Suchergebnisse

À partir des années 1970, le roman Dracula de Bram Stoker (1897) a connu une série inattendue d'éditions critiques, qui ont contribué en même temps à la canonisation d'une œuvre de fiction considérée auparavant comme dédaignable et à la perpétuation des points de vue du roman sur la Transylvanie et la Roumanie. En général, les éditeurs suivent le principe selon lequel les annotations doivent permettre au public d'aujourd'hui d'avoir une expérience de lecture similaire à celle des premiers lecteurs et aussi proche de l'intention de l'auteur que possible. Dans le cas de Dracula, cela présuppose que beaucoup des choix idéologiques de Stoker restent inexpliqués et indisputés, tandis que ses représentations des peuples et des lieux "lointains" sont soutenues par l'usage que font les éditeurs des notes de travail du romancier. Stoker a pris note, en les modifiant, des centaines de citations de différentes sources qu'il a ensuite incorporées dans le texte du roman. Les éditeurs de Dracula se fient à ces notes, sans prendre en compte les changements opérés par le romancier, les passages qu'il a utilisés mais qui n'apparaissent pas dans les notes, ou le fait que les sources sont souvent biaisées ou simplement érronées. Ainsi, les éditions critiques du roman de Stoker préservent et même contribuent au processus d'altérisation commencé par l'auteur de Dracula. L'analyse du discours d'altérisation est directement liée à la discussion du contexte historique du roman, c'est-à-dire le statut néo-colonial de la Roumanie, abordé dans la deuxième partie de cette étude. Les faits qui y sont mis en valeur montrent que ce que Stoker savait et ceux qu'il connaissait ont influencé ses choix d'endroits, de personnages et d'intrigue. L'implication de la Grande Bretagne dans l'économie et la politique de la region, avant et après la Guerre de Crimée, attestée par la présence des aventuriers coloniaux britaniques et par celle de la marine militaire anglaise sur le Danube, n'a guère était étudiée par les historiens. Le même peut être dit de l'implication de Londres au sein de la Commission Européenne du Danube. La présente étude pourrait aussi être utile aux spécialistes du postcolonialisme, de la mondialisation ou à ceux qui s'intéressent aux transformations apportées par le capitalisme dans le Bas Danube et à l'intégration des principautés roumains dans le marché économique mondial. Stoker a trouvé ses sources parmi les écrits des voyageurs en Transylvanie et Roumanie qui se préoccupaient des avantages économiques offerts par ces pays. Leurs écrits ont d'abord stimulé et ensuite soutenu l'implication de la Grande Bretagne dans l'économie de la région. La présente thèse va au-delà d'une autre frontière, en passant des études littéraires à l'anthropologie. Les anthropologues culturels peuvent trouver utile la discussion du temps et de la différence dans le roman de Stoker et dans les annotations des éditeurs. Dans les deux cas, il s'agit de la collection et de la manipulation des données concernant une région européenne « lointaine ». La (non)existence des croyances aux vampires est une situation qui peut fournir un aperçu des pratiques traditionnelles mais aussi, ce qui est plus important, des conséquences profondes du travail anthropologique du dix-neuvième siècle. Bien qu'elle soit un examen des éditions les plus richement annotées du roman de Bram Stoker, la présente étude est interdisciplinaire. Elle utilise des théories et des conceptes de plusieurs domaines, tout en attirant l'attention sur les liens complexes entre la culture, l'histoire, la politique et l'économie. Ce que cette étude montre surtout, c'est le lien étroit entre l'objet littéraire et le contexte dans lequel il a été produit. ; Since the 1970s, Bram Stoker's Dracula (1897) has gone through an unexpectedly long series of scholarly editions, which has contributed both to the canonisation of a work of fiction previously considered undeserving and to the perpetuation of the novel's views on Transylvania and Romania. As a rule, editors follow the principle according to which their annotations should allow today's audience a reading experience similar to that of the original reader and as close to the author's intention as possible. In Dracula's case, this means that much of Stoker's ideological choices remain unexplained and unchallenged, while his representations of "remote" people and places are supported by the editors' use of the writer's working notes. Stoker took down, in altered form, hundreds of quotes from several sources that he incorporated into the text of the novel. The editors of Dracula rely heavily on these notes, without taking into account the changes brought by the novelist, the passages that he used but do not appear in the notes, and the fact that the sources were often biased or simply wrong. Thus, the many scholarly editions of Stoker's novel preserve and even enhance its original process of othering. The analysis of the othering discourse is closely linked to the discussion of the historical context of the novel, that is, to the neo-colonial status of Romania, examined in the second part of this study. The information unearthed here shows that who and what Stoker knew influenced his choice of place, plot and character, which can provide a new line of inquiry for both literary critics and historians. The involvement of Great Britain in the economy and politics of the region, before and after the Crimean War, attested by the presence of British colonial adventurers and by that of the British navy on the river Danube, has only been marginally studied by historians, and the same is true about the study of the British involvement in the European Commission of the Danube. The present study can be equally useful to scholars engaged with postcolonialism, globalisation, and the transformations brought about by capitalism in the Lower Danube region and by the integration of the Romanian principalities into the world market economy. Stoker's sources were travellers to Transylvania and Romania who were preoccupied with the economic advantages those countries had to offer. Their writings both stimulated and, later, supported the British involvement in the economy of the region. This dissertation crosses yet another boundary, from literary studies into anthropology. Cultural anthropologists can find useful the discussion of time and difference in Stoker's novel and in the annotations of the editors, both of which involve the collection and manipulation of data from a "remote" European region. In the case of Dracula, the (non)existence of vampire beliefs is an interesting case study which provides insight into the practice but, more importantly, into the far-reaching consequences of nineteenth-century anthropological work. Although an examination of the most heavily annotated scholarly editions of Bram Stoker's vampire novel, the present study is interdisciplinary. It employs theories and concepts from several fields, thus bringing to the fore the intricate links between culture, history, politics and economy. What this study shows, more importantly, is the close link between the literary object and the context in which it was produced.

In this paper, we build a preliminary inventory of dissolved phase water emissions of 36 of the 45 chemical priority substances under the European Union's Water Framework Directive. For point sources, we consider the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR) containing reported emissions from major industrial facilities. We consider all other sources as diffuse, and we estimate European average chemical emission factors from available measurements of dissolved phase concentrations, assuming simple emission patterns such as population and agricultural land. The emission inventory enables modelling concentrations, which have been compared with independent measurements. Due to the way they are estimated, they cannot withstand a point-by-point comparison. However, predicted concentrations exhibit a frequency distribution and order of magnitude compatible with observations, and match a fair proportion of independently reported exceedances of environmental quality standards for many of the substances studied. While apparently a preliminary picture based on crude simplifications, our representation suggests that simple drivers such as population and agriculture are useful to describe chemical pollution at European scale. From our preliminary inventory, E-PRTR industrial point emissions seem to account for a relatively small share of total emissions. Consequently, apart from specific measures such as upgrades to urban wastewater treatment plants in certain high impact areas, the management of priority substances may require a more strategic approach to emission control, addressing chemical use across sectors and the management of out-phased, legacy chemicals. At the same time, we advocate that improving emission inventories requires monitoring data reflecting the variability of emission patterns across Europe, as presently available monitoring data do not enable a catchment-specific estimation of emissions. © 2019 The Authors ; This study was partly funded by, and developed in the context of Project Globaqua within the EU Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement No 603629 . Emission factors presented in this paper were estimated by Rafael Marcé within the scope of a service contract of ICRA for the JRC (ref. 392653) funded under the Danube Water Nexus cluster of activities of the JRC in support to the EU Strategy for the Danube region. The IPChem platform is developed and maintained at the European Commission's DG JRC under the responsibility of S. Kephalopoulos. We wish to particularly thank European Commission colleagues Silvia Dalla Costa for her generous and effective support with IPChem data, and Helen Clayton for her advice on an early version of this paper. Appendix A ; Peer reviewed

Intro -- Series Preface -- Preface -- Contents -- Transboundary Water Cooperation for Sustainable Development of the Sava River Basin -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background of Cooperation -- 2.1 General Characteristics of the Basin -- 2.2 The Need for a Balanced Approach to Development -- 2.3 The Need for an International Framework for Cooperation -- 3 Legal and Institutional Framework for Cooperation -- 3.1 Framework Agreement on the Sava River Basin -- 3.2 International Sava River Basin Commission -- 4 Approach to Cooperation -- 4.1 The Scope of Cooperation -- 4.1.1 River Basin Management -- 4.1.2 Flood Management -- 4.1.3 Accident Prevention and Control -- 4.1.4 Information Exchange and Management -- 4.1.5 Rehabilitation and Development of Navigation -- 4.1.6 Development of River Tourism -- 4.1.7 Promotion of Cooperation -- 4.2 Key Features of the Approach -- 4.2.1 Cohesiveness -- 4.2.2 Integrated Nature -- 4.2.3 Alignment with the UNECE and EU Regulations and Strategies -- 4.2.4 Complementarity with the Processes on the Danube Basin Level -- 4.2.5 Pragmatism and Practicality -- 4.2.6 Educative Character -- 4.3 Challenges and Obstacles -- 4.4 Vision of the Future Cooperation -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Climate Change Impact on Flood Hazard in the Sava River Basin -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Hydrological Model of the Sava River Watershed -- 3 Data Transformation for Hydrological Forecasts of Climate Change Impacts -- 4 Results of Climate Change Modelling -- 5 Climate Change Impact on Probability of Flood Peaks -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Climate Projections for the Sava River Basin -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 The Role of Global Climate Models in Impact Assessment -- 1.2 The Dynamical Downscaling: Regional Climate Models -- 1.3 The Uncertainty Cascade -- 1.4 Bias Correction of RCM Simulations -- 2 The Data.

The article examines the activities of the Bessarabian Bulgarians Stefan Balamez under different political regimes (tsarist, Romanian, Soviet), during 1918-1940. It was established that Stefan Balamez was born in a family of Danube immigrants, who came out of Golyam-Dervent village from Yambol Region. After settling in Bessarabia, S. Balamez's ancestors were engaged in trading activities. After the February Revolution in Bessarabia was convened legislature Sfatul Ţării ("the Сountry's Council"). As part of this body, S. Balamez represented the Union of State Officials. Here he was actively involved in the political struggle, and was remembered for his harsh statements and remarks. He was a member of the control, financial and budgetary commissions. In addition, from May 19 to November 27, 1918, Balamez served as vice-chairman of the constitutional commission. He was one of three deputies who openly voted against the accession of Bessarabia to Royal Romania (March 27, 1918) and supported anti-Romanian movement. However, after the Romanian government was established in the provinces, Balamez remained in Bessarabia. He was engaged in trade, being the chief accountant and assistant director of the Peasant Credit Ticket office of the landowners from Tighina (Bender County). He takes an active part in the trade union movement of Chisinau. He was a member of the County committee of the National Liberal Party, from which in 1935 became the first chairman of the Interim Commission of Labor Chambers of Chisinau, and then - the Council of the Chamber. Also Balamez was delegated to the Board of County Lapusna from this institution. After the accession of Bessarabia, the Soviet Union, June 13, 1941 Stephаn Balamez was arrested by the NKVD. Due to the outbreak of hostilities on the Eastern Front, he was evacuated to the executive labor camp Ivdel where sentenced to 10 years on the item "participation in the counter-revolutionary party". ; Статья рассматривает деятельность бессарабского болгарина Стефана Баламеза в условиях различных политических режимов (царского, румынского, советского), установившихся в Бессарабии в период 1918–1940 гг. Стефан Баламез входил в состав Сфатул Цэрий («Совет страны»). При голосовании по вопросу о присоединении Бессарабии к Королевской Румынии (27 марта 1918 г.) являлся одним из трех депутатов, кто открыто проголосовал против. После того, как в провинции была установлена румынская власть, Баламез остается в Бессарабии. Он стал председателем Совете Камеры труда Кишинева. После присоединении Бессарабии к СССР, 13 июня 1941 г. Стефан Баламез был арестован органами НКВД и осужден на 10 лет по статье «участие в контрреволюционной партии».

Intro -- Table of Contents -- Contributors -- Acid mine drainage 1 -- Amoco Cadiz oil spill 1 -- Aqueducts 2 -- Aquifers 4 -- Argo Merchant oil spill 5 -- Ashio, Japan, copper mine 6 -- Best available technologies 7 -- Black Sea 8 -- BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill 9 -- Braer oil spill 12 -- Brent Spar occupation 13 -- Chesapeake Bay 14 -- Chlorination 15 -- Clean Water Act and amendments 16 -- Coastal Zone Management Act 18 -- Colorado River 18 -- Continental shelves 20 -- Cultural eutrophication 22 -- Cuyahoga River fires 22 -- Dams and reservoirs 23 -- Danube River 27 -- Desalination 28 -- Dredging 29 -- Drinking water 30 -- Environment Canada 31 -- Environmental Protection Agency 32 -- Eutrophication 35 -- Experimental Lakes Area 36 -- Externalities 38 -- Exxon Valdez oil spill 38 -- Flood Control Act 40 -- Floodplains 41 -- Floods 43 -- Fluoridation 45 -- Ganges River 47 -- Great Lakes International Joint Commission 48 -- Groundwater pollution 49 -- Gulf War oil burning 50 -- Irrigation 52 -- Kesterson Reservoir 54 -- Klamath River 55 -- Lake Baikal 56 -- Lake Erie 58 -- Leachates 59 -- London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution 61 -- Los Angeles Aqueduct 62 -- Mediterranean Blue Plan 64 -- Mississippi River 65 -- Mono Lake 68 -- Monongahela River tank collapse 69 -- Nile River 71 -- North American Free Trade Agreement 72 -- Ocean currents 74 -- Ocean dumping 76 -- Ocean pollution 78 -- Oil spills 81 -- Pacific Islands 84 -- PEMEX oil well leak 86 -- Polluter pays principle 87 -- Rain gardens 88 -- Rainwater harvesting 89 -- Rhine River 91 -- Riparian rights 91 -- Rocky Flats, Colorado, nuclear plant releases 92 -- Runoff, agricultural 94 -- Runoff, urban 95 -- Sacramento River pesticide spill 97 -- Safe Drinking Water Act 98 -- Santa Barbara oil spill 99 -- Sea Empress oil spill 100 -- Sea-level changes 101.

