres (razón de posibilidades [odds ratio, OR] = 1,54; IC95%: 1,06 a 2,23); los participantes de 60 años de edad o más (OR = 12,55; IC95%: 8,38 a 18,79); los que tenían menos años de escolaridad formal (OR = 3,92; IC95%: 2,14 a 7,16); y los que tenían menores ingresos (OR = 1,56; IC95%: 1,06 a 2,27). Conclusiones. Estos resultados respaldan las recomendaciones de los planificadores de políticas sanitarias y de los proveedores de servicios de salud sobre la prevención de la sordera y la deficiencia auditiva. Además, pueden contribuir a aumentar el nivel de conciencia de la comunidad, las universidades y las agencias gubernamentales acerca de las necesidades de atención sanitaria que generan los problemas auditivos. ; Objective. To provide the first population-based data on deafness and hearing impairment in Brazil. Methods. In 2003, a cross-sectional household survey was conducted of 2 427 persons 4 years old and over. The study population was composed of 1 040 systematically chosen households in 40 randomly selected census tracts (dwelling clusters) in the city of Canoas, which is in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in southern Brazil. Hearing function was evaluated in all subjects by both pure-tone audiometry and physical examination, using the World Health Organization Ear and Hearing Disorders Survey Protocol and definitions of hearing levels. The socioeconomic data that were gathered included the amount of schooling of all individuals tested and the income of the head of the household. Results. It was found that 26.1% of the population studied showed some level of hearing impairment, and 6.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 5.5%–8.1%) were classified in the disabling hearing impairment group. The prevalence of moderate hearing loss was 5.4% (95% CI = 4.4%–6.4%); for severe hearing loss, 1.2% (95% CI = 0.7%–1.7%); and for profound hearing loss, 0.2% (95% CI = 0.03%–0.33%). The groups at higher risk for hearing loss were men (odds ratio (OR) = 1.54; 95% CI = 1.06–2.23); participants 60 years of age and over (OR = 12.55; 95% CI = 8.38–18.79); those with fewer years of formal schooling (OR = 3.92; 95% CI = 2.14–7.16); and those with lower income (OR = 1.56; 95% CI = 1.06–2.27). Conclusions. These results support advocacy by health policy planners and care providers for the prevention of deafness and hearing impairment. The findings could help build awareness in the community, in universities, and in government agencies of the health care needs that hearing problems create.

56 pages, 10 tables, 44 figures ; Every year, the UK spends £21 billion in the creation of new knowledge – via the science system in universities, research institutes and companies. This investment forms part of an estimated £600 billion, which is spent by OECD countries around the world, involving some 3 million researchers. Not surprisingly, every country asks the same questions – what are we getting out of this investment? And is it enough? To shed some light on the current situation in the UK, this report provides a census of the UK's science and technology system. It draws on publicly available data to review the performance of the UK science and technology system, both in terms of the investments made in the system and the outputs it delivers. Inevitably the census provides a partial picture of the UK's science base. The available data covers some of the activities being undertaken, but by no means all of them. Even with this caveat, the data that are available – particularly when viewed in terms of long-term trends – offer some interesting insights into the relative performance of the UK. Key among these insights are: ■ The UK has been under-investing in research and development relative to comparator countries for over 20 years, both in terms of total and per capita R&D investment. Business and government are the two R&D investing sectors largely responsible for this under-investment. ■ The UK remains one of the leading countries in terms of scientific production. However, the UK's performance varies significantly across academic disciplines. The UK performs outstandingly in most biology and bio-medical related fields, but its performance in chemistry, engineering and physics is relatively weak. ■ In chemistry and physics, the UK's share of world publications has decreased over the period 1996-2003, and it is ranked below many comparator countries2 in terms of the relative citation index. In engineering the UK also shows a decreasing share of world publications over the period 1996-2003, and it is the third lowest in terms of relative citation index (above only Japan and Finland amongst our set of comparator countries). ■ The UK has under-performed throughout the 1980s and 1990s – relative to the comparator countries – in terms of patenting, both per capita and per unit of investment (i.e. business expenditures on R&D). The UK's underperformance is particularly marked relative to Germany, Japan and several small, high-tech countries. ■ Finally, the UK remains comparatively well connected to the international science and technology system, as shown by the share of R&D investment and patenting activities conducted abroad by UK companies, and the high proportion of R&D investment in the UK by non-UK owned companies. These findings have several implications for the UK, in terms of the performance of the science and technology system. ■ While the UK has traditionally been one of the world's leading countries in terms of the