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The term gender mainstreaming (PUG) refers to the understanding that the concept of gender should be encouraged to be understood by the public. Which emphasizes the aspect of gender equality and social justice role, must be maximized, so that domination and "oppression" of women can be minimized. PUG concept inevitably be faced with socio-cultural and political realities of society, which is still very dominant with a patriarchal culture. The power of patriarchal culture (male power) already attached so strong in the community, even the legitimacy of the woman. This article also wants to raise the issue of the implementation of gender mainstreaming in the context of the strong theoretical patriarchy. This theoretical study shows that the various elements of society, patriarchal culture is still maintained and there is justification to continue. Eventhough, it also related to religious beliefs and traditions that take place. On the other side of a patriarchal culture has also strengthened with the emergence of popular culture which emphasizes aspects of the material, so that women often used as commodities. This further reinforces the patriarchal culture, as well as challenges for PUG.

The article studied ethno-political processes in Bukovina. We consider the social, political, scientific and theoretical aspects Rusynism beginning of the XXI century. Scientific analysis in the article indicates that "Rusyns" - the Ukrainians, and ethnological evidence of Rusynism outside the Ukrainian nation and culture there. ; Cet article examine les processus ethno-politiques en Bucovine. Nous considérons le début des aspects sociaux, politiques, scientifiques et théoriques de. L'analyse scientifique faite dans l'article montre que les "Ruthènes" sont la preuve ukrainien, et il n'existe aucune prevueethnographique de rusynism l'extérieur de la nation ukrainienne et de la culture là-bas. ; У статті досліджено етнополітичні процеси на Буковині. Розглядаються суспільні, політичні і науково-теоретичні аспекти русинства початку ХХІ ст. Науковий аналіз, здійснений у статті, показує, що "русини" – це українці, й етнологічних доказів існування русинства поза українською нацією та культурою немає. ; В статье исследованы этнополитические процессы на Буковине. Рассматриваются общественные, политические и научно-теоретические аспекты русинства начала ХХІ в. Научный анализ, прове­денный в статье, показывает, что "русины" – это украинцы, и этнологических доказательств сущест­вования русинства вне украинской нации и культуры нет.

AbstractConcern about obesity has prompted numerous public health campaigns that urge people to be more physically active. The campaigns often include normative statements and attempt to impose restrictions on individuals' lives without considering the complexities of daily life. We suggest that broadening the focus to reflect everyday practices would foster better targeted public health campaigns. This article is based on our participation inFINE, a multidisciplinary Danish research project. The core methodology ofFINEwas a randomised controlled trial in which 61 moderately overweight men were put into different exercise groups. In this article we analyse the scientific work of the trial as representing entangled processes of bodywork, where data are extracted and objectified bodies are manipulated and care practices address the emotional, social and mundane aspects of the participants' everyday lives. Care practices are an inherent part of producing scientific facts but they are removed from the recognised results of scientific practice and thus from common public health recommendations. However, knowledge about the strategic use of care practices in lifestyle interventions is important for public health initiatives and future efforts should incorporate this aspect.

This article attempts to pioneer a better theoretical understanding of the social institution of caste. It argues that caste, in contrast to more conventional perspectives, is not a monolithic institution, but rather a compromise between economic, biological and ideational aspects of human existence. In its most abstract and basic form, caste systematically connects competing rationales—economic interdependence with biological separation—by a specific form of rationalisation. However, within the process of modernisation, the economic element is increasingly losing its importance, while the biological aspect of caste survives only in connection with a reduced, non-systematic form of rationalisation. In its theoretical design, this model offers an opportunity to understand caste quite differently from that presented by conventional definitions. By breaking this institution into its essential ingredients, it is receptive to the inherent breaks and frictions of caste and hence, can account for the changes that caste is going through. Applied to the existing theories of caste and empirical research, it can provide the theoretical tools for a meta-analysis of all interpretations of caste and a guideline for empirical research on caste in modernity.

В статье анализируется значимость самостоятельной работы студентов. Особое внимание уделено внеаудиторной самостоятельной работе в учебной деятельности студентов, которая должна отвечать реальным экономическим, социальным и политическим процессам в обществе. Рассматриваются различные аспекты активизации внеаудиторной самостоятельной работы будущих менеджеров, являющейся ведущей формой организации учебного процесса в высшем учебном заведении. ; The article highlights the importance of independent academic study. Special attention is paid to independent off the class study that should meet the economic, political and social realities within the society. The article also describes various aspects of encouraging independent out-of-class work of future managers. The independent work is a leading educational form in higher education institutions. The paper concentrates on independent out-of-class study of foreign languages as well as the methodological aspects of effective learning. The goal, types, tasks and methods of encouragement of independent of the class studies of future managers have been highlighted. This encouragement will enhance the professional competence of future managers. The most significant factor for encouraging and contributing to the efficiency of students' out-of class activity is a steady motivation.