To meet the United Nations (UN) sustainable development goals and the European Union (EU) strategy for a non-toxic environment, water resources and ecosystems management require cost-efficient solutions for prevailing complex contamination and multiple stressor exposures. For the protection of water resources under global change conditions, specific research needs for prediction, monitoring, assessment and abatement of multiple stressors emerge with respect to maintaining human needs, biodiversity, and ecosystem services. Collaborative European research seems an ideal instrument to mobilize the required transdisciplinary scientific support and tackle the large-scale dimension and develop options required for implementation of European policies. Calls for research on minimizing society's chemical footprints in the water–food–energy–security nexus are required. European research should be complemented with targeted national scientific funding to address specific transformation pathways and support the evaluation, demonstration and implementation of novel approaches on regional scales. The foreseeable pressure developments due to demographic, economic and climate changes require solution-oriented thinking, focusing on the assessment of sustainable abatement options and transformation pathways rather than on status evaluation. Stakeholder involvement is a key success factor in collaborative projects as it allows capturing added value, to address other levels of complexity, and find smarter solutions by synthesizing scientific evidence, integrating governance issues, and addressing transition pathways. This increases the chances of closing the value chain by implementing novel solutions. For the water quality topic, the interacting European collaborative projects SOLUTIONS, MARS and GLOBAQUA and the NORMAN network provide best practice examples for successful applied collaborative research including multi-stakeholder involvement. They provided innovative conceptual, modelling and instrumental options for future monitoring and management of chemical mixtures and multiple stressors in European water resources. Advancement of EU water framework directive-related policies has therefore become an option. © 2019, The Author(s). ; Funding text #1 This article has been prepared as an outcome of the projects SOLUTIONS (European Union's Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under Grant Agreement No. 603437), GLOBAQUA (European Union's Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under Grant Agreement No. 603629) and MARS (European Union's Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under Grant Agreement No. 603378). Funding text #2 The authors declare that they have no competing interests. CIS Common Implementation Strategy DG Directorate General DPSIR Drivers–Pressure–State–Impacts–Response ECHA European Chemical Agency EEA European Environmental Agency EFSA European Food Safety Authority EU European Union ICPDR International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River ICPR International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine NGO Non-Governmental Organisation SDG sustainable development goals UN United Nations WFD Water Framework Directive ; Peer reviewed

VORLAGE DER STAATSREGIERUNG BETREFFEND DEN AM 10. SEPTEMBER 1919 UNTERFERTIGTEN STAATSVERTRAG VON SAINT-GERMAIN MIT DEN ALLIIERTEN UND ASSOZIIERTEN MÄCHTEN, SAMT DREI ANNEXEN Vorlage der Staatsregierung betreffend den am 10. September 1919 unterfertigten Staatsvertrag von Saint-Germain mit den alliierten und assoziierten Mächten, samt drei Annexen ( - ) Einband ( - ) Titelseite ([1]) Part I. The Covenant of the league of Nations. Partie I. Pacte de la Société des Nations. I. Teil. Völkerverbundssatzung. (8) Annex. Annexe. Anhang. (32) Partie II. Frontières d'Autriche. II. Teil. Österreichs Grenzen. (34) Partie III. Clauses politiques européenes. III. Teil. Politische Bestimmungen über Europa. (41) Section I. Italie. Abschnitt I. Italien. (41) Section II. État serbe-croate-slovène. Abschnitt II. Serbisch-kroatisch-slowenischer Staat. (44) Section III. Etat Tchéco-Slovaque. Abschnitt III. Tschecho-slowakischer Staat. (49) Section IV. Roumanie. Abschnitt IV. Rumänien. (50) Section V. Protection des Minorités. Abschnitt V. Schutz der Minderheiten. (51) Section VI. Clauses concernant la nationalité. Abschnitt VI. Bestimmungen, betreffend die Staatsangehörigkeit. (54) Section VII. Clauses politiques concernant certains Etats d'Europe. Abschnitt VII. Politische Bestimmungen über gewisse europäische Staaten. (57) 1. Belgique. 1. Belgien. 2. Luxembourg. 2. Luxemburg. 3. Sleswig. 3. Schleswig. 4. Turquie et Bulgarie. 4. Türkei und Bulgarien. (57) 5. Russie et Etats russes. 5. Rußland und russische Staaten. (58) Section VIII. Dispositions Générales. Abschnitt VIII. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (58) Partie IV. Intérêts Autrichiens hors d'Europe. IV. Teil. Außereuropäische Interessen Österreichs. (60) Section I. Maroc. Abschnitt I. Marokko. (60) Section II. Égypte. Abschnitt II. Ägypten. (62) Section III. Siam. Abschnitt III. Siam. (64) Section IV. Chine. Abschnitt IV. China. (64) Partie V. Clauses militaires, navales et aériennes. V. Teil. Bestimmungen über Land-, See- und Luftstreitkräfte. (66) Section III. Clauses concernant l'aéronautique militaire et navale. Abschnitt III. Bestimmungen über militärische und Seeluftfahrt. (-) Section I. Clauses militaires. Abschnitt I. Bestimmungen über das Landheer. (66) Chapitre I. Clauses générales. Kapitel I. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (66) Chapitre II. Effectifs et encadrement de l'armée autrichienne. Kapitel II. Stärke und Einteilung des österreichischen Heeres. (67) Chapitre III. Recrutement et instruction militaire. Kapitel III. Heeresergänzung und militärische Ausbildung. (68) Chapitre IV. Écoles, Établissements d'enseignement, sociétés et associations militaires. Kapitel IV. Militärische Schulen, Unterrichtsanstalten, Gesellschaften und Vereine. (69) Chapitre V. Armement, munitions, matériel et fortifications. Kapitel V. Bewaffnung, Munition, Material und Befestigung. (69) [Tabelle]: Tableau I. Composition et effectifs maxima d'une division d'infanterie. Übersicht I. Zusammensetzung und Höchststände einer Infanteriedivision. (72) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Tableau II. Composition et effectifs maxima d'une division de cavalerie. Übersicht II. Zusammensetzung und Höchststände einer Kavalleriedivision. (2)Tableau III. Composition et effectifs maxima d'une brigade mixte. Übersicht III. Zusammensetzung und Höchststände einer gemischten Brigade. (73) Section II. Clauses navales. Abschnitt II. Bestimmungen über die Seestreitkräfte. (75) Section IV. Commissions interalliées de contrôle. Abschnitt IV. Interalliierte Überwachungsausschüsse. (78) Section V. Clauses générales. Abschnitt V. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (80) Partie VI. Prisonniers de guerre et sépultures. Teil VI. Kriegsgefangene und Grabstätten. (81) Section I. Prisonniers de guerre. Abschnitt I. Kriegsgefangene. (81) Section II. Sépultures. Abschnitt II. Grabstätten. (81) Partie VII. Sanctions. Teil VII. Strafbestimmungen. (84) Partie VIII. Réparations. VIII. Teil. Wiedergutmachungen. (86) Section I. Dispositions générales. Abschnitt I. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (86) Annexe I. Anlage I. (90) Annexe II. Anlage II. (92) Annexe III. Anlage III. (100) Annexe IV. Anlage IV. (103) Annexe V. Anlage V. (106) Annexe VI. Anlage VI. (107) Section II. Dispositions particulières. II. Abschnitt. Besondere Bestimmungen. (108) Annexe I. Anlage I. (110) Annexe II. Anlage II. (111) Annexe III. Anlage III. Annexe IV. Anlage IV. (112) Partie IX. Clauses Financières. IX. Teil. Finanzielle Bestimmungen. (112) Annexe. Anlage. (117) Annexe. Anlage. (123) Partie X. Clauses économiques. Teil X. Wirtschaftliche Bestimmungen. (129) Section I. Relations commerciales. Abschnitt I. Handelsbeziehungen. (129) Chapitre I. Réglementation, taxes et restrictions douanières. Kapitel I. Zollregelung, Zollabgaben und Zollbeschränkungen. (129) Chapitre II. Traitement de la navigation. Kapitel II. Behandlung der Schiffahrt. (133) Chapitre III. Concurrence déloyale. Kapitel III. Unlauterer Wettbewerb. (133) Chapitre IV. Traitement des ressortissants des puissances alliées et associées. Kapitel IV. Behandlung der Staatsangehörigen der alliierten und assoziierten Mächte. (134) Chapitre V. Clauses générales. Kapitel V. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (135) Section II. Traités. Abschnitt II. Staatsverträge. (136) Section III. Dettes. Abschnitt III. Schulden. (142) Annexe. Anlage. (145) Section IV. Biens, Droits et Intérêts. Abschnitt IV. Güter, Rechte und Interessen. (151) Annexe. Anlage. (156) Section V. Contrats, prescriptions, jugements. Abschnitt V. Verträge, Verjährung, Urteile. (161) Annexe. Anlage. (165) I. Dispositions générales. I. Allgemeine Vorschriften. (165) II. Dispositions particulières à certaines catégories de contrats. II. Besondere Vorschriften über bestimmte Vertragsgattungen. (166) Positions dans les Bourses de valeurs et de commerce. Verträge an der Effekten- und Produktenbörse. (166) Gage. Verpfändung. (167) Effets de commerce. Handelspapiere. (167) III. Contrats d'assurances. III. Versicherungsverträge. (168) Assurances contre l'incendie. Feuerversicherungen. (168) Asurances sur la vie. Lebensversicherungen (169) Assurances maritimes. Seeversicherungen. (170) Autres assurances. Andere Versicherungen. (171) Réassurances. Rückversicherungen. (171) Section VI. Tribunal Arbitral Mixte. Abschnitt VI. Gemischter Schiedsgerichtshof. (172) Annexe. Anlage. (174) Section VII. Propriété industrielle. Abschnitt VII. Gewerbliches Eigentum. (175) Section VIII. Dispositions spéciales aux territoires transférés. Abschnitt VIII. Sonderbestimmungen für übertragene Gebiete. (181) Partie XI. Navigation Aérienne. Teil XI. Luftschiffahrt. (187) Partie XII. Ports, voies d'eau et voies ferrées. Teil XII. Häfen, Wasserstraßen und Eisenbahnen. (188) Section I. Dispositions générales. Abschnitt I. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (188) Section II. Navigation. Abschnitt II. Schiffahrt. (191) Chapitre I. Liberté de navigation. Kapitel I. Freiheit der Schiffahrt. (191) Chapitre II. Clauses relatives au Danube. Kapitel II. Bestimmungen über die Donau. (192) 1° Dispositions communes aux réseaux fluviaux déclarés internationaux. 1. Gemeinsame Bestimmungen für die als international erklärten Flußnetze. (192) 2° Dispositions spéciales au Danube. 2. Sonderbestimmungen für die Donau. (195) Chapitre III. Régime des eaux. Kapitel III. Wasserrechtliche Fragen. (197) Section III. Chemins de fer. Abschnitt III. Eisenbahnen. (198) Chapitre I. Liberté de transit pour l'Autriche vers l'Adriatique. Kapitel I. Freiheit der Durchfuhr für Österreich gegen das Adriatische Meer. (198) Chapitre II. Clauses relatives aux transports internationaux. Kapitel II. Bestimmungen über zwischenstaatliche Beförderung. (199) Chapitre III. Matériel roulant. Kapitel III. Rollendes Material. (201) Chapitre IV. Transfert de lignes de chemins de fer. Kapitel IV. Übertragung von Eisenbahnlinien. (201) Chapitre V. Dispositions concernant certaines lignes de chemins de fer. Kapitel V. Bestimmungen über einzelne Eisenbahnlinien. (202) Chapitre VI. Disposition transitoires. Kapitel VI. Übergangsbestimmungen. (205) Chapitre VII. Télégraphes et téléphones. Kapitel VII. Fernschreiber und Fernsprecher. (205) Section IV. Jugement des litiges et révision des clauses permanentes. Abschnitt IV. Entscheidung von Streitigkeiten und Nachprüfung der Bestimmungen mit dauernder Geltung. (207) Section V. Disposition particulière. Abschnitt V. Sonderbestimmungen. (209) Part XIII. Labour. Partie XIII. Travail. XIII. Teil. Arbeit. (208) Section I. Organisation du Travail. Abschnitt I. Organisation der Arbeit. (209) Chapter I. Organisation. Chapitre Premier. Organisation. Kapitel I. Organisation. (210) Chapter II. Procedure. Chapitre II. Fonctionement. Kapitel II. Verfahren. (218) Chapter III. General. Chapitre III. Prescriptions Générales. Kapitel III. Allgemeine Vorschriften. (232) Chapter IV. Transitory Provision. Chapitre IV. Mesures transitoires. Kapitel IV. Übergangsbestimmungen. (234) Annex. Annexe. Anlage. (234) Section II. General principles. Section II. Principes généraux. Abschnitt II. Allgemeine Grundsätze. (236) Partie XIV. Clauses diverses. XIV. Teil Verschiedene Bestimmungen. (240) Annexe. Anhang. (241) Protocole. Protokoll. (247) Déclaration. Erklärung. (248) Déclaration particulière. Besondere Erklärung. (249) Protocole. Protokoll. (250) Einband ( - ) Einband ( - )

I. Statement of the Problem -- II. Jurists and Unilateral Denunciation -- Zouche -- Wolff -- Grotius -- Vattel -- Wildman -- Rivier -- Halleck -- Kent -- F. von Martens -- Calvo -- Bonfils -- Bello -- Cavaglieri -- Guggenheim -- Ross -- Liszt -- Bluntschli -- Sauer -- Spiropoulos -- Schwarzenberger -- Fauchille -- Rousseau -- Anzilotti -- Verdross -- Fenwick -- Dupuis -- Axell Moller -- Fiore -- Wheaton -- Moore -- Pitt Cobbett -- Hall -- Crandall -- Oppenheim -- Hyde -- Brierly -- McNair -- Fitzmaurice -- Korovin -- The Harvard Research in International Law -- The American Law Institute -- The United Nations International Law Commission -- Conclusion -- III. Judges and Unilateral Denunciation -- The Tacna Arica Case -- The Diversion of Water from the Meuse Case -- Ware v. Hylton -- In re Thomas -- Hooper v. The United States -- The Chinese Exclusion Case -- Terlinden v. Ames -- Charlton v. Kelly -- The Blonde and Other Ships Case -- In re Lepeschkin -- Attorney-General of the Court of Appeal of Brussels v. Aron -- In re Totarko -- Security for Costs (Switzerland) Case -- Conclusion -- IV. Private Law Analogy and Unilateral Denunciation -- French Law -- German Law -- Other Continental and Latin American Legal Systems -- English Law -- American Law -- Indian Law -- Soviet Law -- Islamic Law -- Japanese Law -- Chinese Law -- Conclusion -- V. Related Problems -- Pacta Sunt Servanda and Unilateral Denunciation -- Unilateral Denunciation and Unanimity Rule -- The Rule of Extinctive Prescription and Unilateral Denunciation -- A Violated Treaty — Void or Voidable ? -- The Limitation of Substantial Breach -- The Principle of Severability of Provisions -- Unilateral Denunciation and Law-Making Treaty -- The Concept of the Rule of Law and Unilateral Denunciation -- The Sanction of What is Proper and Public Opinion -- VI. Practice of States and Unilateral Denunciation -- The Anglo-American Treaty of Peace of 3 September 1783 -- The Franco-American Treaties, 1778–1790 -- The Ancient Anglo-Spanish Treaties -- Convention between Great Britain, the Netherlands and Russia, 19 May 1815 -- The Russo-British Convention of 16 November 1831 -- The Declaration of Paris of 1856 -- The Anglo-Transval Boers Agreement of 1852 -- The Treaty of 11th May 1867 on the Neutrality of Luxemburg -- The Treaty of London of 1839 on the Neutrality of Belgium -- The Treaty of Paris of 1856 -- The Anglo-Uruguayan Postal Agreement of 28 November 1853 -- The Anglo-Honduran Agreement of 27 August 1856 -- The Proposed Anglo-American Treaty of Extradition of 1876 -- The Anglo-American Treaty of Extradition of 9 August 1842 -- The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 19 April 1850 -- The Sino-American Treaties, 1844–1880 -- Reciprocal Trade Agreements between the U.S.A. and Other States -- The Italo-American Extradition Conventions of 8 February 1864 & 1884 -- The Russo-American Treaty of Commerce and Navigation, 1832 -- The Fifth Treaty of the Triple Alliance, 5 December 1912 -- The Prusso-American Treaty of Commerce and Navigation, 1828 -- The Japanese-American Agreement of 1907–08 -- Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice -- Treaty for the Renunciation of War (Briand-Kellog Pact), 1928 -- Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Rights between Germany and the United States, 8 December 1923 -- The Versailles Treaty, 28 January 1919 -- The Locarno Treaty, 16 October 1925 -- The Anglo-Guatemalan Treaty of 1859 -- The International Load Line Convention, 5 July 1930 -- The Munich Agreement, 29 September 1938 -- The Soviet-Yugoslav Treaty, February 1948 -- Yugoslav-Albanian Treaties -- The Hungaro-Yugoslav Treaty of 24 July 1947 -- The Soviet-Yugoslav Treaty of Friendship, 11 April 1945 -- The Polish-Yugoslav Treaty of Friendship, 18 March 1946 -- The Hungaro-Yugoslav Treaty of Friendship, 8 December 1947 -- Bulgar-Yugoslav Treaties -- The Czechoslovak-Yugoslavian Treaty of 9 May 1946 -- Albano-Yugoslav Treaty of Friendship, 9 July 1946 -- The Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, 12 August 1936 -- The Anglo-Egyptian Conventions of 1899 on the Sudan -- The Italian Peace Treaty, 10 February 1947 -- The Sino-Soviet Treaty of 24 August 1945 -- The Soviet-British Treaty of Alliance of 1942 and the Franco-Soviet Treaty of Alliance of 1944 -- The Anglo-Egyptian Treaty on the Suez Canal Base, 1954 -- The Quadripartite Agreements of 1944 and 1945 on Berlin. -- Agreement Relative to the Withdrawal of Offensive Weapons from Cuba, October 1962 -- Treaty on a Partial Test Ban, July 1963 -- Conclusion -- VII. Discussions Relative to Unilateral Denunciation in International Organisations and Conferences -- The Danube Convention and Conference -- The Palestine Armistice Agreements, 1949 -- The Korean Armistice Agreement of 1953 -- Conclusion -- VIII. Conclusions -- Selected Bibliography.