generation of scientific knowledge, it is questionable whether this position can be sustained given the long-term trends with regard to R&D investment and scientific performance. ■ This question of sustainability becomes even more significant in light of the emergence of new centres of knowledge creation – i.e. referred to as the newcomer countries in this study. One could view these 'newcomer countries' as new competitors in terms of the production of scientific and technological knowledge. ■ However, scientific competition may not be the right way to think about the challenge posed by the newcomer countries. If we adopt the perspective of an open science and innovation system, the emergence of new centres of knowledge production should be seen as an opportunity for scientific collaboration. In this sense, the challenge for the UK is how to ensure it can engage in the global knowledge production process and develop the countries capacity to absorb relevant knowledge. ; Peer reviewed

The present investigation analized the application of the legal repressive frame of infractions and forestal crimes at regions Amazon and Ucayali, 2006; in order to identify and to analyze the causes of his inefficacy in conservation and sustainable use of forestal resources; having in account than these resources are being depredated in irrational and indiscriminate form; regardless of his especial protective regimen in Peruvian legislation. The frequency, types and sanctions for forest infractions in the Technical Forest Administration and Fauna Silvestre (ATFFS); frequency of parts and crowded police for illicit forest; frequency and procedural state of accusations for forest crimes in Public Ministry and the Judiciary in the study area. In the application of the legal repressive frame of forestal infractions were evidenced in the inapplication of sanction in to all the responsible, violation of the administrative procedure sancionador and recurrence of infringers in the ATFFS. In like manner, Also in the forest crimes, absence was verified of having crowded police, they declared the majority of reports in definite file in the Public Ministry, and at the Judiciary they resulted in reserve trials, proceedings being suspended indefinitely, and not quilty verdicts. We conclude that the legal repressive framework for the conservation and sustainable use of forest resources in the regions of Amazon and Ucayali is ineffective, due to legislative inefficiency, both administrative and penal, and the inaction of the organs of application. Legislative administrative inefficiency is evident in the decriminalization of forest crimes, deficient legislative techniques and imprecision of the suppositions of fact of forest infractions as described in the Regulations of the Forests and Wild Fauna Law; and in the inadequacy and insignificance of sanctions in the Directive of Sanctioning Proceedings Nº 009-2002-INRENA-AG. Analogously, the legislative inefficiency of the Penal Code in combating forest crimes is manifest in the weak classification of definitions, the impossibility of verifying whether punishable conducts have taken place, regulatory vacuums, and levity of sentences. The inaction of the organs of application is described by their lack of capacitation, insufficient economic and human resources, inadequate coordination among the distinct authorities involved, and normative inefficiencies. ; La investigación analizó la aplicación del marco legal represivo de infracciones y delitos forestales en las regiones Amazonas y Ucayali, 2006; con la finalidad de identificar y analizar las causas de su ineficacia en la conservación y uso sostenible de los recursos forestales. Se registró frecuencia, tipos y sanciones para infracciones forestales en la Administración Técnica Forestal y Fauna Silvestre (ATFFS); frecuencia de partes y atestados policiales por ilícitos forestales; frecuencia y estado procesal de denuncias por delitos forestales en Fiscalías y Juzgados Penales en el área de estudio. En la aplicación del marco legal represivo de infracciones forestales se constató inaplicación de sanción a todos los responsables, vulneración del procedimiento administrativo sancionador y reincidencia de los infractores en las ATFFS. Asimismo en los delitos forestales, se verificó ausencia de atestados policiales, archivo de denuncias ante la Fiscalía y procesos penales concluidos en procesos en reserva y sobreseimiento. Se concluye, que el marco legal represivo es ineficaz en la conservación y uso sostenible de los recursos forestales en Amazonas y Ucayali, por la ineficiencia legislativa administrativa y penal, y la inoperancia de los órganos de aplicación. La ineficiencia legislativa administrativa se evidencia en la descriminalización de delitos forestales, e imprecisión de los supuestos de hecho de las infracciones forestales previstos en el Reglamento de la Ley Forestal y Fauna Silvestre; y en la inadecuación e insignificancia de la sanción prescrita en la Directiva del Procedimiento Sancionador Nº009-2002-INRENAAG. Análogamente la ineficiencia legislativa de los delitos forestales se manifiesta en la deficiente descripción del tipo penal, imposibilidad de verificación de conductas punibles, vacíos regulatorios y levedad de las penas. La inoperancia de los órganos de aplicación corresponde a la falta de capacitación, insuficientes recursos económicos, logísticos y humanos, inadecuada coordinación entre las distintas autoridades involucradas e ineficiencia normativa.