Рассматриваются взгляды высших сановников Российской империи, ученых-правоведов на проблему местного самоуправления на примере опыта проведения земской реформы во второй половине XIX в. Особое внимание уделено изучению возможностей децентрализации управления в унитарном государстве. ; In this article the interpretations of the theory of representation in the union state in the works of Russian scientists are considered. In the theoretic aspect scientists put such questions as the correlation of notions "autonomy self-government", "centralization decentralization", relations of state authority and local self government. In the practical aspect in the centre of discussion are the results of realization of theories of local self-government for example the theory of free community and free ploughed field ( peasant reform), the economical and state theory (land and state reforms). The initial thesis that the local self government has social lines but it is connected with state authority is dominative. The scientists and bureaucrats authors of projects of reforms in the second half of XIX century, who analyzed the theories of representation, spared attention to the investigation of the experience of creation of land establishments. It permitted to apply the theoretic opinions in practice.

Completed as a series of article-length manuscripts, this dissertation reflects four interrelated aspects of my research on the topics of citizen participation, political practices of vote buying and approaches to community development in low-income urban areas, in the collection of neighborhoods known as Ciudad Peronia on the edge of Guatemala City. Together, the four articles in this thesis explore varying aspects of the social and political dynamics present in the interrelated processes of community organization and local development in Ciudad Peronia. The essays survey the complex array of contextual features that influence local outcomes, while also highlighting the important decisions of key actors. I highlight the interplay between context and agency, and in doing so, provide insight into the efforts of individuals and groups to construct meaningful citizenship rights, especially to basic living conditions, by means of a diverse array of self-organization initiatives and a variety of engagement strategies with the state. Despite the many obstacles revealed in this research, numerous individuals made a concerted effort to secure dignity and inclusion for themselves and members of their communities. ; Ph. D.

Abstract. In compliance with the development of the Water Framework Directive, there is a need for an integrated management of water resources, which involves the elaboration of reservoir management models. These models should include the operational and technical aspects which allow us to forecast an optimal management in the short term, besides the factors that may affect the volume of water stored in the medium and long term. The climate fluctuations of the water cycle that affect the reservoir watershed should be considered, as well as the social and economic aspects of the area. This paper shows the development of a management model for Rules reservoir (southern Spain), through which the water supply is regulated based on set criteria, in a sustainable way with existing commitments downstream, with the supply capacity being well established depending on demand, and the probability of failure when the operating requirements are not fulfilled. The results obtained allowed us: to find out the reservoir response at different time scales, to introduce an uncertainty analysis and to demonstrate the potential of the methodology proposed here as a tool for decision making.

When evaluating the various aspects of the welfare state, people assess some aspects more positively than others. Following a multidimensional approach, this study systematically argues for a framework composed of seven dimensions of the welfare state, which are subject to the opinions of the public. Using confirmatory factor analyses, this conceptual framework of multidimensional welfare attitudes was tested on cross-national data from 22 countries participating in the 2008 European Social Survey. According to our empirical analysis, attitudes towards the welfare state are multidimensional; in general, people are very positive about the welfare state's goals and range, while simultaneously being critical of its efficiency, effectiveness and policy outcomes. We found that these dimensions relate to each other differently in different countries. Eastern/Southern Europeans combine a positive attitude towards the goals and role of government with a more critical attitude towards the welfare state's efficiency and policy outcomes. In contrast, Western/Northern Europeans' attitudes towards the various welfare state dimensions are based partly on a fundamentally positive or negative stance towards the welfare state.

The aspect of gender (equality) often goes down among other general statements defining equality of all individuals as regards such aspects as age, achievements etc. Lithuanian scientific society still lacks discussion on equality between women and men in science and equal opportunities for women and men in decision making. Male prevail in decision making bodies, composed by state, science and academic studies institutions. Participation of women and men in decision making is not proportional. In this study more substantial changes of legal regulation that are important to reconcile scientific activity and family duties are described. The attention is also drawn to the fact, that in practice science and academic institutions lack initiatives when solving specific problems that women and men experience reconciling family duties and scientific activity. Equality between women and men is one of the fundamental values of the European Union and horizontal priority in all activity areas. Equal and effective participation of both women and men in all activity areas is not only a requirement of social justice, but also a necessary precondition for further development of state's economic growth, competitiveness and welfare of the society. [.]