DER STAATSVERTRAG VON ST. GERMAIN Der Staatsvertrag von St. Germain ( - ) Einband ( - ) Titelseite ([I]) Begleitnote zu den Friedensbedingungen vom 2. September 1919. Seiner Exzellenz Herrn Dr. Renner! (III) Somaire. Inhalt. (VII) Préambule. Einleitung. (2) Partie I. Pacte de la Société des Nations. I. Teil. Völkerbundssatzung. (8) Annexe. Anhang. (32) Partie. II. Frontières d'Autriche. II. Teil. Österreichs Grenzen. (34) Partie. III. Clauses politiques europèennes. III. Teil. Politische Bestimmungen über Europa. (41) Section I. Italie. Abschnitt I. Italien. (41) Section II. État serbe-croate-slovène. Abschnitt II. Serbisch-kroatisch-slowenischer Staat. (44) Section III. État Tchéco-Slovaque. Abschnitt III. Tschecho-slowakischer Staat. (49) Section IV. Romanie. Abschnitt IV. Rumänien. (50) Section V. Protection des Minorités. Abschnitt V. Schutz der Minderheiten. (51) Section VI. Clauses concernant la nationalié. Abschnitt VI. Bestimmungen, betreffend die Staatsangehörigkeit. (54) Section VII. Clauses politiques concernan certains États d'Europe. Abschnitt VII. Politische Bestimmungen über gewisse europäische Staaten. (57) Section VIII. Dispositions Génerales. Abschnitt VIII. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (58) Partie IV. Intérets Autrichiens hors d'Europe. IV. Teil. Außereuropäische Interessen Österreichs. (60) Section I. Maroc. Abschnitt I. Marokko. (60) Section II. Égypte. Abschnitt II. Ägypten. (62) Section III. Siam. Abschnitt III. Siam. (64) Section IV. Chine. Abschnitt IV. China. (64) Partie V. Clauses militaires, navales et aériennés. V. Teil. Bestimmungen über Land-, See- und Luftstreitkräfte. (66) Section I. Clauses militaires. Abschnitt I. Bestimmungen über das Landheer. (66) Chapitre I. Clauses généales. Kapitel I. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (66) Chapitre II. Effectifs et encadrement de l'armée autrichienne. Kapitel II. Stärke und Einteilung des österreichischen Heeres. (67) Chapitre III. Recrutement et instruction militaire. Kapitel III. Heeresergänzung und militärische Ausbildung. (68) Chapitre IV. Écoles, Établissement d'enseignement, sociétés et associations militaires. Kapitel IV. Militärische Schulen, Unterrichtsanstalten, Gesellschaften und Vereine. (69) Chapitre V. Armement, munitions, matériel et fortifications. Kapitel V. Bewaffnung, Mution, Material und Befestigungen. (69) [Tabelle]: Tableau I. Compositions et effectifs maxima d'une division d'infanterie. Übersicht I. Zusammensetzung und Höchststände einer Infanteriedivision. (72) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Tableau II. Composition et effectifs maxima d'une division de cavalerie. Übersicht II. Zusammensetzung und Höchststände einer Kavalleriedivision. (2)Tableau III. Composition et effectifs maxima d'une brigade mixte. Übersicht III. Zusammensetzung und Höchststände einer gemischten Brigade. (73) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Tableau IV. Effectif minimum des unités quelle que soit l'organisation adoptée dans l'armée. (Division, brigades mixtes, etc.) Übersicht IV. Mindeststände der Einheiten ohne Rücksichtnahme auf die im Heere eingeführte Organisation. (Division, gemischte Brigade etc.) (2)Tableau V. Maximum d'armement et d'approvisionnement en munitions autorisées. Übersicht V. Zugelassene Höchststände an Waffen und Munition. (74) Section II. Clauses navales. Abschnitt II. Bestimmungen über die Seestreitkräfte. (75) Section III. Clauses concernant l'aéronautique militaire et navale. Abschnitt III. Bestimmungen über militätische und Seeluftfahrt. (76) Section IV. Commission interalliées de controle. Abschnitt IV. Interalliierte Überwachungsausschüsse. (78) Section V. Clauses générales. Abschnitt V. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (80) Partie VI. Prisonniers de guerre et sépultures. Teil VI. Kriegsgefangene und Grabstätten. (81) Section I. Prisonniers de guerre. Abschnitt I. Kriegsgefangene. (81) Section II. Sépultures. Abschnitt II. Grabstätten. (84) Partie VII. Sanctions. Teil V. Strafbestimmungen. (84) Partie VIII. Réparations. VIII. Teil. Wiedergutmachungen. (86) Section I. Dispositions générales. Abschnitt I. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (86) Annexe I. Anlage I. (90) Annexe II. Anlage II. (92) Annexe III. Anlage III (100) Annexe IV. Anlage IV. (103) Annexe V. Anlage V. (106) Annexe VI. Anlage VI. (107) Section II. Dispositions particulières. II. Abschnitt. Besondere Bestimmungen. (108) Annexe I. Anlage I. (110) Annexe II. Anlage II. (111) Annexe III. Anlage III. Annexe IV. Anlage IV. (112) Partie IX. Clauses Financières. IX. Teil. Finanzielle Bestimmungen. (112) Annexe. Anlage. (117) Annexe. Anlage. (123) Partie X. Clauses économiques. Teil X. Wirtschaftliche Bestimmungen. (129) Section I. Relations commerciales. Abschnitt I. Handeslbeziehungen. (129) Chapitre I. Réglementation, taxes et restrictions donanières. Kapitel I. Zollregeleung, Zollabgaben und Zollbeschränkungen. (129) Chapitre II. Traitement de la navigation. Kapitel II. Behandlung der Schiffahrt. (133) Chapitre III. Concurrence déloyale. Kapitel III. Unlauterer Wettbewerb. (133) Chapitre IV. Traitement des ressortissants des puissances alliées et associées. Kapitel IV. Behandlung der Staasangehörigen der alliierten und assoziierten Mächte. (134) Chapitre V. Clauses génerales. Kapitel V. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (135) Section II. Traités. Abschnitt II. Staatsverträge. (136) Section III. Dettes. Abschnitt III. Schulden. (142) Annexe. Anlage. (145) Section IV. Biens, Droits ét Intérets. Abschnitt IV. Güter, Rechte und Interessen. (151) Annexe. Anlage. (156) Section V. Contrats, prescriptions, jugements. Abschnitt V. Verträge, Verjährung, Urteile. (162) Annexe. Anlage. (165) I. Dispositions génerales. I. Allgemeine Vorschriften. (165) II. Dispositions particulières à certains catégories de contrats. II. Besondere Vorschriften über bestimmte Vertragsgattungen. (166) III. Contrats d'assurances. III. Versicherungsverträge. (168) Section VI. Tribunal Arbitral Mixte. Abschnitt VI. Gemischter Schiedsgerichtshof. (172) Annexe. Anlage. (174) Section VII. Propriété industrielle. Abschnitt VII. Gewerbliches Eigentum. (175) Section VIII. Dispositions spéciales aux territoires transférés. Abschnitt VIII. Sonderbestimmungen für übertragene Gebiete. (181) Partie XI. Navigation Aérienne. Teil XI. Luftschiffahrt. (187) Partie XII. Ports, voies d'eau et voies ferrées. Teil XII. Häfen, Wasserstraßen und Eisenbahnen. (188) Section I. Dispositions génerales. Abschnitt I. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (188) Section II. Navigation. Abschnitt II. Schiffahrt. (191) Chapitre I. Liberté de navigation. Kapitel I. Freiheit der Schiffahrt. (191) Chapitre II. Clauses relatives an Danube. Kapitel II. Bestimmungen über die Donau. (192) Chapitre III. Régime des eaux. Kapitel III. Wasserrechtliche Fragen. (197) Section III. Chemins de fer. Abschnitt III. Eisenbahnen. (198) Chapitre I. Liberté de transit pour l'Autriche vers l'Adriatique. Kapitel I. Freiheit der Durchfuhr für Österreich gegen das Adriatische Meer. (198) Chapitre II. Clauses relatives aux transports internationaux. Kapitel II. Bestimmungen über zwischenstaatliche Beförderung. (199) Chapitre III. Matériel roulant. Kapitel III. Rollendes Material. (201) Chapitre IV. Transfert de lignes de chemins de fer. Kapitel IV. Übertragung von Eisenbahnlinien. (201) Chapitre V. Dispositions concernant certaines lignes de chemins de fer. Kapitel V. Bestimmungen über einzelne Eisenbahnlinien. (202) Chapitre VI. Dispositions transitoires. Kapitel VI. Übergangsgbestimmungen. (205) Chapitre VII. Télégraphes et téléphones. Kapitel VII. Telegraph und Fernsprecher. (205) Section IV. Jugement des litiges et révision des clauses permanentes. Abschnitt IV. Entscheidung von Streitigkeiten und Nachprüfung der Bestimmungen mit dauernder Geltung. (207) Section V. Disposition particulière. Abschnitt V. Sonderbestimmung. (209) Part XIII. Labour. Partie XIII. Travail. XIII. Teil. Arbeit. (208) Section I. Organisation of Labour. Section I. Organisation du Travail. Abschnitt I. Organisation der Arbeit. (208) Chapter I. Organisation. Chapitre Premier. Organisation. Kapitel I. Organisation. (210) Chapter II. Procedure. Chapitre II. Fonctionnement. Kapitel II. Verfahren. (218) Chapter III. General. Chapitre III. Prescriptions Générales. Kapitel III. Allgemeine Vorschriften. (232) Chapter IV. Transitory Provisions. Chapitre IV. Mesures transitoires. Kapitel IV. Übergangsbestimmungen. (234) Annex. Annexe. Anlage. (234) Section II. General principles. Section II. Principes générales. Abschnitt II. Allgemeine Grundsätze. (236) Partie XIV. Clauses diverses. XIV. Teil. Verschiedene Bestimmungen. (240) Annexe. Anhang. (241) Protocole. Protokoll. (247) Déclaration. Erklärung. (249) Déclaration particulière. Besondere Erklärung. (250) Protocole de signature. Vollziehungsprotokoll. (251) Alphabetisches Nachschlageverzeichnis zum Staatsvertrag von St. Germein. ([I]) Inhaltsübersicht. (III) Vorwort zum Nachschlageverzeichnis. (IV) A. Verzeichnis der im Friedensvertrage genannten Verträge, Übereinkommen, Aktenstücke und historische Daten. (1) B. Übersicht über die Hinweise innerhalb des Friedensvertrages. (6) C. Alphabetisches Namensverzeichnis. (9) A. (9) B. (14) C. (18) D. (18) E. (20) F. (23) G. (26) H. (31) I. (33) J. (35) K. (36) L. (40) M. (42) N. (45) O. (46) P. (48) Q. (51) R. (51) S. (54) T. (62) U. (64) V. (66) W. (72) Z. (75)

BAND II. Bericht über die Tätigkeit der Deutschösterreichischen Friedensdelegation in St. Germain-en-Laye (-) Band II. (II. / 1919) ( - ) 5. Der zweite Teil der Friedensbedingungen. (1) 6. Die endgültigen Friedensbedingungen. (5) Beilage 55. Begleitnote zu den Friedensbedingungen vom 20. Juli. Conférence de la Paix. Le President. Paris, le 20 juillet 1919. Friedenskonferenz. Der Präsident. Paris, den 20. Juli 1919. (9) Beilage 56. Friedensbedingungen vom 20. Juli. Conditions de Paix avec l'Autriche. Bedingungen des Friedens mit Österreich. (10) Préambule. Einleitung. (10) Partie I. Pacte de la Société des Nations. Teil I. Völkerverbundssatzung. (10) Partie II. Frontières d'Autriche. Teil II. Grenzen Österreichs. (11) Partie III. Clauses politiques Européennes. Teil III. Politische Bestimmungen über Europa. (11) Section I. Italie. Abschnitt I. Italien. (11) Section II. État Serbe-Croate-Slovène. Abschnitt II. Serbisch-kroatisch-slowenischer Staat. (14) Section III. État tchéco-slovaque. Abschnitt III. Tschecho-slowakischer Staat. (15) Section IV. Roumanie. Abschnitt IV. Rumänien. (16) Section V. Clauses politiques concernant certains État d'Europe. Abschnitt V. Politische Bestimmungen über gewisse europäische Staaten. (17) Section VI. Protection des Minorités. Abschnitt VI. Schutz der Minderheiten. (18) Section VII. Dispositions générales. Abschnitt VII. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (19) Partie IV. Interêts Autrichiens hors d'Europe. Teil IV. Außereuropäische Interessen Österreichs. (19) Partie V. Clauses militaires, navales et aériennes. Teil V. Bestimmungen über Land-, See- und Luftstreitkräfte. (20) Partie VI. Prisonniers de guerre et sépultures. Teil VI. Kriegsgefangene und Grabstätten. (21) Partie VII. Sanctions. Teil VII. Strafbestimmungen. (22) Partie VIII. Réparations. Teil VIII. Wiedergutmachungen. (22) Partie IX. Clauses financières. Teil IX. Finanzielle Bestimmungen. (24) Partie X. Clauses économiques. Teil X. Wirtschaftliche Bestimmungen. (32) Section I. Relations commerciales. Abschnitt I. Handelsbeziehungen. (32) Section II. Traités. II. Abschnitt Verträge. (33) Section III. Dettes. III. Abschnitt. Schulden. (33) Section IV. Biens, droits et intéréts. Abschnitt IV. Eigentum, Rechte und Interessen. (34) Section V. Contrats, prescriptions, jugements. Abschnitt V. Verträge, Verjährung, Urteile. (39) Section VI. Tribunal arbitral mixte. Abschnitt VI. Gemischtes Schiedsgericht. (40) Section VII. Propriété industrielle. Abschnitt VII. Gewerbliches Eigentum. (40) Section VIII. Dispositions spéciales aux territoires transférés. Abschnitt VIII. Sonderbestimmungen für abgetrennte Gebiete. (42) Partie XI. Navigation aérienne. Teil XI. Luftschiffahrt. (45) Partie XII. Ports, voies d'eau et voies ferrées. Teil XII. Häfen, Wasserwege und Eisenbahnen. (45) Section I. Dispositions générales. Abschnitt I. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (45) Section II. Navigation. Abschnitt II. Schiffahrt. (46) Section III. Chemins de fer. Abschnitt III. Eisenbahnen. (47) Chapitres I-III. Kapitel I bis III. (47) Chapitre IV. Cession de lignes de chemins de fer. Kapitel IV. Abtretung von Eisenbahnlinien. (47) Chapitres V-VII. Kapitel V-VII. (48) Section IV. Jugement des litiges et revision des clauses permanentes. Abschnitt IV. Entscheidung von Streitigkeiten und Revision der dauernden Bestimmungen. (48) Section V. Dispositions particulières. Abschnitt V. Besondere Bestimmungen. (49) Partie XIII. Travail. Teil XIII. Arbeit. (49) Partie XIV. Clauses diverses. Teil XIV. Verschiedene Bestimmungen. (50) Beilage 57. Memorandum zu den Friedensbedingungen vom 20. Juli. Mémorandum. Memorandum. (51) Beilage 58. Erklärung über die Grenzsperre gegen Ungarn. Déclaration Particulière. Sondererklärung. (54) Beilage 59. Mitteilung über die zweite Reise des Staatskanzlers nach Feldkirch. Délégation de l'Autriche Allemande. No 800. Deutschösterreichische Delegation Z. 800. (55) Beilage 60. Zwölfte Note wegen der Ereignisse an der südslawischen Front. Délégation de l'Autriche Allemande. Nr. 776. Deutschösterreichische Delegation. Nr. 776. (56) Beilage 61. Note über die Kriegsgefangenen. Délégation de L'Autriche Allemande. No 833. Deutschösterreichische Delegation. Nr. 833. (58) Beilage 62. Ersuchen um Fristenverlängerung. Délégation de l'Autriche Allemande Nr. 791. Deutschösterreichische Delegation. Nr. 791. (61) Beilage 63. Ersuchen wegen der Lieferung von Kohle. Dèlégation de l'Autriche Allemande. Nr. 864. Deutschösterreichische Delegation. Z. 864. (63) Beilage 64. Übermittlung von Daten über die Kohlenversorgung Deutschösterreichs. Délégation l'Autriche Allemande. No. 891. Deutschösterreichische Delegation Z. 891. (66) Annexe. Beilage. (67) [Tabelle]: Charbon en dépôt (par tonnes) (70) Beilage 65. Antwort auf das Ersuchen um Verlängerung der Frist. Conférénce de la Paix. Secrétariat Géneral. Friedenskonferenz. Generalsekretariat. (71) Beilage 66. Vorlage des Schreibens des Staatskanzlers an den Präsidenten der Nationalversammlung. Délégation de l'Autriche Allemande. Nr. 917. Deutschösterreichische Delegation Nr. 917. (72) Lettre officielle adressée pa le Chancelier de l'Autriche Allemande et Secrétaire d'Etat aux Affaires Etrangères M. Charles Renner au Président de l'Assemblée Nationale M. Charles Seitz. Offizielles Schreiben des Staatskanzlers und Staatssekretärs für Äußeres von Deutsch-Österreich Dr. Karl Renner an den Präsidenten der Nationalversammlung Herrn Karl Seitz. (73) Beilage 67. Dreizehnte Note wegen der Ereignisse an der südslawischen Front. Délégation de l'Autriche Allemande. Nr. 948. Deutschösterreichische Delegation. Nr. 948. (76) Beilage 68. Antwort auf die Friedensbedingungen vom 20. Juli. Délégation de l'Autriche Allemande. No 914. Deutschösterreichische Delegation. Z. 914. (78) I. Obversations présentées par la Délégation Autrichienne Allemande sur l'ensemble des "Conditions de Paix" avec l'Autriche Allemande. I. Bemerkungen der deutschösterreichischen Deleagtion zur Gesamtheit der "Friedensbedingungen" mit Deutschösterreich. (92) Préambule. Einleitung. (93) Partie I. Pacte de la Société des Nations. I. Teil. Völkerbundvertrag. (95) Partie II. II. Teil. (96) Section I. Frontières de l'Autriche Allemande. Abschnitt I. Die Grenzen Deutschösterreichs. (96) [Tabelle]: Le Gouvernement tchéco-slovaque luiméme a publié comme résultat des élections communales les chiffres suivants: Die tschecho-slowakische Regierung selbst hat als Ergebnis dieser Gemeindewahlen folgende Zahlen bekanntgegeben: (96) Section II. Nationalité. Abschnitt II. Staatsangehörigkeit. (111) Partie III. Clauses politiques européennes. III. Teil. Politische Bestimmungen über Europa. (118) Section VI. Protection des minorités. Sektion VI. Minoritätenschutz. (118) Partie IV. Interêts autrichiens hors d'Europe. IV. Teil. Interessen Österreichs außerhalb Europas. (123) Partie V. Clauses militaires, navales et aériennes. V. Teil. Bestimmungen über Land-, See- und Luftstreitkräfte. (124) Section I. Clauses militaires. Abschnitt I. Militärische Bestimmungen. (124) Section II. Clauses navales. Abschnitt II. Bestimmungen über die Seestreitkräfte. (127) Section III. Clauses concernant l'aéronautique militaire et navale. Abschnitt III. Bestimmungen über Heeres- und Marine-Luftfahrtwesen. (128) Section IV. Les disposition concernant les commission de contrôle. Abschnitt IV. Bestimmungen über die Kontrollkommission. (130) Section V. Clauses Générales. Abschnitt V. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (131) Partie VI. Prisonniers de guerre et sépultures. VI. Teil. Kriegsgefangene und Grabstätten. (136) Partie VII. Sanctions. VII. Teil. Strafbestimmungen. (138) Partie VIII. Réparations. VIII. Teil Wiedergutmachungen. (140) Section I. Dispositions générales. Abschnitt I. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (140) [Tabelle]: Voici les prévisions du budget pour l'année 1919-20: Das Budget für das Jahr 1919/20 präliminiert folgende Staatseinnahmen: (141) Annexe III. Annex III. (143) Annexe IV. Annex IV. (148) Annexe V. Annex V. (149) Sextion II. Dispositions particulières. II. Abschnitt. Besondere Bestimmungen. (150) Partie IX. Clauses financières. IX. Teil. Finanzielle Bestimmungen. (164) Article 199. Première Partie: Dettes gagées d'avant-guerre. Artikel 199. I. Sichergestellte Vorkriegsschulden. (166) Deuxième Partie: Dettes non gagées d'avant-guerre. II. Nicht sichergestellte Vorkriegsschulden. (168) Article 201. Dette de guerre. Artikel 201 Kriegsschuld. (171) [Tabelle]: Les charges qui résulteraient, par application duprésent Article, pour l'Autriche Allemande se composeraient: Die Belastung Deutschösterreichs würde sich nach den Bestimmungen des gegenwärtigen Artikels zusammensetzen: (178) Parties X et XII. Clauses économiques et ports, voies d'eau et voies ferrées. X. und XII. Teil. Wirtschaftliche Bestimmungen und Häfen, Wasserwege und Eisenbahnen. (195) Partie XI. Navigation aérienne. XI. Teil. Luftschiffahrt. (196) Partie XIII. Travail. XIII. Teil. Arbeit. (197) Partie XIV. Clauses Diverses. XIV. Teil. Verschiedene Bestimmungen. (200) Annexe a Annexe b Beilage a Beilage b (201) Annexe c Mémoire sur la Styrie. Beilage c. Denkschrift über Steiermark. (202) Annexe d. Mémoire sur la vallée Sexten. Beilage d. Denkschrift über das Sextental. (208) Annexe e. Protestations signées par toutes les communes du Tyrol méridional actuellement occupé par l'Italie. Beilage e. Protesterklärungen, unterfertigt von allen Gemeinden des gegenwärtig von Italien besetzten Südtirol. (210) Résolution votée le 4 juillet 1919 par la Diète du Tyrol dans une séance spéciale convoquée a ce dessein. Entschließung, gefaßt durch den Tiroler Landtag am 4. Juli 1919 in einer zu diesem Anlasse einberufenen besonderen Sitzung. (212) Annexe f. Partie VI. Prisonniers de guerre sépultures. f. VI. Teil. Kriegsgefangene und Grabstätten. (213) Section I. Prisonniers de guerre. Beilage. Abschnitt I. Kriegsgefangene. (213) Section II. Sépultures. Abschnitt II. Grabstätten. (217) Annexe g. (à la Partie VIII, Section II). Dichiarazione. Beilage g. (zum VIII. Teil, Abschnitt II). Erklärung. (218) Annexe h. L'Autriche Allemande et la Dette Publique des deux États ayant composé la Monarchie austrohongroise. Beilage h. Deutschösterreich und die Staatsschulden der beiden Staaten der österreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie. (219) Préface. Einleitung. (219) Chapitre 1. Les bases juridiques. I. Kapitel. Die rechtlichen Grundlagen. (220) [2 Tabelle]: (1)La superficie des territoires était la suivante: Die Staatsterritorien umfaßten: (2)La population (d'aprés l'état du 31 décembre 1913) était la suivante: Die Bevölkerung (berechnet für den 31. Dezember 1913) betrug: (221) Chapitre 2. Les différentes nations de l'Autriche et l'État. II. Kapitel. Die Nationen Österreichs und der Staat. (224) [Tabelle]: À la suite des derniéres élections pour le Reichsrat les partis se groupaient au point de vue national suit: Nach den letzten Reichsratswahlen (1911) bestand folgende Gliederung der Parteien nach nationalen Gesichtspunkten: (225) Chapitre 3. Les bases légales des dettes de guerre. III. Kapitel. Die Bewilligung der Kriegsschulden. (226) Chapitre 4. Le caractère économique des emprunts de guerre. IV. Kapitel. Der ökonomische Charakter der Kriegsschulden. (229) [Tabelle]: Ad a) Les dettes nées avant la guerre s'élevaient d'après le dernier relevé: Ad a) Die Vorkriegsschulden betragen nach dem neuesten Stande: (233) Chapitre 5. Mode d'emploi du produit des emprunts. V. Kapitel. Die Verwendung der Anlehenserlöse. (234) [Tabelle]: Verbindlichkeiten am 31. Oktober 1918 (234) [Tabelle]: Ces dépenses purement miltaires se sont élevées: Diese militärischen Kriegsausgaben betrugen vom Kriegsbeginn bis zum Dissolutionstage (31. Oktober 1918): (235) Chapitre 6. La répudiation des dettes publiques; ses conséquences. VI. Kapitel. Die Folgen der Schuldableugnung. (239) Chapitre 7. Droit des Gens et Pratique Internationale. VII. Kapitel. Völkerrecht und Staatenpraxis. (243) Chapitre 8. Conclusions. VIII. Kapitel. Folgerungen. (246) [2 Tabellen]: (1)A. Les dettes guerre groupées d'après leur nature, arrêtées au 31 octobre 1918. (2)B. Les dettes de guerre groupées d'aprrès leur valeur monétaire, arrêtées au 31 octobre 1918. (248) [2 Tabelle]: (1)A. Kriegsschulden, geordnet nach Schuldarten. (Stand am 31. October 1918.) (2)B. Kriegsschulden, geordnet nach Währungen. (Stand am 31. Oktober 1918.) (249) [Tabelle]: La population de la Monarchie Austro-Hongroise. (250) [Tabelle]: Bevölkerungsdaten der österreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie. (251) [Tabelle]: Annexe i. /à la Partie IX). Comparaison de chiffres des états de la Banque Austro-Hongroise du 31 Octobre 1918 et du 15 Juillet 1919. Beilage i. (zum IX. Teil). Vergleichung der Ziffern der Ausweise der Oesterreichisch-ungarischen Bank vom 31. Oktober 1918 und vom 15. Juli 1919. (252) II. Rédations résultant des Observations de la Délégation Autrichienne Allemande et soumises à l'appreéciation du Conseil suprême des Puissances alliées et associées. II. Text der Gegenvorschläge. Ergebnisse der Bemerkungen der deutschösterreichischen Delegation unterbreitet dem Obersten Rat der alliierten und assoziierten Mächte. (254) Partie II. Frontières de l'Autriche Allemande. II. Teil. Grenzen Deutschösterreichs. (256) Section II. Nationalité. Abschnitt II. Staatsangehörigkeit. (262) Partie III. Clauses politiques européennes. III. Teil. Politische Bestimmungen über Europa. (265) Section I. Italie. Abschnitt I. Italien. (265) Section II. État serbe-croate-slovène. Abschnitt II. Serbisch-kroatisch-slowenischer Staat. (267) Section III. Ètat tchéco-slovaque. Abschnitt III. Tschecho-slowakischer Staat. (270) Section IV. Roumanie. Abschnitt IV. Rumänien. (272) Section V. Clauses politiques concernant certains états d'europe. Abschnitt V. Politische Bestimmungen, betreffend verschiedene europäische Staaten: (273) Section VII. Dispositions générales. Abschnitt VII. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (275) Neutralité du Tyrol. Abschnitt VIII. Neutralität Tirols. (275) Section IX. Plébiscite. AbschnittIX. Volksabstimmung. (276) Article I. Territoires soumis au plébiscite. Artikel I. Gebiete, in denen die Volksabstimmung stattfindet. (276) Article II. Puissance occupante. Artikel II. Okkupierende Macht. (276) Article III. Profession de nationalité. Artikel III. Staatsbürgerschaftserklärung. Article IV. Sujets appelés à professer leur nationalité. Artikel IV. Die zum Bekenntnis der Volkszugehörigkeit berufenen Personen. (277) Article V. Lieu de la profession. Artikel V. Ort der Ablegung des Bekenntnisses. (277) Article VI. Moment de la profession. Artikel VI. Zeit der Ablegung des Bekenntnisses. Article VII. Forme et contenu de la profession. Artikel VII. Form und Inhalt des Bekenntnisses. (278) Article VIII. Commission internationale. Sa composition. Artikel VIII. Internationale Kommission. Ihre Zusammensetzung. (278) Article IX. Commission internationale. Ses tâches. Artikel IX. Internationale Kommission. Ihre Aufgaben. (279) Article X. Profession des communes. Artikel X. Bekenntnis der Gemeinden. Article XI. Fixation des frontières des Ètats. Artikel XI. Festsetzung der Staatsgrenzen. (280) Article XII. Disposition spéciales pour les enclaves. Artikel XII. Spezielle Bestimmungen für Enklaven. Article XIII. Immunité de la profession de nationalié. Artikel XIII. Immunität des Nationalitätsbekenntnisses. Article XIV. Temps nécessaire à accorder pour la profession. Artikel XIV. Einräumung der zur Abgabe des Nationalitätsbekenntnisses notwendigen Zeit. (281) Article XV. Dispositions Pénnales. Artikel XV. Strafbestimmungen. (282) Article XVI. Procedure judicaire. Artikel XVI. Gerichtsverfahren. (283) Article XVII. Résultat du plébiscite. Artikel XVII. Ergebnis der Volksabstimmung. (284) Partie IV. Intérêts Autrichiens hors d'Europe. IV. Teil. Außereuropäische Interessen Österreichs. (285) Section I. Maroc. Abschnitt I. Marokko. (285) Section II. Égypte. Abschnitt II. Ägypten. (286) Section III. Siam. Abschnitt III. Siam. (287) Section IV. Chine. Abschnitt IV. China. (288) Partie V. Clauses militaires, navales et aériennes. V. Teil. Bestimmungen über Land-, See- und Luftstreitkräfte. (290) Section I. Clauses militaires. Abschnitt I. Militärische Bestimmungen. (290) Chapitre premier. Clauses générales. Kapitel I. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (290) Chapitre III. Recrutement et instruction militaire. Kapitel III. Heeresergänzung und militärische Ausbildung. (291) Section II. Clauses navales. Abschnitt II. Bestimmungen über die Seestreitkräfte. (293) Section III. Clauses concernant l'aéronautique militaire et Navale. Abschnitt III. Bestimmungen über Heer- und Marineflugwesen. (294) Section IV. Commission interalliées de contrôle. Section V. Clauses générales. Abschnitt IV. Interalliierte Überwachungskommission. Abschnitt V. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (295) Beilage 69. Mitteilung der Beschlüsse des Hauptausschusses. Délégation de l'Autriche Allemande. No. 982. Deutschösterreichische Delegation. Z. 982. (296) Beilage 70. Délégation de la Republique de l'Autriche Allemande. No. 997. Delegation der Republik Deutschösterreich. Z. 997. (299) I. Texte des conditions de Paix avec l'Autriche Allemande. / Modifications résultant des contre-propositions. I. Text der Friedensbedingungen mit Deutschösterreich. / Abänderungen gemäß den Gegenvorschlägen. (300) II. Texte des conditions de paix avec l'Autriche-Allemande. / Texte du traité de paix avec l'Allemagne. II. Text der Friedensbedingungen mit Deutschösterreich / Text des Friedensvertrages mit Deutschland. (302) Beilage 71. Zweiter Nachtrag zur Antwort auf die Friedensbedingungen vom 20. Juli. Délégation de la République de l'Autriche Allemande. No. 996. Delegation der Republik Deutschösterreich. Nr. 996. (304) Délégation de la République de l'Autriche Allemande. Partie orientale du Comitat de Wieselburg. Delegation der Republik Deutschösterreich. Der östliche Teil des Komitates Wieselburg. (305) [Tabelle]: Les produits provenant du Comitat de Wieselburg et disponibles en temps de paix pour la consomation de Vienne et de l'Autriche ont été appréciés au montant des chiffres suivants: Die im Komitat Wieselburg gewonnenen Produkte, die in Friedenszeiten für den Konsum von Wien und Österreich verfügbar waren, sind auf nachfolgende Ziffern geschätzt worden: (305) Beilage 72. Bitte um Ermächtigung zur Herstellung der Ordnung in Deutschwestungarn. Délégation de l'Autriche Allemande. No. 1021. Deutschösterreichische Delegation. Nr. 1031. (307) Beilage 73. Begleitnote zu den Friedensbedingungen vom 2. September. Conférence de la Paix. Le Président. Lettre d'envoi au Président de la Délégation autrichienne de la réponse des Puissances alliées et associées. Friedenskonferenz. Der Präsident. Begleitworte zur Antwort der alliierten und assoziierten Mächte an den Präsidenten der österreichischen Deleagtion. (310) Beilage 74. Antwort auf die Bemerkungen zu den Friedensbedingungen vom 20. Juli. Réponse des Puissances alliées et associées aux remarques de la délégation autrichienne sur les conditions de paix. Antwort der alliierten und assoziierten Mächte zu den Bemerkungen der österreichischen Delegation über die Friedensbedingungen. (318) Partie II. Frontières de l'Autriche. II. Teil. Grenzen Österreichs. (318) I. Frontière entre l'Autriche et l'État Tchéco-slovaque. I. Die Grenze zwischen Österreich und dem tschecho-slowakischen Staat. (319) II. Frontière l'Autriche et al Hongrie. II. Grenzen zwischen Österreich und Ungarn. (320) III. Frintière entre l'Autriche et l'État Serbe-Croate-Slovène. III. Grenze zwischen Österreich und dem serbo-kroatisch-slowenischen Staate. (320) Styrie. Steiermark. (321) Carinthie. Kärnten. (322) IV. Frontière entre l'Autriche et l'Italie. IV. Grenze zwischen Österreich und Italien. (323) Partie III. Clauses politiques. III. Teil. Politische Klauseln. (323) Section I. Italie. Abbschnitt I. Italien. (323) Section V. Protection des minorités. Abschnitt V. Schutz der Minderheiten. (324) Section VI. Nationalités. Abschnitt VI. Staatsbürgerschaft. (325) Section VIII. Dispositions Générales. Abschnitt VIII. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (327) Partie IV. Intérêts autrichiens hors d'Europe. IV. Teil. Österreichische Interessen außerhalb Europas. (327) Partie V. Clauses militaires, navales et aériennes. V. Teil. Bestimmungen über Land-, See- und Luftstreitkräfte. (329) Clauses militaires. Bestimmungen über Landstreitkräfte. (330) Clauses navales. Schiffahrtsbestimmungen. (331) Clauses aèriennes. Bestimmungen über das Flugwesen. (332) Clauses générales. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (335) Partie VI. Prisonniers de guerre. VI. Teil. Kriegsgefangene. (335) Partie VII. Sanctions. VII. Teil. Strafbestimmungen. (337) Partie VIII. Réparations. VIII. Teil. Wiedergutmachungen. (339) I. Observations Générales. I. Allgemeine Bemerkungen. (339) II. Examen Détaillé. II. Besonderer Teil. (341) Partie IX. Clauses financières. IX. Teil. Finanzielle Klauseln. (344) Partie X. Clauses économiques. X. Teil. Wirtschaftliche Bestimmungen. (349) I. Réglementations, Txes et Restrictions Douanières. I. Zollregelung, Zölle und Zollbeschränkungen. (349) II. Concurrence deloyale. II. Unlauterer Wettbewerb. (351) III. Traitement des Ressortissants des Puissances Alliées et associées. III. Behandlung der Angehörigen der verbündeten und assoziierten Mächte. (351) IV. Traités. IV. Verträge. (352) V. Dettes (Section III). V. Schulden (Abschnitt III). (354) VI. Biens, Droits et intérêts (section IV). VI. Eigentum, Rechte und Interessen. (Abschnitt IV.) (357) VII. Contrats, prescriptions et jugements (section V). VII. Verträge, Verjährung, Urteile (Abschnitt V). (362) VIII. Tribunal arbitral mixte (section VI). VIII. Gemischtes Schiedsgericht (Abschnitt VI). (363) IX. Propriété Industrielle (Section VII). IX. Gewerbliches Eigentum (Abschnitt VII). (364) Partie XII. Ports, voies d'eau, voies ferrées. XII. Teil. Häfen, Wasserwege, Eisenbahnen. (366) Partie XIII. Travail. Teil XIII. Arbeit. (372) Beilage 75. Friedensbedingungen vom 2. und 10. September. [Conditions de paix avec l'Autriche.] [Bedingungen des Friedens mit Österreich.] (374) Préambule. Einleitung. (374) Part I. The Convenant of the League of Nations. Partie I. Pacte de la Société des Nations. I. Teil Völkerverbundssatzung. (382) Annex. I. Original Members of the League of Nations Annexe. I. Membres originaires de la Société des Nations Anhang. I. Ursprüngliche Mitglieder des Völkerbundes (406) Partie II. Frontières d'Autriche. II. Teil. Österreichs Grenzen. (408) Partie III. Clauses politiques européennes. III. Teil. Politische Bestimmungen über Europa. (415) Section I. Italie. Abschnitt I. Italien. (415) Section II. État serbe-croate-slovène. Abschnitt II. Serbisch-kroatisch-slowenischer Staat. (418) Section III. État Tchéco-Slovaque. Abschnitt II. Tschecho-slowakischer Staat. (423) Section IV. Roumanie. Abschnitt IV. Rumänien. (424) Section V. Protection des Minorités. Abschnitt V. Schutz der Minderheiten. (425) Section VI. Clauses concernant la nationalité. Abschnitt VI. Bestimmungen, betreffend die Staatsangehörigkeit. (428) Section VII. Clauses politiques concernant certains Etats d'Europe. Abschnitt VII. Politische Bestimmungen über gewisse europäische Staaten. (431) 1. Belgique. 1. Belgien. 2. Luxembourg. 2. Luxemburg. 3. Sleswig. 3. Schleswig. 4. Turquie et Bulgarie. 4. Türkei und Bulgarien. (431) 5. Russie et États russes. 5. Rußland und russische Staaten. (432) Section VIII. Dispositions Générales. Abschnitt VIII. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (432) Partie IV. Intérêts Autrichiens hors d'Europe. IV. Teil. Außereuropäische Interessen Österreichs. (434) Section I. Maroc. Abschnitt I. Marokko. (434) Section II. Égypte. Abschnitt II. Ägypten. (436) Section III. Siam. Abschnitt III. Siam. (438) Section IV. Chine. Abschnitt IV. China. (438) Partie V. Clauses militaires, navales et aériennes. V. Teil. Bestimmungen über Land-, See- und Luftstreitkräfte. (440) Section I. Clauses militaires. Abschnitt I. Bestimmungen über das Landheer. (440) Chapitre I. Clauses générales. Kapitel I. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (440) Chapitre II. Effectifs et encardrement de l'armée autrichienne. Kapitel II. Stärke und Einteilung des österreichischen Heeres. (441) Chapitre III. Recrutement et instruction militaire. Kapitel III. Heeresergänzung und militärische Ausbildung. (442) Chapitre IV. Écoles, Établissements d'enseignement, sociétés et associations militaires. Kapitel IV. Militärische Schulen, Unterrichtsanstalten, Gesellschaften und Vereine. (443) Chapitre V. Armement, munitions, matériel et fortifications. Kapitel V. Bewaffnung, Munition, Material und Befestigung. (443) [Tabelle]: Tableau I. Composition et effectifs maxima d'une division d'infanterie. Übersicht I. Zusammenstellung und Höchststände einer Infanteriedivision. (446) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Tableau II. Composition et effectifs maxima d'une division de cavalerie. Übersicht II. Zusammensetzung und Höchststände einer Kavalleriedivision. (2)Tableau III. Composition et effectifs maxima d'une brigade mixte. Übersicht III. Zusammensetzung und Höchststände einer gemischten Briagde. (447) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Tableau IV. Effectif minimum des unité quelle que soit l'organisation adoptée dans l'armeé. Übersicht IV. Mindeststände der Einheiten ohne Rücksichtnahme auf die im Heere eingeführte Organsisation. (2)Tableau V. Maximum d'armement et d'approvisionnement en munitions autorisées. Übersicht V. Zugelassene Höchststände an Waffen und Munition. (448) Section II. Clauses navales. Abschnitt II. Bestimmungen über die Seestreitkräfte. (449) Section III. Clauses concernant l'aéronautique militaire et navale. Abschnitt III. Bestimmungen über militärische und Seeluftfahrt. (450) Section IV. Commission interalliées de contrôle. Abschnitt IV. Interalliierte Überwachungsausschüsse. (452) Section V. Clauses générales. Abschnitt V. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (454) Partie VI. Prisonniers de guerre et sépultures. Teil VI. Kriegsgefangene und Grabstätten. (455) Section I. Prisonniers de guerre. Abschnitt I. Kriegsgefangene. (455) Section II. Sépultures. Abschnitt II. Grabstätten. (458) Partie VII. Sanctions. Teil VII. Strafbestimmungen. (458) Partie VIII. Réparations. VIII. Teil. Wiedergutmachungen. (460) Section I. Dispositions générales. Abschnitt I. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (460) Annexe I. Anlage I. (464) Annexe II. Analge II. (466) Annexe III. Anlage III. (474) Annexe IV. Analge IV. (477) [Tabelle]: A titre d'avance immédiate,. Als sofortige Abschlagslieferung. (479) Annexe V. Anlage V. (480) Annexe VI. Anlage VI. (481) Section II. Dispositions particulières. II. Abschnitt. Besondere Bestimmungen. (482) Annexe I. Anlage I. (484) Toscane. Toskana. (484) Modène. Modena. (484) Palerme. Palermo. Naples. Neapel. (485) Annexe II. Anlage II. (485) Annexe III. Anlage III. Annexe IV. Anlage IV. (486) Partie IX. Clauses Financières. IX. Teil. Finanzielle Bestimmungen. (486) Annexe. Anlage. (491) Annexe. Anlage. (497) Partie X. Clauses économiques. Teil X. Wirtschaftliche Bestimmungen. (503) Section I. Relations commerciales. Abschnitt I. Handelsbeziehungen. (503) Chapitre I. Réglementation, taxes et restrictions douanières. Kapitel I. Zollregelung, Zollabgaben und Zollbeschränkungen. (503) Chapitre II. Traitement de la navigation. Kapitel II. Behandlung der Schiffahrt. (507) Chapitre III. Concurrence déloyale. Kapitel III. Unlauterer Wettbewerb. (507) Chapitre IV. Traitement des ressortissants des puissances alliées et associées. Kapitel IV. Behandlung der Staatsangehörigen der alliierten und assoziierten Mächte. (508) Chapitre V. Clauses générales. Kapitel V. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (509) Section II. Traités. Abschnitt II. Staatsverträge. (510) Section III. Dettes. Abschnitt III. Schulden. (516) Annexe. Anlage. (519) Section IV. Biens, Droits et Intérêts. Abschnitt IV. Güter, Rechte und Interessen. (525) Annexe. Anlage. (530) Section V. Contrats, prescriptions, jugements. Abschnitt V. Verträge, Verjährung, Urteile. (536) Annexe. Anlage. (539) I. Dispositions générales. I. Allgemeine Vorschriften. (539) II. Dispositions particulières à certaines catégories de contrats. II. Besondere Vorschriften über bestimmte Vertragsgattungen. (540) Positions dans les Bourses de valeurs et de commerce. Verträge an der Effekten- und Produktenbörse. (540) Gage. Verpfändung. (541) Effects de commerce. Handelspapiere. (541) III. Contrats dassurances. III. Versicherungsverträge. (542) Assurances contre l'incendie. Feuerversicherungen. (542) Assurances sur al vie. Lebensversicherungen. (543) Assurances maritimes. Seeversicherungen. (544) Autres assurances. Andere Versicherungen. (545) Réassurances. Rückversicherungen. (545) Section VI. Tribunal Arbitral Mixte. Abschnitt VI. Gemischter Schiedsgerichtshof. (546) Annexe. Anlage. (548) Section VII. Propriété industrielle. Abschnitt VII. Gewerbliches Eigentum. (549) Section VIII. Dispositions spéciales aux territoires transférés. Abschnitt VIII. Sonderbestimmungen für übertragene Gebiete. (555) Partie XI. Navigation Aérienne. Teil XI. Luftschiffahrt. (561) Partie XII. Ports, voies d'eau et voies ferrées. Teil XII. Häfen, Wasserstraßen und Eisenbahnen. (562) Section I. Dispositions générales. Abschnitt I. Allgemeine Bestimmungen. (562) Section II. Navigation. Abschnitt II. Schiffahrt. (565) Chapitre I. Liberté de navigation. Kapitel I. Freiheit der Schiffahrt. (565) Chapitre II. Clauses relatives au Danube. Kapitel II. Bestimmungen über die Donau. (566) Chapitre III. Régime des eaux. Kapitel III. Wasserrechtliche Fragen. (571) Section III. Chemins de fer. Abschnitt III. Eisenbahnen. (572) Chapitre I. Liberté de transit pour l'Autriche vers l'Adriatique. Kapitel I. Freiheit der Durchfuhr für Österreich gegen das Adriatische Meer. (572) Chapitre II. Clauses relatives aux transports internationaux. Kapitel II. Bestimmungen über zwischenstaatliche Beförderung. (573) Chapitre III. Matériel roulant. Kapitel III. Rollendes Material. (575) Chapitre IV. Transfert de lignes de chemins de fer. Kapitel IV. Übertragung von Eisenbahnlinien. (575) Chapitre V. Dispositions concernant certaines lignes de chemins de fer. Kapitel V. Bestimmungen über einzelne Eisenbahnlinien. (576) Chapitre VI. Dispositions transitoires. Kapitel VI. Übergangsbestimmungen. (579) Chapitre VII. Télégraphes et téléphones. Kapitel VII. Fernschreiber und Fernsprecher. (579) Section IV. Jugement des litiges et révision des clauses permanentes. Abschnitt IV. Entscheidung von Streitigkeiten und Nachprüfung der Bestimmungen mit dauernder Geltung. (581) Part XIII. Labour. Partie XIII. Travail. XIII. Teil. Arbeit. (582) Section I. Organisation of Labour. Section I. Organisation du Travail. Abschnitt I. Organisation der Arbeit. (582) Chapter I. Organisation. Chapitre Premier. Organisation. Kapitel I. Organisation. (584) Chapter II. Procedure. Chapitre II. Fonctionnement. Kapitel II. Verfahren. (592) Chapter III. general. Chapitre III. Prescriptions Générales. Kapitel III. Allgemeine Vorschriften. (606) Chapter IV. Transistory Provisions. Chapitre IV. Mesures transitoires. Kapitel IV. Übergangsbestimmungen. (608) Annex. Annexe. Anlage. (608) Section II. General principles. Section II. Principes généraux. Abschnitt II. Allgemeine Grundsätze. (610) Partie XIV. Clauses diverses. XIV. Teil. Verschiedene Bestimmungen. (614) Beilage 76. Entwurf eines Protokolls vom 2. September. Protocole. Protokoll. (621) Beilage 77. Entwurf einer Erklärung vom 2. September. Déclaration. Erklärung. (622) Beilage 78. Entwürfe einer besonderen Erklärung vom 2. und 10. September. Déclaration particulière. Besondere Erklärung. (623) Beilage 79. Ersuchen um Verlängerung der Frist zur Unterzeichnung. Délégation de l'Autriche Allemande. No. 1162. Deutschösterreichische Deleagtion Z. 1162. (624) Beilage 80. Verlängerung der Frist zur Unterzeichnung. Conférence de la Paix. Friedenskonferenz. (626) Beilage 81. Mitteilung über die Bereitwilligkeit zur Unterezeichnung und Übermittlung der Proteste der Nationalversammlung und der Ländervertreter. Délégation de l'Autriche Allemande. No. 1176. Deutschösterreichische Delegation. (627) Annexe 1. Déclaration de l'Assemblée nationale. Anlage 1. Beschluß der Nationalversammlung. (628) Annexe 2. Protestation des pays autrichiens allemands. Anlage 2. Protest der Länder Deutschösterreichs. (630) Beilage 82. Mitteilung über textliche Änderungen in den zu unterzeichnenden Urkunden. Conférence de la Paix. Secrétariat général, Quai d'Orsay. Friedenskonferenz. Generalsekretariat d'Orsay. (632) Beilage 83. Verzeichnis der Berichtigungen. Conférence de la Paix Secrétariat général Quai d'Orsay. Friedenskonferenz Generalsekretariat Quai d'Orsay. (633) Anmerkung: (633) Corrections typographiques à apporter au texte français des "Conditions de Paix avec l'Autriche" (634) Beilage 84. Bestätigung der Übereinstimmung der Texte vom 2. und 10. September. Conférence de la Paix. Le Président. Friedenskonferenz. Der präsident. (636) Beilage 85. Ansprache des Präsidenten der Friedenskonferenz vom 10. September. (637) [Karte]: Die Grenze an der March und die Gegend von Feldsberg und Hohenau. ( - ) [Karte]: Das Abstimmungsgebiet in Kärten. ( - ) [Karte]: Die Gegend von Gmünd. ( - ) Einband ( - ) Einband ( - )

2012/2013 ; There is an increasingly widespread acknowledgement among all active actors in the development co-operation sector that the Public Private Partnership (PPP) can be a new important tool, not only to build important infrastructure (public works) but also to provide services to the citizens at central and local level as well as to have a strategic value in the Cross-Border Co-operation (CBC) in the next future. The European Commission defines PPPs in a rather broad and general way without giving a proper legal definition of this partnership. For the EU PPP is a form of cooperation between public authorities and economic operators concerning design, funding, execution, renovation or exploitation (operation and maintenance) of public infrastructure, or the provision of public utility service. However, there is not a uniform, common definition of this form of partnership. Considering the present global economic and financial crisis affecting almost all the regions of the world and bearing in mind that the public resources destined on development cooperation are decreasing more and more, building partnerships and synergies between these two ranges of actors is not only a great possibility but a compelling necessity in order to continue to sustain the development cooperation sector. This is also a good chance for both public and private sector, not only to mutually reinforce each other but also to learn lessons and best practices from one another. The PPPs, in fact, if applied correctly, enable a reduction in total costs, better distribution of risks, a more rapid execution of public services and activities, as well as a better quality of offered services and implemented activities. Not to mention the fact that the overcoming of the rigid distinction between public and private opens the possibility to find solutions and to respond to questions that the public administration itself is not able to answer independently. In international cooperation and in particular in the cross-border cooperation, more and more public administrations in beneficiary and donor countries are acknowledging the subsidiary role of civil society and private sector in the activities of general interest, and therefore, also in the delivery of public functions and services. Considering the extensive work experience in the international development cooperation sector with the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and other International Organizations in different areas in the world, i.e. OSCE, believing on the utility and potentiality of this instrument and directly verified that it could be more utilized in the international cooperation, it was decided to analyse the use of PPPs in this sector with a special focus on IPA CBC Programme. In fact, the scope of the dissertation and of the implementation of its conclusions is steaming from the author interest and working ties. Indeed, the author is living and working in Albania and has a huge experience on it due to the fact that she was the Albania Desk Officer for the Italian Development Cooperation for several years. She is also studying the Albanian language and she is very fascinated from the history of this small country so close, not only geographically speaking, to Italy. The focus on Macedonia as neighbour country is due simply to the fact that to collect information on this IPA CBC Programme was easier than others similar financial instruments. Building on extensive field experience, this dissertation will try to answer the following question: 'Which is the winner strategy to increase the effectiveness of the CBC projects through the use of PPP?'. The thesis overall objective is to identify a set of strategies that can enhance the effectiveness of cross-border cooperation through the use of the PPP instrument, beyond specific cross-border project interventions that until now have mainly been carried out though institutional channels and implemented through European projects and programs. The strategies that the conclusion of the dissertation draws are based on the SWOT analysis of five projects funded by the EU through the IPA CBC Albania – Macedonia during the 2007-2013 programming period and the consequent elaboration of the results. These strategies would hence open up new possibilities for the development of CBC's activities applicable in the ambit of the EU's regional policy 2014-2020, without necessarily relying upon more EU financial means. This is also in line, with the EU auspices for the CBC not to be just another way to access funding but rather to become a model of cross-border cooperation sustainable on its own devise. The dissertation is based on collection and analysis of data available within the existing legal-institutional framework and will make use of the investigative qualitative method with the aim of verifying the hypothesis mentioned above. The thesis envisages a number of working phases chronologically distinct and mutually supportive and it is based on the utilisation of a number of diverse theoretic constructs and methodologies. The dissertation makes use of different sources such as for instance existing literature, statistics, on line documentation available and its content is conducted on the various official documents and projects documentation obtainable. The results are cross referenced and presented based on a SWOT analysis and process of data/results interpretation. As far as the structure of the work is concerned, the first Chapter, after an analysis of the theoretical tools supporting PPP, presents a background and an overview of the PPP in Europe, and the way it is applied in the context of international cooperation and cross-border cooperation; this is to understand how it was established and what its original objectives were, and to explain its evolution up to now. In particular, the chapter after shows that PPP was born in '30s mostly linked to the energetic and mining sectors, it presents that PPPs are growing and are seen as an important instrument of economic and social development also in the international and cross-border cooperation. It is seen that an instrument which opens the way to potential PPPs is the Inter-Municipal Cooperation Instrument (IMC) which permits to bridge the gaps in the municipalities and make them stronger also in applying to donor funds. Through this instrument established by the Council of Europe (CoE) the municipalities can also sub-contract a private company or creating an IMC entity constitutes a viable market attracting private investors. PPP is also encouraged by United Nations (UN) since 1999 through the 'Global Compact' project and different are the example of PPP around the world established by various UN Agencies. It can be affirmed that PPP is considered useful in the public sector also because can