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Recently, development has taken center stage as it encapsulates an intrinsic aspect of human life. Development is a fundamental requirement for improving the material conditions of communities that contend with abject poverty across all spheres of their lives. It is conversely justifiable that understanding development within the context of service delivery is indispensable and could be considered the backbone towards socioeconomic and political upliftment of the masses. This social science research study examines the frigidity of the district municipalities towards improving the needs of society. This study seeks to closely unpack the challenges that negatively impact ordinary citizens' livelihoods to access the services as their fundamental and constitutional rights. The frigidity of district municipalities to render services violates the citizens' fundamental human rights and undermines constitutional supremacy. The primary focus of this study is on disentangling the issues which have a negative bearing on development initiatives to be undertaken by the district municipalities. This study further navigates the social ills through a lens that would, in turn, reveal and expose the key stumbling blocks which deter infrastructure and socio-economic development by district municipalities. This qualitative study embraces a phenomenological approach to fulfill the descriptive observation of the phenomenon under investigation. Data was collected through phenomenological observations and focus groups among the respondents. This study postulates the essential recommendations that would inform policy shift and policy reform as fundamental approaches to development that respond squarely to service delivery.

The collection managed by the Voices of the 20th Century Archive and Research Group offers unique opportunities for social researchers. Due to the nature of the march of time, a seemingly endless series of one-time, unrepeatable and irreclaimable moments awaits the masses of researchers so that they take the old research with a new approach and a fresh perspective.  The collection does not only provide a chance to quote and refer to the research materials that have remained from the 20th century. We can plan to re-analyze or even to continue or repeat them. Researchers maneuvering through the restrictions of state socialism have left us a legacy that deserves special attention. I believe that these researchers deserve attention looking back even from the 21st century, and that their research should form the basis of today's research.  As a result of the change of regime, social environment and everyday life have changed significantly. Countless aspects of the transformation affecting the whole of people's lifestyle have remained unexplored to this day, although studying and processing them would be urgently needed. The Orion research, commissioned by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and led by Judit H. Sas, is one of the treasures of the archive which offers sources for researchers dedicated to the field of the life of workers. In my study, I give an account of my most important personal practical experiences, from the sorting and digitization of original source materials written by typewriter to the partial repetition of research.

The first attempt after abolition to incorporate the former slaves into the Brazilian community was made by trying to bring African into Portuguese civilization instead of trying to make a place for the Negro in the soc order. Because the Portuguese colonists had intermingled with the Moors, because they arrived in the New World without women & did not hesitate to have sex relations with coloured women, because the SE system obliged them to live among slaves, & because of the Portuguese-Catholic emphasis on soc good rather than puritanical strictness, Brazil eventually become the world's classic example of racial democracy. Unlike the US, Brazil has a class rather than a caste society. At the request of Arthur Ramos, UNESCO carried out a survey of the racial situation in Brazil. Its program was made up of 6 investigations. A survey of the Ru areas in north & north-east Brazil was carried out under the direction of Charles Wagley who arranged for 3 communities in the state of Bahia to be surveyed. This aspect of the program concluded that race is only one of the factors of soc stratification, & that little actual discrimination is practiced. Other information suggested that there is little diff in the character in race relations comparing northern & southern Brazil. A second part of the program was the survey of the mechanism of soc mobility in the city of Bahia by Thales de Azevedo. This study showed that although coloured people generally are members of the lowest stratum, vertical mobility is high. An inquiry into the influence of religion on ethnic behaviour in Recife indicated that although religion is important in the formation of personality & consequently in forms of racial behavior, it may be overruled by other societal forces. A survey of the racial situation in Rio de Janeiro by Costa Pinto led to the conclusion that to say there is no prejudice in Brazil is a refusal to face reality, even though the situation is not as bad as that of the US. Res on race relations in Sao Paulo was conducted by Roger Bastide & Florestan Fernandes. This analysis was supplemented by 3 soc psychol res projects. This UNESCO res succeeded in bringing about a great increase in the number of studies of ethnic relations. Most studies have been descriptive, not normative. As there is an AMERICAN DILEMMA there is a Brazilian Dilemma. The Brazilian is proud of the belief in the ideal of universal brotherhood & simultaneously practices racial discrimination. B. J. Keelev.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Changing Rituals, Changing Worlds -- 2. "The Shrine Was Human Rights" -- 3. "Spirituality" as Feminist Third Choice -- 4. Self, Community, and Social Justice -- Conclusion -- Source Acknowledgments -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index