The aspect of gender (equality) often goes down among other general statements defining equality of all individuals as regards such aspects as age, achievements etc. Lithuanian scientific society still lacks discussion on equality between women and men in science and equal opportunities for women and men in decision making. Male prevail in decision making bodies, composed by state, science and academic studies institutions. Participation of women and men in decision making is not proportional. In this study more substantial changes of legal regulation that are important to reconcile scientific activity and family duties are described. The attention is also drawn to the fact, that in practice science and academic institutions lack initiatives when solving specific problems that women and men experience reconciling family duties and scientific activity. Equality between women and men is one of the fundamental values of the European Union and horizontal priority in all activity areas. Equal and effective participation of both women and men in all activity areas is not only a requirement of social justice, but also a necessary precondition for further development of state's economic growth, competitiveness and welfare of the society. [.]

The idea that the political context sets the parameters within which political participation and mobilization occur is quite common among students of social movements and contentious politics (see Eisinger, 1973; Kriesi et al., 1995; McAdam, 1999; Tarrow, 1998; Tilly, 1978). This holds as well for the political activities carried out by migrants' organizations (Bloemraad, 2006; Vermeulen, 2006). However, previous work has stressed the impact of the institutionalized political system, largely overlooking more cultural and symbolic contextual aspects. In addition, previous work has looked at the role of political opportunities for explaining collective action, focusing much less on how they influence individual participation and behaviour (but see Leighley, 2001; Morales, 2009). This chapter engages with the systematic analysis of a set of 'opportunity structures', ranging from institutional opportunities to discursive opportunities, for the political participation of migrants at the individual level. To what extent does the political context influence individual participation? If there is an impact, how can we disentangle the institutional from the discursive aspects of that context? What are the implications in terms of policy-making?

Educational reform requires a way of thinking and acting that are different from what already exists, by holding a thorough diagnosis or paradigm shift with a systemic approach. It should be noted that a fundamental change in one aspect of learning in education would affect fundamental changes in other aspects. The research objective was to analyze the degree of correspondence between government institutions, the desire of faculty and students in teaching and learning, in addition to analyze the changes that occur with learning in the policy reforms of education systems. This study uses a case study, with Bysan analysis techniques, as an approach to the study, explained, interpreted a case in a natural context without the intervention of outside parties, researcher tried to discover the social reality holistically about the organization of education systems and the impact of reform on the teaching faculty and students. It is expected that researchers may be easier to understand research problem thoroughly with these strategies, so that at the end of the study could provide a model of reform recommendations of learning in the globalization of competition.

The "Race Directive," along with the rest of the recent European Union expansion of its body of equality law, was welcomed with huge acclaim and fanfare, predictably by the Commission, but also by much academic writing. Now that this has subsided, it is necessary to engage in a sober analysis of the contents of the directive. Although the directive has been seen as embodying a huge shift in conceptions of equality and discrimination, and as part of an emerging European social citizenship, a closer examination of the provisions of the directive reveals something quite different: an ambivalence towards broader reaching conceptions of equality, a repeating of the mistakes of the past, and a series of delegations of key decisions regarding the potentially most progressive aspects of the legislation to other actors. This article suggests that whereas the directive contains many positive aspects, to a large extent it represents an exercise in passing the buck, given the hollowness of many of the seemingly expansive provisions. This means that our focus must shift onto member states and other actors, who have traditionally been conspicuously inactive in the field of race discrimination.

The aim of this paper is to examine the future prospects for cooperation between the European Union after the Treaty of Lisbon and the United States of America under its new leadership. This paper will focus on the maintenance of the transatlantic alliance and the way in which each partner contributed to the maintenance of this alliance. Such alliance- maintenance will have to move beyond issues of military "burden- sharing"—important as those are—to examine whether or not trade and social issues also need addressing. The end of the Cold War has not diminished the importance of consultation on political and security issues, including human security aspects. A healthy transatlantic relationship remains essential in order to guarantee the security and prosperity of Europe and the United States. Viewing transatlantic relations as a common platform for the development of global partnerships with other political actors will strengthen the transatlantic link and direct its future development. The theoretical framework will be derived from two aspects of political science and international relations: theories of neoliberalism and literature on "historical materialism" as discourses used in order to define globalization.