contribute in solving difficulties caused from public balance cuts as well as to overcome the bureaucratic and the scarcity of technical and management competencies of the public administration. The PPP is therefore an actual, innovative and complementary instrument to promote development, reforms as well as investments, policies and good practises in different sectors including the development cooperation also at trans-border level. Therefore, thanks to PPP it can be affirmed that the private sector also has become at all its effects a privileged actor of the international development cooperation. The second Chapter of the dissertation analyses the European Policies interconnecting PPP and their related instruments, as well as more in detail how these policies have applied PPPs in the cross-border cooperation as well as how CBC became more explicit in the EU context and in particular in the context of the stabilisation and association processes. In fact, starting from the 1950 Schuman Declaration, the chapter introduces the founding EEC Treaty, examines the Single European Act and analyses the European Cohesion Policy (or Regional Policy). In addition the chapter views the European Enlargement Policy (Pre-accession Policy) analysing the three membership criteria established during the Copenhagen European Council in 1993, the various stages of the membership process and the reasons for further enlargement taking into consideration the historic enlargement of 2004, the different strategic objectives involved in it and its new approach in view of the so-called Arab Spring. In addition, the chapter analyses the European Neighbourhood Policy (Proximity Policy) as well as its related instruments, with regard to both its partner countries and candidate states. Moreover the chapter identifies the possibilities of PPP within the EU's financial instruments that are currently being concluded. Even where those policies do not provide explicitly the adoption of PPP instrument, it is however not excluded. This means that the policies at issue give valuable support to the adoption and use of PPP. The dissertation is interested in to give evidence of the strong points of PPP application, and shows that, when there is a lack of applied PPP framework, as it is the case of the country cases (Albania and Macedonia) under analysed, the CBC component of IPA programme may be due not to give envisaged results to achieve the objectives. After having looked into the European policies intersecting PPPs and CBC, the third Chapter introduces a brief analysis of the concept of border, not only in the physical administrative sense, due to the fact that this concept is a key element to understand the cross-border co-operation processes existing in the EU and in general all over the world. With this aim in mind, after studying the main theoretical approaches on this domain, the analysis focuses on the cross-border co-operation not only in its theoretical dimension but also in its deriving pragmatic aspects. The analysis of the border concept and of the border and peripheral area, as well as the general theory of the system applied to the general theory of boundaries, is essential to anticipate the concept of the cross-border cooperation and its practical application. After this analysis, the chapter describes the legal institutional framework in order to analyse the effectiveness of the various legal instruments that have been put in place to encourage and facilitate forms of cooperative engagement across borders. Starting with the European Outline Convention of Transfrontier Co-operation between territorial communities or authorities (Madrid Convention 1980), a central instrument for the CBC that was born in the frame of CoE, the chapter introduces the three protocols of the Madrid Convention. The additional Protocol essentially gives the possibility to create an organism for cross-border cooperation; the second Protocol (no 2) provides above all a legal framework for the inter-territorial cooperation between the parties; and the third Protocol (no 3) concerns the possibility of forming the ECG by creating the legal status, the institution and the functioning of such Groups. In addition, in view of how cross-border cooperation has acquired more importance through time, the chapter explains the functioning of European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation (EGTC) institution, its modality of action and its fields of applications. The EGTC has come to be a new legal/financial instrument that integrates the Madrid Convention and the relevant Protocols. The chapter also touches upon the various aspects of cross-border co-operation and in particular some milestones from the EU experiences, and presents the European Macro-Regional Strategy and its related legislative framework as an example. In addition the chapter shows the Baltic, the Danube and the Adriatic – Ionian Macro-Region and describes the main differences between EGTs and Macro- Regions. In addition, the chapter considers appropriate to present the steps that have been taken from the EU with regard to the cross-border cooperation which, more particularly, have consisted of making available important financial instruments such as INTERREG that supports from the top to the bottom the Strategy of Macro-Regions. Following the fourth Chapter describes the 2014-2020 EU's Regional Policy as the context of application of the PPP and its change with respect to the 2007-2013 EU's Regional Policy. In particular after introducing the EU programming period 2007-2013 and the changes intervened in the following programming period also having a political/historical nature like the Arab spring and the interests to further develop economic interactions between the EU and the Middle Eastern partners, the chapter analyses the useful instruments for the realization of the cross-border cooperation; especially the European Regional Development Found (ERDF). In addition, this chapter, will identify the possibilities of PPP within the financial instruments that are about to be activated in the new European Programming Cycle. To this regard it is important to mention that, in general, all the EU policies must contribute to the implementation of the Europe 2020 Strategy that in order to fulfil its ambitious objectives identified as key instrument the instrument of partnership, among which that with the private sector. Here it is worth to emphasize that, generally, the overall objectives of the regional policy, both at national and European level, are all of an economic nature, i.e. increasing the national economy by attenuating and eliminating economic disparities between different development levels of the regions. In particular, the European Policies aim to improve the investment climate through public investment in the regions presenting some gaps and to manage the local regional resources in a more efficient way. The dissertation shows how in both cases, PPPs can help in the achievement of these important aims. In addition, the chapter observes that there are changes in various aspects and procedures of the implementation of the new regional policy as well as in the legal frame, and examines the IPA instrument and the ENPI instrument in the two seven-years programming periods because they are closely related to the European Territorial Cooperation (ETC). Between this two latter instruments IPA is a more relevant for this dissertation. For this reason, after on overview of the Albanian context considering some economic, demographic, social and political aspects, including the criteria Albania has to fulfil to receive the candidate status from the EU as well as a brief introduction to the Albanian Law on PPP, the fifth Chapter presents its relations in the region, especially with the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and stresses the IPA CBC Albania – FYROM related to 2007-2013 and 2014-2020 programming periods. In addition, the chapter presents the main differences between these two programming periods focussing mainly on the Albanian part. With the aim to focus on the Albanian opportunities in the new programming period, it will be stressed what will change in the next future and which are the positive effects on PPP considering also the concept of Social Corporate Responsibility and the UN Global Compact initiative already mentioned in the first Chapter. All this to introduce the last Chapter which, through the analysis of the methodologies used during the various phases of this work, and especially through the explanation of the SWOT analysis, aims to identify a set of winning strategies to increase the effectiveness of the Cross-border cooperation through the use of the PPP instrument. The first part of the dissertation made use of several documentary sources, most notably and especially in the early stage the work will carry out what it is commonly defined as a secondary analysis, in particular this was articulated through: collection and review of existing literature and of the official documentation and statistics available mainly on-line but also with the Albanian Ministries and national institutes, i.e. the Albanian National Institute of Statistics, as well as with the various donors and international organisation in the Country, and especially with the Delegation of the European Commission to Albania. Instead, the second part of the dissertation focuses on the analysis of the IPA CBC program in general, and IPA CBC Albania - Macedonia in particular. To this end it was decided to proceed with the analysis of specific projects activated in the context of this program to highlight the role of actual or potential PPP projects in developing virtuous CBC. Although the PPP is not explicitly defined among the tools used in the implementation of these projects, it was decided to identify the prodromal factors present in some PPP projects with the end purpose of assessing their potentials, especially in view of the next programming period of the EU (2014-2020). The detailed information on the projects carried out or that are in progress are not publicly available as they are under the 'ownership' of the Delegation of the European Commission in Albania and of the Managing Authority of the program. In order to collect the necessary materials to identify the most relevant projects and, subsequently, to proceed to their analysis, it has proved necessary to proceed through in-depth interviews with qualified actors. Given that, interviews have been conducted with interlocutors, mainly from the European Commission in Albania, the Albanian Ministry of Integration and of Austrian Cooperation. Through these interviews, specific information relating to five concluded projects, in which the instrument of the PPP was present at least in embryonic form, has been added to the data relating to the context and to the program. The information gathered has been structured so as to proceed to a qualitative analysis of the data through the development of a SWOT analysis of these five projects funded by the IPA CBC Albania - FYROM - First Call for Project Proposals. Finally, this work presents the results of this analysis through a process of data interpretation. After this presentation, and before starting the SWOT analysis, the chapter presents the Annual Work Programme for Grants 2009 of the DG Enlargement related to the first Call for Proposals and the Guidelines related to the CBC Programme Albania - FYROM which aims is to facilitate the cooperation between the two countries to improve living conditions in the target area. The Programme in fact, already mentioned in the fifth Chapter, it aims to fostering cross-border economic, environmental and social development and includes three different measures and for each measure a list of potential activities for projects. Furthermore, the chapter analyses - through the SWOT analysis above mentioned - five projects funded by the EU within the IPA I CBC Albania – FYROM first call. In particular, in this dissertation, the SWOT analysis is the tool to identify the strengths (S), weakness (W), opportunities (O) and threats (T) that characterize projects which are analysed in relation to PPPs. In other words, it seeks to identify the strengths and internal resources of projects capably to push the development of PPPs (strengths), as well as the internal project limitations and weaknesses that impede PPP development in the relevant area (weaknesses), the external project opportunities that can be developed to overcome identified weaknesses (opportunities) and external factors that may hamper the future development of PPPs (threats). Considering that there is no project where the applicant is a PPP, although an analysis of the guidelines of the Call for Proposals relative to IPA Albania - FYROM CBC Programme found an explicit reference to PPPs, it has been choose to make a screening of projects in which the instrument of the PPP was present at least in embryonic form, in other words having the private sector as a direct or indirect beneficiary. As already mentioned, Macedonia was chosen as an example because of the availability of information related to projects. So, on these terms, 5 projects were selected out of 15 under review. The projects are the following: • Cross-border shared integrated alternative tourism, • Business without borders, • Cross-border Civil Society Forum, • Promoting business women enterprises in the cross-border area, • Borders without boundaries. The dimensions chosen for the analysis are: • related to the internal context to identify strengths and weaknesses: objectives, actors and target, • related to the external context to identify opportunities and threats: actors, target and expected results. After the SWOT analysis, the chapter finally presents the key results of the dissertation proposing some possible actions that could improve the CBC through the use of the PPP emerged from the initiatives analysed. The conclusion reviews the major points of the dissertation showing the main results such as the strategies, which may result from the conclusions, thus potentially establishing an alternative approach aiming at opening up new possibilities for the development of better, more effective and sustainable CBC project/programs/activities, without necessarily relying upon more EU funds. For what above mentioned and to answer to the question 'Which are the winner strategies to increase the effectiveness of the CBC projects through the use of PPP?', it is possible to affirm that to present more successful projects in the future increasing the effectiveness of the CBC projects through the use of PPP, the development strategies are essentially the enhancement strategy and the overcoming strategy. In particular, to reinforce the internal and external positive aspects and factors in the cross border area and to mitigate and/or dissipate internal negatives as well as to attenuate the external ones, the recommended actions referred to the public and private sectors are: • to organize jointly regular meetings in which they can know each-other, exchange information and best practices in either of the neighbouring countries, so that there can be discussions on the potentials of development and the new economic undertakings and new instruments to be employed, such as the PPP. Tourism can serve as a pilot sector in which it can be started with the actualization of gender policies facilitating in some way the inclusion of women in business activities, • jointly organize awareness campaigns on PPPs and training courses, which could serve to overcome the lack of ability to establish efficient PPPs for both public and private sector, • to organize, for the numerous actors present in the territory, specific courses and/or informative events related to the revision processes of normative policies that could facilitate and reinforce both the cooperation between different stakeholders and the capacity of doing business and create PPPs, • to enhance the existing networks and creates new ones through continuous meetings between different stakeholders with the aim of overcoming the threats considering that the improved and expanded relations between the various actors could bring an improvement in raising needed funds. Finally, it is important to mention that there are also some actions recommended only to the public sector. These are: • (especially at local level) institutions such as the municipalities can organize meetings, inviting the traditional and non-traditional private actors, in order to facilitate