Suchergebnisse

Dedication -- Series Editor's Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Author -- Abbreviations -- List of Tables -- 1: Introduction -- 1 Introduction -- References -- 2: Crimes as Scripts -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Scripts in Cognitive Science -- 3 Crime Scripts -- 4 The Notion of the Universal (Crime) Script -- 5 The Routinized yet Flexible Nature of Crime Scripts -- 6 Single-perspective versus Interpersonal Scripts -- 7 Disrupting the Crime-Commission Process -- 8 Crime Script Analysis in a Business Environment -- References -- 3: Crime and Criminality -- 1 Introduction

This book examines laws and customs of war prohibiting rape crimes dating back thousands of years, even though gender-specific crimes, particularly sex crimes, have been prevalent in wartime for centuries. It surveys the historical treatment of women in wartime, and argues that all the various forms of gender-specific crimes must be prosecuted and punished. It reviews the Nuremberg and Tokyo War Crimes Tribunals from a gendered perspective, and discusses how crimes against women could have been prosecuted in these tribunals and suggests explanations as to why they were neglected. It addresses the status of women in domestic and international law during the past one hundred years, including the years preceding World War II and in the aftermath of this war, and in the years immediately preceding the Yugoslav conflict. The evolution of the status and participation of women in international human rights and international humanitarian law is analyzed, including the impact domestic law and practice has had on international law and practice. Finally, this book reviews gender-specific crimes in the Yugoslav conflict, and presents arguments as to how various gender-specific crimes (including rape, forced prostitution, forced impregnation, forced maternity, forced sterilization, genocidal rape, and sexual mutilation) can be, and why they must be, prosecuted under Articles 2-5 of the Yugoslav Statute (i.e., as grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions, torture, violations of the laws of war, violations of the customs of war, genocide, and crimes against humanity). The author, a human rights attorney, academic, and activist, spent three years researching both the treatment of women during periods of armed conflict and humanitarian laws protecting women from war crimes

Crime or misdemeanor concept of variable in space and time is a complex phenomenon and that there are different views about it. The point where they exercised control over it. For a long time, it was thought that the only way and the best measures to control crime in the criminal justice system and through punishment is formed. But today, there is a convergence on the issue of criminalization process is not a necessary condition for social control, in other words only controls do not appear in official forms This approach eventually led to the emergence of the concept of preventive criminology narrow focus of prevention. This means using different techniques in order to prevent delinquency, aimed to prevent crime go and stay ahead of crime. That is applied in two ways: First, by eliminating or limiting factors causing offense and the management of environmental factors (physical and social) which in turn will create opportunities for crime. Here prevention of recidivism is not considered by us, but measures were taken to an observer before committing a crime or prevent criminal in our situation before. This means the prevention of criminal policy, along with criminal prevention equipment and facilities, they are used as a complementary mechanism. So prevention is to own means of non-violent measures outside the criminal justice system and by civil society or with the cooperation of the public sector in relation to specific environments, specific groups of people or the public, will be applied.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Information/Photo Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Introduction: Approaching Genocide -- Chapter One: The Armenians Of The Ottoman Empire -- Chapter Two: Crusader Raphael Lemkin -- Chapter Three: The Jews Of Europe -- Chapter Four: From Nuremberg To The Killing Fields Of Cambodia -- Chapter Five: The Tutsis Of Rwanda -- Chapter Six: The Muslims Of Bosnia -- Chapter Seven: The Tribes Of Darfur, Sudan -- Chapter Eight: Survivors And Witnesses -- Timeline -- For Further Information -- Bibliography -- A Note On Sources/Source Notes -- Index -- Back Cover

Few events have caused more shock and condemnation in recent years than the images of the destruction of cultural heritage in Syria. International law expressed since the early times a great concern for preservation of cultural heritage in conflict scenarios, including effective tool to prosecute the most responsible. The necessity to provide protection for cultural heritage sites during armed conflicts and accountability for the perpetrators of crimes against cultural heritage lead to the development of a strong legal framework. The focal point of this work is to highlight how the attacks against cultural heritage occurred in Syria should not always be seen as isolated incidents but as aggressions that bear a relevance and a severe impact on the whole attacked population. Such consideration is paramount once the episodes are examined under the lenses of international criminal law, that criminalises the conducts as war crimes and crimes against humanity, while additionally giving them a relevance in the reconstruction of genocidal mens rea. Undoubtedly, some attacks, perpetrated by all sides of the conflict, had a political or military aim at their roots: prevention of the location's use, obstacles to other targets or to the creation of a path or convenient location. Examples are the damages to the Crac des Chevaliers castle, the shelling of the Old Souk of Aleppo and the city of Raqqa that are all characterised for their strategic position and their relevance in military operations. Furthermore, jihadist groups certainly operated a religious, cultural and iconoclastic-oriented destruction accompanied with a strong financial opportunistic component in the spread looting and selling of easily transferrable objects. However, limiting the episodes of destruction to iconoclasm and extremists' campaigns against "false idols" means ignoring the complexity behind attacks to tangible cultural heritage, both of universal and local value. Indeed, destruction was also part of cultural cleansing campaigns sought by extremist armed groups seeking to eradicate what is conceived as not concurrent with their vision and way of life. After a brief reconstruction of the framework concerning the protection of cultural heritage committed in Syria under ICL, three topical episodes occurred during the course of the conflict will be analysed to draw the attention on the double nature of intentions behind attacks against cultural property in Syria and Iraq, to highlight the coexistence of different international crimes and to give a comprehensive understanding of the actors involved and of the different reasons behind the attacks. The chosen episodes are: (a) Crac des Chevaliers; (b) the Old city of Palmyra; (c) the destruction of Yazidi cultural heritage and cultural cleansing occurred in Syria and Northern Iraq. The unprecedent extension of cultural eradication in Syria and Iraq requires immediate actions from the international community to avoid impunity for the committed crimes and, to conclude the analysis, a brief examination of the possible way forward will be provided.