Perinatal loss is a life-altering event for a mother, affecting every aspect of her existence, including her work and career. Fifteen women describe how such loss affected their work and how the responses of others influenced their healing. I consider the effects on grief of silence, disenfranchisement, attachment, trauma, shame, secrecy, and the social context. I note patterns of healing: connection to the self, attachment to the dead child, and linking the self and child to the family and community. Community attachments include those made in the workplace. Relationships at work and work itself can contribute to disenfranchised grief or healing from perinatal loss.

Various aspects of compliance behavior were investigated in connection with a genetic screening clinic designed to rest for the Tay-Sachs gene in a specified target population. Selected antecedents of compliance were combined into an integrativeframework based on data obtainedfrom 392 members of the Jewish community in Vancouver, Canada. Drawing on and extending several "health belief models" proposed in the literature, it was hypothesized that compliance would be a function of several endogenous (social responsibility, susceptibility, family planning, family discussion, and objective knowledge of the disease) and exogenous (age, education, sex, and exposure to a carrier) variables. A path-analytic investigation of the hypothesized linkages suggested that a more parsimonious model of compliance determinants may be adequate.

Was there a secret revolutionary movement in England during the early Industrial Revolution and, if there was such a movement, must we accept that its existence would be "unprovable"? Should we agree with a recent writer that no conclusions can be reached on such questions, the existing historical sources being so ambiguous as to allow the historian to impress his own prejudices on them?. We believe that a rigorous study of the historical evidence of a revolutionary tradition in one region can offer an insight into this important area of English social history. The purpose of this essay will be to set the revolutionary aspect of Sheffield's political history against a brief outline of the town's economic development.

Context: COVID-19 has disproportionately impacted mortality in English care homes. Objectives: To examine COVID-19 policies for care homes in England and to describe providers' experiences of those policies in May and June 2020. Methods: Mixed methods including policy analysis and an anonymous online survey of English care home providers, recruited using webinars and WhatsApp groups about their experiences of funding, testing, PPE, isolation and staffing until the end of May and early June 2020. Findings: Although social care policies in England have aligned with those advised by the World Health Organization, they were arguably delayed and were not implemented effectively. Testing had taken place in 70% of care homes surveyed but only 36% of residents had been tested, of whom 16% were positive. Managers were unable to effectively implement isolation policies and reported that workforce and funding support did not always reach them. Guidance changed frequently and was conflicting and could not always be implemented, for example when personal protection equipment was extremely expensive and difficult to source. Limitations: Although this was not a representative sample, care homes responded from across the country and we report the most consistent themes. Potentially, care homes that found it harder to implement national guidance may have been more inclined to respond to our survey than those who more easily changed practice, although those with outbreaks may also have had less capacity to respond. Some aspects of policy will have also changed since early June. Implications: Despite policies that were put in place, care homes amongst our survey respondents were still unable to access sufficient funding, testing, PPE, workforce support and practical support to isolate residents by the end of May and early June. Future cross-country policy analyses must examine policy implementation as well as content. Future cross-country policy analyses must examine policy implementation as well as content.

This article presents a common introduction to the four case studies published in this volume. It explains some broader aspects of the methodology used in the four-country case studies and the underlying theory. It is based on the belief that research should be contextualised and founded on in-depth theoretical and empirical knowledge. This contribution explains the methodology used, the sample selection criteria, and the conceptualisation of the alternative media and justifies the focus of research and its importance, especially from a long-term perspective. Furthermore, the study puts the country case studies within a broader comparative international and political communication context, particularly social media. Moreover, there is an explanation of the importance and use of the "like" button on Facebook. ; Artykuł przedstawia wprowadzenie do czterech studiów przypadku opublikowanych w tym tomie. Wyjaśnia szersze aspekty metodologii stosowanej w studiach przypadków czterech państw i leżącej u ich podstaw teorii. Opiera się na przekonaniu, że badania powinny być kontekstualizowane i oparte na dogłębnej wiedzy teoretycznej i empirycznej. Niniejszy wkład wyjaśnia zastosowaną metodologię, kryteria doboru próby oraz konceptualizację alternatywnych mediów oraz uzasadnia ukierunkowanie badań i ich znaczenie, zwłaszcza w perspektywie długoterminowej. Ponadto badanie umieszcza studia przypadków wybranych państw w szerszym porównawczym kontekście komunikacji międzynarodowej i politycznej, w szczególności w mediach społecznościowych. Ponadto wyjaśnia znaczenia i użycia przycisku "Lubię to" na Facebooku.