communication. Through this communication there could be achieved the introduction between various stakeholders interested in the PPP instrument, by at the same time laying the basis for the foundation of a network. This would be useful for increasing the credibility of each other and also to contributing to the overcoming of the lack of cooperation problem. These meetings could be used for an exchange of best practices in the sectors that are present in the certain areas. By employing a participatory methodology, these meetings could also serve to the construction of a sort of roadmap (lines of action during a defined time) that could enable the definition of the obstacles to be overcome in order to effectively and efficiently realize this type of partnership, • the authorities should first change their national optics and then transform their national policies into regional ones, starting from the cross-border policies with neighbouring countries, in which PPP should be promoted as a development instrument. In addition, when necessary, they should review the legal framework in order to facilitate the establishment of PPP. After this, they should organize meetings between the different stakeholders, and more generally between citizens living in the border areas of the neighbouring countries, with the end objective of promoting the necessary knowledge for overcoming the prejudices and for opening way to partnerships and cooperation activities, • to implement policies for purposes of facilitating investments in diversified sectors, taking an advantage of the actors from different sectors and directing them to training courses to gain knowledge in areas of investment that are different from their traditional ones. ; Vi è un riconoscimento sempre più diffuso tra tutti gli attori attivi nel settore della cooperazione allo sviluppo che il partenariato pubblico privato (PPP) può essere un importante nuovo strumento, non solo per costruire grandi infrastrutture (quindi per il settore dei lavori pubblici), ma anche per offrire servizi ai cittadini sia a livello centrale, sia locale e avere, in un prossimo futuro, un valore strategico nella cooperazione transfrontaliera (CBC). E' stato visto come la Commissione Europea definisca il PPP in un modo piuttosto ampio e generico, senza dare una definizione giuridica adeguata di questo partenariato. Infatti, per l'Unione Europea il PPP è una forma di cooperazione tra le autorità pubbliche e gli operatori economici riguardante la progettazione, il finanziamento, la realizzazione, il rinnovamento o lo sfruttamento (funzionamento e manutenzione) delle infrastrutture pubbliche, così come la fornitura di un servizio di pubblica utilità (CIT). Tuttavia, non vi è un'uniforme, comune definizione di questa forma di partenariato. Considerando che l'attuale crisi economica e finanziaria globale ha colpito quasi tutte le regioni del mondo e tenendo presente che le risorse pubbliche stanno diminuendo sempre più, tra cui soprattutto quelle destinate alla cooperazione allo sviluppo, costruire partenariati e sinergie tra il settore pubblico e privato non è solo una grande possibilità ma una necessità che diventa impellente se si vuole continuare a sostenere gli interventi di cooperazione. Inoltre, questo tipo di partenariato è una buona occasione per entrambi i settori in quanto aiuta non solo a rafforzare i rapporti reciproci, ma anche a scambiare le reciproche esperienze e le migliori pratiche. Si è visto come se applicato correttamente, il PPP consenta una riduzione dei costi totali, una migliore distribuzione dei rischi, un'esecuzione più rapida dei servizi e delle attività pubbliche, nonché una migliore qualità dei servizi offerti e delle attività prodotte. Senza contare che il superamento della rigida distinzione tra pubblico e privato apre la possibilità di trovare soluzioni e di rispondere alle domande a cui la pubblica amministrazione non è in grado di rispondere autonomamente. Si sottolinea come nella cooperazione internazionale ed in particolare nella cooperazione transfrontaliera, sempre più spesso le amministrazioni locali dei paesi beneficiari e donatori stiano riconoscendo il ruolo sussidiario della società civile e del settore privato nelle attività d'interesse generale e quindi anche nell'erogazione di servizi e funzioni pubbliche. Considerando la vasta esperienza di lavoro nel settore della cooperazione allo sviluppo con il Ministero degli Affari Esteri italiano in diverse aree del mondo così come con altre organizzazioni internazionali, da ultimo con l'Organizzazione per la Sicurezza e Cooperazione in Europa (OSCE), credendo sull'utilità e le potenzialità dello strumento del PPP e verificato direttamente che potrebbe essere utilizzato maggiormente nella cooperazione internazionale, l'autore ha deciso di analizzare l'uso di tale partenariato in questo settore focalizzandosi in particolare sul programma IPA I CBC Albania - Macedonia. Infatti, lo scopo di questa tesi e della potenziale applicazione delle sue conclusioni deriva dall'interesse personale e dall'attività lavorativa dell'autore. Infatti, vive e lavora in Albania e ha una grande esperienza del paese perché è stato per diversi anni responsabile per la Cooperazione Italiana dei progetti che questa ha realizzato nello stesso. Inoltre, sta anche studiando la lingua albanese ed è molto affascinato dalla storia di questo piccolo paese così vicino all'Italia, non solo geograficamente parlando. L'attenzione per la Macedonia come paese confinante, invece, è dovuta semplicemente al fatto che è stato più facile reperire informazioni sul programma IPA I CBC Albania - Macedonia rispetto agli strumenti finanziari simili. Sulla base di una ricca esperienza sul campo, questa tesi cercherà di rispondere alla seguente domanda: "Quali sono le strategie vincenti per aumentare l'efficacia dei progetti di cooperazione transfrontaliera attraverso l'uso del PPP?". L'obiettivo generale della tesi è di individuare, infatti, le strategie che possono migliorare l'efficacia della cooperazione transfrontaliera attraverso l'uso di tale partenariato, al di là di specifici interventi che fino ad ora sono stati principalmente effettuati attraverso canali istituzionali e attuati attraverso progetti e programmi europei. Le strategie che la conclusione della tesi identifica si basano sull'analisi SWOT di cinque progetti e la conseguente elaborazione dei dati/risultati. Questi cinque progetti sono stati selezionati tra quelli finanziati dall'UE tramite l'IPA I CBC Albania/Macedonia durante il periodo di programmazione 2007 - 2013, in quanto presentanti il PPP almeno in fase embrionale. Tali strategie potrebbero aprire nuove possibilità per lo sviluppo di attività di CBC applicabili nell'ambito della politica regionale 2014 - 2020 dell'Unione Europea, senza necessariamente fare affidamento su ulteriori mezzi finanziari della stessa. Questo è anche in linea con gli auspici dell'UE che crede che la CBC non sia solo un altro modo per accedere ai finanziamenti, ma possa piuttosto diventare un modello di cooperazione sostenibile di per sé. La tesi si basa sulla raccolta e l'analisi dei dati disponibili nell'ambito del quadro giuridico-istituzionale esistente e fa uso del metodo qualitativo di ricerca con l'obiettivo di verificare l'ipotesi di cui sopra. La tesi prevede una serie di fasi di lavoro cronologicamente distinte e reciprocamente sostenibili e si basa sull'utilizzo di diversi costrutti teorici e varie metodologie avvalendosi di diverse fonti come ad esempio la letteratura esistente, le statistiche effettuate e più in generale la documentazione disponibile soprattutto in internet. Il suo contenuto deriva quindi dal reperimento e dall'analisi di varia documentazione ufficiale e di cinque documenti progettuali, così come verrà maggiormente esplicato qui di seguito. Seguendo la struttura della tesi, si può affermare che il primo capitolo presenta il quadro normativo e finanziario dei PPP in Europa, così come il modo in cui questo strumento viene utilizzato nel contesto della cooperazione internazionale e della cooperazione transfrontaliera, al fine di comprendere quando è nato questo tipo di partenariato e quali siano i suoi obiettivi e le evoluzioni che ha avuto fino ad oggi. Nello specifico, il capitolo mostra come il PPP sia nato negli anni '30 soprattutto collegato al settore energetico e minerario e come, pur non avendo ancora una comune definizione a livello europeo, oggi sia in crescita e venga visto come un importante strumento di sviluppo economico e sociale anche nel settore della cooperazione internazionale e transfrontaliera. Il capitolo, inoltre, presenta la cooperazione inter-municipale (IMC) come uno strumento che può aprire buone potenzialità all'applicazione del PPP in quanto permette di colmare le deficienze delle municipalità. Attraverso questo strumento, stabilito in seno al Consiglio d'Europa (CoE), le municipalità possono infatti anche sub-contrattare imprese private o creare un'entità nuova (IMC) per poter attrarre investitori e donatori. Il capitolo inoltre mostra come lo strumento del PPP venga incoraggiato anche dalle Nazioni Unite (UN) fin dal 1999 - anno in cui viene creato il progetto 'Global Compact' - e come vi siano diversi esempi di PPP nel mondo realizzati da Agenzie UN. E' importante sottolineare che il PPP è considerato utile dal settore pubblico anche perché può contribuire a risolvere difficoltà causate dai tagli di bilancio così come dalla burocrazia e dall'insufficiente capacità tecnica e manageriale che spesso caratterizza la pubblica amministrazione. Il PPP è quindi uno strumento attuale, innovativo e anche complementare capace di promuovere sviluppo, riforme ed investimenti oltre a promuovere politiche e buone pratiche in diversi settori tra cui quello della cooperazione allo sviluppo anche a livello transfrontaliero. Grazie al PPP si può quindi affermare che il settore privato è diventato a tutti gli effetti un attore privilegiato della cooperazione allo sviluppo internazionale. Il secondo capitolo della tesi analizza le politiche dell'Unione Europea e i relativi strumenti che presentano una connessione con i PPP. Più nel dettaglio, viene visto come attraverso queste politiche sia stato applicato il partenariato in parola nella cooperazione transfrontaliera e come la stessa sia divenuta più esplicita a livello europeo, soprattutto nel contesto del processo di stabilizzazione ed associazione. Infatti, partendo dalla Dichiarazione di Schumann del 1950, il capitolo introduce il Trattato istitutivo della CEE del 1957, esamina l'Atto Unico Europeo, per poi prendere in considerazione la politica di coesione o regionale. Proseguendo, il capitolo analizza la politica di allargamento o pre-accessione inclusi i tre criteri necessari per l'adesione stabiliti durante il Consiglio Europeo di Copenaghen nel 1993, i vari stadi del processo di adesione e le ragioni per cui l'Unione Europea promuove l'allargamento, considerando le diverse tappe di tale processo tra cui quella storica del 2004 e le sue prossime sfide. Dopo aver inoltre analizzato il quadro delle negoziazioni e gli strumenti previsti in ambito della strategia di pre-adesione, si è finito per affrontare la politica di vicinato o prossimità prendendo in analisi i suoi relativi strumenti, i suoi diversi obiettivi strategici e il suo nuovo approccio in seguito alla primavera araba. Dopo aver identificato come queste politiche presentino un'intersezione con la cooperazione transfrontaliera, è stata analizzata la loro intersezione con il PPP con il risultato di sottolineare che anche laddove tali politiche non prevedono esplicitamente il ricorso a questo tipo di partenariato, non lo escludono. Questo significa quindi che esse forniscono validi supporti all'uso di tale strumento, elemento importante per la tesi che è infatti volta a mettere in evidenza i punti di forza di tali politiche per l'applicazione dei PPP e a mostrare al contempo che vi è una mancanza applicazione degli stessi. Questo verrà evidenziato nel corso della tesi dal caso preso in esame di IPA I CBC Albania - Macedonia. Il terzo capitolo presenta come prima cosa il concetto di confine. E' importante sottolineare come questo concetto viene esplicitato non solo da un punto di vista fisico-amministrativo ma in un senso più ampio, tenendo conto di come il concetto di confine sia un elemento chiave per capire la cooperazione transfrontaliera. Infatti, è solo partendo dall'analisi di questo concetto e da questo a quello di frontiera e area periferica, passando anche alla teoria generale dei sistemi applicata alla teoria generale dei confini, che si può pervenire alla nascita del concetto di cooperazione transfrontaliera e della sua applicazione pratica. Per tale motivo si è ritenuto necessario esplicare i concetti sopra menzionati secondo le definizioni di vari studiosi di varie discipline, per poi presentare i principali strumenti legali che regolano e facilitano la cooperazione transfrontaliera a livello europeo così come i meccanismi ad hoc che la implementano. Si è partiti da quelli nati in seno al CoE e precisamente dalla Convenzione di Madrid del 1980, strumento quadro per il tipo di cooperazione oggetto di questa tesi in quanto introduce per la prima volta la possibilità di cooperare e concludere accordi ad enti di Paesi contigui geograficamente. Vengono poi presentati i suoi 3 Protocolli: il Protocollo aggiuntivo, che dà essenzialmente la possibilità di creare un organismo di cooperazione transfrontaliera ad essa preposto, il secondo Protocollo che fissa soprattutto un quadro giuridico della cooperazione interterritoriale tra le parti e il terzo Protocollo che concerne la possibilità di istituire i Gruppi Europei di Cooperazione (GEC) dotati di personalità giuridica. Inoltre, a dimostrazione di come la cooperazione transfrontaliera nel tempo abbia acquistato sempre più importanza, si è ritenuto opportuno illustrare l'istituzione dei Gruppi Europei di Cooperazione Territoriale (GECT), le loro modalità di azione e i loro ambiti di applicazione. Tali Gruppi, che si rivelano quindi essere un nuovo strumento giuridico/finanziario che integra la Convenzione di Madrid ed i relativi Protocolli, sono stati creati al fine di facilitare la cooperazione transfrontaliera e superare gli ostacoli incontrati fino ad allora. Il capitolo continua focalizzandosi sui passi compiuti dall'UE in relazione a questo tipo di cooperazione che in particolare consistono nella messa a disposizione di importanti strumenti finanziari quali per esempio INTERREG. Il terzo capitolo si conclude quindi affrontando anche la Strategia delle Macroregioni che, pur non avendo una loro definizione ufficiale in ambito europeo, forse anche a causa della loro recente istituzione e pratica, si dimostra essere veramente utile nel contribuire a realizzare la politica di coesione e più nello specifico il suo obiettivo n. 3 (Cooperazione Territoriale Europea). Considerando che all'interno di questa politica vi è una programmazione settennale, nel quarto capitolo vengono presentate sia quella appena terminata 2007-2013, sia la nuova 2014 - 2020 per verificarne i cambiamenti nel contesto di applicazione dei PPP. Viene infatti introdotta la programmazione dell'UE 2007-2013 per comprendere maggiormente cosa sarebbe cambiato nel settennio successivo, anche a causa di avvenimenti storico/politici avvenuti durante gli ultimi anni come la cosiddetta primavera araba e l'interesse a sviluppare maggiormente l'integrazione economica tra l'Unione Europea e i partner orientali. Si prosegue con l'analisi più dettagliata degli strumenti utili per la realizzazione della cooperazione transfrontaliera (CBC) nel nuovo settennato e le possibilità di applicazione del PPP all'interno di questi. A tale riguardo è importante sottolineare come in generale tutte le politiche europee, tra cui quella regionale ha un ruolo centrale, dovrebbero contribuire al raggiungimento degli obiettivi della Strategia Europa 2020. Si sottolinea come questa strategia, che ha portato alla definizione della nuova programmazione 2014-2020, sia molto ambiziosa e abbia individuato come uno degli strumenti chiave per la sua realizzazione quello del partenariato, tra cui anche il partenariato con il settore privato. Qui è importante evidenziare che gli obiettivi generali della politica regionale, sia a livello europeo, sia a livello nazionale, sono principalmente di natura socio-economica per es. orientati ad attenuare le disparità esistenti tra regioni aventi diverso livello di sviluppo. In particolare, le politiche europee hanno l'obiettivo di migliorare