Background: Reproductive tract infections (RTI), including sexually transmitted infections (STI) constitute an important health threat, both directly and through their potential effect in facilitating HIV transmission. Creating community awareness of RTI/STI and how to prevent them is essential in minimising their spread. Health providers play a critical role in controlling RTI/STI spread. No previous study on RTI/STI management among health providers and in the community was carried out in Laos. Objectives: (1) To describe antimicrobial use as self-medication for RTI/STI; (2) To clinically and microbiologically identify RTI/STI, and to monitor the antimicrobial susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae; (3) To explore community members' perceptions, treatment-seeking behaviour and understanding of health information about RTI/STI; and (4) To assess health providers' reported knowledge and practice competence regarding RTI/STI management. Methods: Structured interviews were conducted with 500 community members aged 18 or above, who had used antimicrobials as self-medication for RTI/STI during the past year. They were recruited among 3056 family members in Vientiane Capital (VTC) and Champasak Province (CPS) (Paper I). In total, 1125 women aged 15-49 years attending a gynaecology out-patient department underwent a pelvic examination, and specimens were taken for laboratory testing (Paper II). Fourteen focus group discussions (FGDs) and 20 individual interviews (IDIs) were held with a total of 132 participants (76 women, 56 men) in urban and rural communities in VTC and CPS (Paper III). All 272 health providers (medical doctors/assistants, midwives/nurses and drug sellers) working with RTI/STI patients in one urban and one rural district in VTC, were invited to fill in a self-completed questionnaire including four written simulated case scenarios, and 93% participated (Paper IV). Results: Among the 500 respondents reporting antimicrobial use as self-medication for RTI/STI, 91% had bought the antimicrobials from local private pharmacies without a physician's prescription, 58% were advised to buy the drugs from drug sellers, and 79% used antimicrobials for a non-recommended duration of time. Ampicillin (not recommended as syndromic treatment for RTI/STI) was used in 83% of all cases, in 28% combined with tetracycline (Paper I). Among 1125 women, 82% clinically presented with an RTI syndrome. Only 64% had an aetiologically diagnosed RTI, including 11% with an STI. Endogenous infections were most prevalent (candidiasis 40%; bacterial vaginosis 25%), followed by STI (Chlamydia trachomatis 4.1%; N. gonorrhoeae and Trichomonas vaginalis both 3.7%). Of the 41 N. gonorrhoeae isolates, 20% showed resistance to ciprofloxacin, 98% to penicillin, and 100% to tetracycline (Paper II). Both men and women in the FGDs and IDIs exposed some misconceptions about the causes and symptoms of RTI/STI and their cure, and reluctance to seek health care. The most common treatment-seeking behaviour was self-medication through private pharmacies, following advice mostly given by friends and drug sellers. An unwillingness to use condoms was commonly expressed. The main media sources of RTI/STI information were radio and television. Access to health information was poorer in rural areas (Paper III). Of 252 responding health providers, 34% scored below 50% regarding both the case scenarios and reported knowledge, and 87% gave inadequate advice regarding health education. Only 34% gave correct advice on contact tracing, 38% on counselling, 52% regarding compliance and 59% on condom promotion. Drug sellers scored lowest in all aspects of RTI/STI management. Urban respondents were more likely to report adequate knowledge (Paper IV). Conclusions: Strengthening RTI/STI management is recommended, including health education and promotion through interventions at community level, and to health providers, including private drug sellers. Concurrent with syndromic case management, periodic evaluations of aetiological diagnosis should be available to ensure adequacy of treatment algorithms and prescribed medications. Continuous training in syndromic approach and supervision are recommended to improve quality of RTI/STI management, particularly among health providers at private pharmacies and in rural areas. Health education messages should also be improved, particularly in rural areas.