In debates on methodology, reflexivity describes an analytical practice whereby researchers take the context of the research situation into account, including the influence researchers have on the study and its results. Following constructivist epistemological principles, reflexivity is a required component of qualitative methodologies. There are various approaches as to what aspects of the researcher and the situation to consider - and how to go about them. In this paper, I propose that researcher reflexivity not only serves analytical, but also ethical purposes. Using an example from a qualitative organizational study, I show that field experiences can be both an insightful datum for analysis as well as grounds for "ethics in practice." Ethical reflexivity involves considering the social and political implications of research, avoiding harm, and ensuring participants' rights while striving for accountability in pursuing scientific goals. These multiple tasks create tension and contradictory demands on researchers, which are not easily resolved. Yet the way forward lies in addressing the challenges and seeking solutions not only with scientific peers, but also in dialogue with actors in the field.

"This book examines the COVID-19 pandemic through socioeconomic lens that draw on history, approaches to state-market relations, and public policy perspectives In 2020, the world experienced the worst pandemic since the outbreak of the Spanish Flu of 1918, which continues to have far[1]reaching implications for the global economy and triggered macro-economic dislocations that severely affected the most vulnerable countries and segments of society. This book was conceived as a response to the disruptive shifts induced by the pandemic, with a particular focus on South Africa. International experience has shown that countries and societies that have gone through tough economic times, either as a consequence of wars or economic depressions, have responded to crises by enacting unpopular policy measures based on difficult tradeoffs, which often made way for innovation. The authors outline policy responses to the COVID-19 crisis and propose several interventions to mitigate its effects. These include developing innovative approaches to fiscal and monetary policies, labour market policies, industrial policies, as well as social policies. Building state capabilities, improving the governance and performance of state institutions, and managing digital change are some of the clear policy interventions that are laid out in this book. Mzukisi Qobo is Head of School at the Wits School of Governance, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa. Mills Soko is Professor of International Business and Strategy at the Wits Business School, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa. Nomfundo Xenia Ngwenya is Visiting Research Fellow at the Wits School of Governance, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa. She is also Managing Director at NXN Analytics."--Publisher's description.

Enabling schools to be fully inclusive has been a strong goal of the government in recent years. In this thesis, we focused on the resources and means of action available to teachers to achieve this and best support students with special educational needs or with disabilities. Our goal: to understand whether the institutional discourse on inclusive school can paradoxically lead kindergarten teachers to categorize students to best meet their needs, while inclusive school aims to offer a school for all without distinction. Semi-structured interviews with five kindergarten teachers shed light on many aspects. ; Permettre à l'école d'être pleinement inclusive est un objectif fort du gouvernement ces dernières années. Dans ce mémoire, nous nous sommes intéressées aux ressources et moyens d'action dont bénéficient les professeurs des écoles pour y parvenir et accompagner au mieux les élèves à besoins éducatifs particuliers ou en situation de handicap. Notre objectif : comprendre si le discours institutionnel sur l'école inclusive peut paradoxalement conduire les enseignants de maternelle à catégoriser les élèves pour répondre au mieux à leurs besoins, alors que l'école inclusive vise à offrir une école pour tous sans distinction. Les entretiens semi-directifs menés avec cinq enseignantes de maternelle nous ont éclairées sur de nombreux aspects.

In the 1960s, the crisis of the hacienda regime in the Andes of Ecuador signaled the beginning of a vast social transformation. In this process, ethnic identity became a powerful tool used to obtain essential resources and rights for indigenous peasants under the power of rural landlords. Centered on a case study from the province of Chimborazo, in the central mountains of Ecuador, this article reviews the specifics of this long-standing form of domination and explores the form and the impact of indigenous peasant uprisings until the consolidation of agrarian reform from the 1960s to the 1980s. The article discusses the links between the reform, the strengthening of indigenous organizations, and the re-ethnicization of their demands as a structural component of their relation to the state and agencies of development at the beginnings of the twenty-first century. The intention is to contribute to a discussion of aspects of the ethnicization of identities that address other comparable phenomena in the Andean region. ResumenDurante el último tercio del siglo XX, la crisis del régimen de hacienda en los Andes septentrionales marcó el inicio de una gran transformación social. En ese proceso, la identidad étnica devino en una poderosa herramienta de reivindicación por el acceso a recursos (y derechos) esenciales de los campesinos-indígenas sometidos al poder de los terratenientes. Tomando el ejemplo de la provincia de Chimborazo, en la sierra central del Ecuador, y tras una revisión de las peculiaridades de ese longevo sistema de dominación, el artículo centra la atención en las formas y alcance de la insurgencia indígena-campesina hasta la consolidación del proceso de reforma agraria, entre las décadas de 1960 y 1980. A continuación, se establecen los vínculos entre el desenlace de la reforma, el fortalecimiento organizativo indígena y la etnitización de sus demandas como recurso estructurante de su relación con el Estado y las agencias de desarrollo, ya en las postrimerías del siglo XX. La intención es aportar reflexiones sobre algunos aspectos de la politización de la etnicidad que, desde un escenario concreto, interpelan a otros fenómenos comparables de la región andina.

"In this study, I examine the life narrative of a female factory labourer, Elsa Koskinen (née Kiikkala, born in 1927). I analyze her account of her experiences related to work, class and gender because I seek to gain a better understanding of how changes in these aspects of life influenced the ways in which she saw her own worth at the time of the interviews and how she constructed her subjectivity. Elsa's life touches upon many of the core aspects of 20th-century social change: changes in women's roles, the entrance of middle- class women into working life, women's increasing participation in the public sphere, feminist movements, upward social mobility, the expansion of the middle class, the growth of welfare and the appearance of new technologies. What kind of trajectory did Elsa take in her life? What are the key narratives of her life? How does her narrative negotiate the shifting cultural ideals of the 20th century? A life story, a retrospective evaluation of a life lived, is one means of constructing continuity and dealing with the changes that have affected one's life, identity and subjectivity. In narrating one's life, the narrator produces many different versions of her/him self in relation to other people and to the world. These dialogic selves and their relations to others may manifest internal contradictions. Contradictions may also occur in relation to other narratives and normative discourses. Both of these levels, subjective meaning making and the negotiation of social ideals and collective norms, are embedded in life narratives.
My interest in this study is in the ways in which gender and class intersect with paid labour in the life of an ordinary female factory worker. I approach gender, class and work from both an experiential and a relational perspective, considering the power of social relationships and subject formations that shape individual life at the micro-level. In her narratives Elsa discusses ambivalence related to gendered ideals, social class, and especially the phenomenon of social climbing as well as technological advance.
I approach Elsa's life and narratives ethnographically. The research material was acquired in a long-standing interview process and the analysis is based on reflexivity of the dialogic knowledge production and contextualization of Elsa's experiences. In other words I analyze Elsa's narratives in their situational but also socio-cultural and historical contexts. Specific episodes in one's life and other significant events constitute smaller narrative entities, which I call micro-narratives. The analysis of micro-narratives, key dialogues and cultural ideals embedded in the interview dialogues offers perspectives on experiences of social change and the narrator's sense of self"

Informing compliance with regulation -- Phrónesis and the ethical regulation of ethnographic research / Anna Traianou -- Ethical appraisal boards : constitutions, functions, tensions and blind-spots / Dennis Beach and Begoña Vigo Arrazola -- Applying ethics in the field -- Ethics and access when consent must come first : consequences of formalised -- Research ethics for ethnographic research in schools / Ingrid Smette -- Ethical research practice in educational institutions : engaging with vulnerable participants / Hugh Busher -- Ethical dilemmas in the field -- Double agent : ethical considerations in conducting ethnography as a teacher researcher / Hanna M. Nikkanen -- Ethical reflections on critical ethnography / Marianne Dovemark -- Ethical learning from an educational ethnography : the application of an ethical framework in doctoral supervision / Alison Fox and Rafael Mitchell -- Emergent issues in ethnographic ethics : futures and possibilities / Barbara Dennis.