Background (problem statement): - Selling local beverages like Araki, Teji and Tella by females is of back long and widely practiced activity in Ethiopia in general and in most towns of Gojjam in particular. And some of these females are practicing commercial sex with their beverage customers most of whom are farmers presumably with low awareness level towards HIV/AIDS compared to urban people. It is assumed that commercial sexual transaction between these females and farmers play significant role for the steadily growing rate of HIV transmission to the rural area. Objective: To assess the status of commercial sex among local beverage selling females and to identify their risk perception towards HIV/AIDS and condom use in selected Gojjam towns. Methods: a cross sectional survey assisted by focus group discussion (FGD) was conducted on 354 randomly selected local beverage sellers in Debre Markos, Dembecha and Finote Selam towns from March 3 – March 10, 2007. A pre-coded, pre-tested and structured questionnaire was used for the quantitative method and FGD was conducted in the three towns for the qualitative method. Results: Fifty nine percent of the studied local beverage selling females (LBSFs) were older than 35 years and all of them were above 15 yeas old at the time of interview. About 46 % of the respondents were illiterates. More than one-forth of the females studied were married before 10 years old, 76 % of them before 18 years old and most (72.3 %) females had no knowledge and consent of their first marriage. Out of the studied 354 LBSFs, 38.7 % (n=137) have ever practiced commercial sex work (CSW) of which 28.5 % (n=39 of the 137 ever practicing CSWs) have interrupted it at the time of interview and 27.7 % (n=98) are still practicing. viii Educational status before local beverage selling, duration of engagement in local beverage selling, age and lack of additional means of income other than local beverage selling have positive significant associations with engagement to commercial sex work. Family, marriage and other socio-economic factors before being engaged in local beverage selling are found to be statistically significant factors for commercial sexual engagement. Ninety nine percent of the study participants and especially 100 % of the FSW participants have knowledge of HIV/AIDS. Sixty five percent of the respondents have described all the three basic programmatically important prevention methods (Abstinence, Be faithful and use Condoms consistently). Thirty eight percent of the participants have comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS. But 39.6 % of them had at least one misconception (incorrect belief) about HIV transmission. Twenty nine percent of the interviewed females have ever been tested for HIV of which 88 % have taken their results. About 43 % of the studied females have moderate/high and 55.8 % have nil/low risk perception towards HIV infection based on their past risk behaviors. Eighty eight percent of the studied LBSFs (100 % of FSWs) and 63 % of them have knowledge of male condoms and have ever used it respectively. And 65.8 % of the FSWs who have ever used male condoms have used it during their recent sexual contact with their ix paying clients. With in 30 days prior to the day of interview, about half of the commercial sex practicing LBSFs studied have used condoms persistently. Conclusion and recommendation: several family, marriage and other socio-economic related factors before being engaged in local beverage selling are observed playing significant roles for LBSFs to start commercial sex work. And there is high level of unprotected commercial sexual transaction between these CSWs and farmers and other rural community members aggravating the speed of dissemination of HIV infection to the rural Ethiopia. These situations need due attention and rapid remedial intervention by joint efforts of the local government, civil societies and the community itself