l'ambiente/contesto per attrarre investimenti al fine di incrementare investimenti in lavori pubblici nelle regioni che presentano maggiori necessità e migliorare la gestione delle risorse regionali locali in maniera più efficiente ed efficace. La tesi mostra come in entrambi i casi, lo strumento del PPP può essere di aiuto nel raggiungere questi importanti obiettivi. Inoltre, il capitolo in parola, dopo aver osservato che nella nuova programmazione settennale vi sono diversi cambiamenti dovuti al nuovo quadro legislativo e alle nuove modalità di attuazione della nuova politica regionale, esamina i due strumenti collegati alla CTE, IPA ed ENPI, nei due settenni di programmazione sopra menzionati. Il quinto capitolo invece, dopo una presentazione generale del contesto Albanese che prende in considerazione alcuni aspetti economici, demografici, sociali e politici del paese, includendo anche i criteri che questo deve soddisfare per poter ricevere lo status di candidato dall'Unione Europea, presenta brevemente la legge albanese sui PPP. In seguito, descrive le relazioni tra l'Albania e la Macedonia e il relativo Programma IPA CBC in relazione ai due periodi di programmazione suddetti 2007 - 2013 e 2014 - 2020 per presentarne le principali differenze. Concentrandosi sulle opportunità che l'Albania potrà avere nel prossimo futuro, viene sottolineato cosa cambia nel nuovo periodo di programmazione e con quali effetti positivi sul PPP, tenendo in considerazione anche il concetto di Responsabilità Sociale e l'iniziativa 'Global Compact' delle Nazioni Unite già menzionata precedentemente. Tutto questo per introdurre l'ultimo capitolo che, attraverso un'analisi della metodologia usata nelle varie fasi di preparazione della presente tesi, tra cui la SWOT analisi, identifica le strategie considerate vincenti per accrescere e migliorare l'efficacia della cooperazione transfrontaliera attraverso l'uso dello strumento di PPP. Nello specifico, la prima parte della tesi si è avvalsa di diverse fonti documentarie. Specialmente nella sua fase di inizio, il lavoro è stato definito attraverso ciò che è comunemente chiamata 'analisi secondaria'. E' stata effettuata infatti la ricerca e analisi della letteratura esistente e della documentazione ufficiale disponibile on-line e nei Ministeri albanesi così come nell'Istituto Nazionale di Statistica albanese. E' stata inoltre reperita e analizzata la documentazione in possesso di diversi donatori e organismi internazionali presenti nel paese e in particolare della Delegazione della Commissione Europea in Albania. La seconda parte della tesi si è concentrata sull'analisi del programma IPA CBC in generale ed IPA CBC Albania - Macedonia in particolare. A tal fine si è voluto procedere con l'analisi di progetti specifici attivati e conclusi nel contesto di tale programma per evidenziare il ruolo effettivo o potenziale del PPP nello sviluppo virtuoso di progetti di CBC. Sebbene il PPP non venga esplicitamente definito tra gli strumenti utilizzati nell'attuazione di queste iniziative, si è scelto di individuare i fattori prodromici del PPP presenti in alcuni progetti al fine di valutarne le potenzialità soprattutto nell'ottica del prossimo periodo di programmazione europea (2014-2020). Le informazioni dettagliate relative ai progetti realizzati o in fieri non sono pubblicamente disponibili essendo 'proprietà' della Delegazione della Commissione Europea in Albania e dell'Autorità di Gestione del programma. Per raccogliere dunque il materiale necessario ad identificare i progetti più rilevanti e, successivamente, a procedere alla loro analisi si è dimostrato necessario procedere attraverso interviste in profondità con attori qualificati. Sono state così condotte interviste con interlocutori principalmente della Delegazione della Commissione Europea in Albania, del Ministero dell'Integrazione albanese e della Cooperazione Austriaca. Attraverso queste interviste, ai dati relativi al contesto ed al programma si sono quindi aggiunte informazioni specifiche relative a cinque progetti in cui lo strumento del PPP fosse presente almeno in forma embrionale. Le informazioni raccolte sono state strutturate in modo da procedere ad un'analisi qualitativa e ad un incrocio dei dati attraverso lo sviluppo di una SWOT analisi dei suddetti cinque progetti finanziati da IPA I CBC Albania - Macedonia al fine di presentare i risultati di tale analisi attraverso un processo di interpretazione dei dati. Prima di iniziare la SWOT analisi, il capitolo presenta anche il programma annuale per i fondi 2009 della Direzione Generale Allargamento dell'Unione Europea che specifica anche gli obiettivi della CBC tra i due paesi presi in esame che consistono essenzialmente nella promozione dell'economia transfrontaliera e dello sviluppo sociale e ambientale. Il quinto capitolo, così come sopra detto, analizza quindi attraverso una SWOT analisi, cinque progetti finanziati dall'UE all'interno del programma IPA I CBC Albania - Macedonia primo bando. In particolare, in questa tesi, la SWOT analisi, è lo strumento che permette di identificare i punti di forza (S), di debolezza (W), di opportunità (O) e di minacce (T) che caratterizzano i progetti che verranno analizzati in relazione al PPP. In altre parole quali sono i punti forza/risorse interne ai progetti che possono favorire lo sviluppo di tale partenariato e quali le loro limitazioni/punti di debolezza che lo possono ostacolare, così come le opportunità/fattori positivi esterni al progetto che possono, del caso, essere sviluppati per superare i punti di debolezza individuati e quali le minacce/fattori negativi esterni che derivano dal contesto locale e che impediscono lo sviluppo del PPP nell'area di interesse. Basandosi sulle informazioni ottenute non essendoci progetti in cui i candidati sono formati da un PPP, anche se da un'analisi delle linee guida del bando ('Call for Proposal') relative al Programma IPA I CBC Albania - Macedonia primo bando, è stato rilevato che non vi è un riferimento esplicito a questi, è stato scelto di fare uno screening dei progetti verificando quelli che nel loro interno presentavano almeno come beneficiari diretti e/o indiretti il settore privato. Così come sopra illustrato, tra i paesi confinanti l'Albania è stata scelta la Macedonia a titolo esemplificativo. Tra i 15 progetti presi in considerazione, i 5 progetti selezionati sono: 1. 'Cross-border shared integrated alternative tourism' (Turismo transfrontaliero alternativo integrato e condiviso), 2. 'Business without borders' (Impresa senza confini), 3. 'Cross-border Civil Society Forum' (Forum transfrontaliero della società civile), 4. 'Promoting business women enterprises in the cross border area' (Promozione dell'impresa femminile nell'area transfrontaliera), 5. 'Borders without boundaries' (Confini senza limiti). Queste le dimensioni scelte e di volta in volta da verificare per ogni progetto selezionato: • relativamente al contesto interno, al fine di identificare i punti di forza e di debolezza, sono obiettivi, attori e beneficiari, • relativamente al contesto esterno, al fine di identificare le opportunità e le minacce, sono attori, beneficiari e risultati attesi. Dopo la SWOT analisi, il capitolo da ultimo presenta i risultati chiave della tesi proponendo le strategie che potrebbero migliorare la cooperazione transfrontaliera attraverso l'uso del PPP. Le considerazioni conclusive della tesi riprenderanno tali strategie ripercorrendo inoltre i punti principali del lavoro svolto. Per rispondere alla domanda che sottende questa tesi, le strategie identificate come approcci alternativi che si possono applicare al fine di consentire ai programmi/progetti di cooperazione transfrontaliera di essere sviluppati in misura maggiore e in maniera più sostenibile, efficace ed efficiente utilizzando lo strumento del PPP e senza usare necessariamente ulteriori strumenti finanziari europei sono quelle cosiddette del 'rafforzamento' e del 'superamento'. In particolare, per rafforzare gli aspetti e i fattori positivi nell'area transfrontaliera e per mitigare e/o dissipare quelli negativi emersi dall'analisi effettuata, le azioni raccomandate sia al settore pubblico, sia al settore privato, possono essere così riassunte: • organizzare congiuntamente degli incontri regolari nei quali i diversi attori possano conoscersi meglio reciprocamente così come scambiare informazioni e migliori pratiche relativamente ai paesi vicini in modo che la discussione possa vertere man mano sul potenziale sviluppo in particolare dell'economia attraverso l'impiego di nuovi strumenti come il PPP, iniziando magari da un settore pilota quale il turismo, • organizzare congiuntamente campagne di informazione sul PPP e corsi di formazione che potrebbero servire al superamento della comune mancanza di capacità di istituire efficienti PPP, • organizzare per i numerosi attori presenti sul territorio dei corsi o eventi finalizzati ad informare sui processi di revisione normativa utile a facilitare e rafforzare la cooperazione tra i diversi attori, la capacità di fare impresa e creare PPP, • rafforzare congiuntamente le reti esistenti e crearne delle nuove attraverso continui incontri capaci di mettere assieme i diversi attori aventi l'obiettivo di superare gli ostacoli/minacce e consideranti il rafforzamento delle relazioni un valore aggiunto atto a migliorare anche la capacità di reperire i fondi necessari. Le azioni invece che si raccomandano solo al settore pubblico sono: • (specialmente a livello locale) gli attori istituzionali quali le municipalità potrebbero organizzare delle riunioni invitando il settore privato, tradizionale e non, al fine di facilitare la comunicazione tra i partecipanti introducendo al contempo il PPP e facilitando l'istituzione di partenariati, • le autorità istituzionali dovrebbero cambiare la loro ottica trasformando le loro politiche nazionali, a partire da quelle transfrontaliere relative ai paesi confinanti, in modo da promuovere il PPP quale strumento di sviluppo agevolandone l'istituzione attraverso le modifiche del quadro normativo laddove necessarie, • realizzare delle politiche aventi l'obiettivo di facilitare gli investimenti diversificando i settori degli stessi e organizzando al contempo dei corsi di formazione professionale per dare l'opportunità alla popolazione in età attiva di diversificare le loro conoscenze e capacità. ; XXIV Ciclo ; 1970

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Benner, Choice Family Groceries,, Chambcrsburg St., Gettysburg, Pa. Coffees, Teas, Flour, Fish, and Canned Goods. Queensware, Glassware, Etc. PITZER HOUSE. A temperance house. Pleasant and home-like. Teams and Guides to all points of interest on the battle-field. REASONABLE RATES. 127Chambersbarg St.,Gettysburg, Pa. JOHN E. PITZER. MEMBER POST 9, G. A. R. J. W. EIGHOLTZ & GO., DEALERS IN PIANOS, OP.GAJiS, IWTJSIC, STfWlGS, Ete. 12 BALTIMORE ST., GETTYSBURG, PA. SAJWUELi FABEP,, ~&Fine Cigars & Smokers' Mieles**- CHAMBERSBURG ST., GETTYSBURG. J. H. MYERS, Fashionable Tailor, Clothier1 —AND— [fenf^' Fufnighbi1. You alutays find the liatest Styles tov Gents' OUardrobes. No. 11 BALTIMORE STREET, GETTYSBURG, PA. ADVERTISEMENTS. in College pvises Society Babges fliri3e flfoebals Stationery The most successful designers of College and University Badges in the Country Estimates Designs on Applieation BAILEY BANKS BIDDLE Chestnut and Twelfth Streets Philadelphia, "Pa. ,Hary had a Little Lamb, (Stam? your Memory.) It's wool was all the go— We make it up in BUSINESS SUITS for SI 5.00 you know. These Cuitorn-Made Suits are popular throughout America— because they represent the very Quintessence of Nobby Dress, and are essential to every business man who cares one lota for economy and APPEAR-ANCE. Send us 6 cents in stamps, staling kind of gar-ment or suit desired, and we will forward you SAMPLES of Cheviots, Cassimeres, etc., Self-measurement rules and fashion plate. YOU DO THIS and we do the rest. Ealti more cheapest market. KEELER the largest custom producer. Full Dress Suits Trousers, - - Frock Suits, - Overcoats, - > JOnN M. KEELER, 5 N. Calvert St. Baltimore, Hd. "Suffer no longer the extortions of loc*-l tailors ' $25.00 Up. S4.00 Up. $18.00 Up $18.00 Up. Correspondence Solicited With Responsible Parties Desiring to Act as Agents. THUTH WEflflS JO ]HSK Because it needs none. It bows at no human shrine, seeks neither place nor applause; it only asks a hearing, and so, too, do we. Our immense Fall and Winter stock is full of rare and choice bargains. Stylish Men's Suits and Overcoats at $IO, $12, $15, $20. We'll buy them back if you don't like them. Sole agents for Youman Silk and Derby Hats. Oehm's Acme Hall, CLOTHIERS, HATTERS, FURNISHERS BALTO AND CHARLES STS., Baltimore, Md. WILLIAM SMALL, DLM D0OK tlnHEK AND DOORMm 6 WEST MARKET STREET, YORK, PENNA. IV ADVERTISEMENTS. F. D. SCHRIVER, Draper, Importer, • A^D JVterehant Tailor, 23 Baltimore Street GETTYSBURG, PA. GETTYSBURG COLLEGE FOOT-BALL TEAM, SEASON OF 1893. k The College Mercury. Vol. I. Gettysburg, Pa., January, 1894. No. 9. THE COLLEGE MERCURY, Published each month during the college year by the Students of Pennsylvania (Gettysburg) College. STAFF. Editor : FRED H. BLOOMHARDT, '94. Associate Editors : FRANK E. FICKINGER,'94. ORVILLE L. SIGAFOOS,'94. HENRY E. CLARE, 95. WALDO D. MAYNARD, '95. PAUL W. KOLLER, '94. ROSCOE C. WRIGHT, '95. WILMER A. HARTMAN, '95. Alumni Association Editor: D. FRANK GARLAND, Baltimore, Md. Business Manager ; BENJAMIN R. LANTZ, '94. Assistant Business Manager: CHARLES F. KLOSS, '94. TERMS • /One volume (ten months), . . . . $1.00 ' \ Single copies, 15 Payable in Advance. All Students are requested to hand us matter for publication. The Alumni and ex-members of the College will favor us by send-ing information concerning their whereabouts, or any items they may think would be interesting for publication. All subscriptions and business matters should be addressed to the Business Manager. Matter intended for publication should be addressed to the Editor. Address, THE COLLEGE MERCURY, Gettysburg, Pa. eOMTE/STS. EDITORIALS, ; 139 GRADUATE LIFE AT JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, . 140 CONVERSATION, '. . 142 THE MUSICAL CLUB'S TRIP, 144 THE TRUSTEES MEET, 145 COLLEGE LOCALS, 146 ALUMNI, 149 FRATERNITY NOTES, 151 ATHLETICS, 152 TOWN AND SEMINARY, 153 LITERARY SOCIETIES 154 EBITO-RIAL. A HAPPY NEW YEAR TO ALL. \I7ITH this issue, THE MERCURY appears with two changes in its Board of Edi-tors. It is, indeed, very unfortunate that the efficient Editor was compelled to resign on ac-count of ill-health and pressure of work. But since such is the case, it will be the purpose of the reconstructed Staff to do their utmost to make the " Students' Paper " as attractive and entertaining as possible. These, of course, are not the only essentials of a good journal, but they help to secure attention for the weightier material. The supplement to this number is an engraving of the victorious foot-ball team of the season of '93, which doubtless will be highly prized by THE MERCURY readers. * * * /"^HRISTMAS vacation, the happiest time ^-^ in a college man's life, is over, and work has taken the place of two weeks' enjoyment. In view of the " good time " that most of the students have had, it is not surprising that many of the recitations are wearing a kind of holiday attire. In a few days, however, things will have drifted back to their accustomed channels. * JUDGING from our exchanges, it would be ^ supposed that the " proverbial waste-basket" of the editors has not been filled to overflowing by productions of the students. College men should consider it an honor to have their thoughts find place in their journals. There should be an active competition for the space given to these articles. Then the standard of the paper would be raised and his 140 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. own powers would receive such benefit as he cannot receive from any other branch of college work. * * T/ NOWING well that an attractive Annual A^- is of much benefit and credit to our col-lege, The Spectrum Staff have decided to en-large their book. This will make the cost much more than formerly. In order to make it a financial success, it must have the support of the students and Alumni. It is hoped that any one who desires to aid in this work, either by subscription or by an advertisement, will communicate with the business manager, Mr. H. M. Witman, Gettysburg, Pa. * * COOT-BALL, CHANGE IN RULES.—It is now proposed by three of the larger college teams to change the rules of foot-ball. The proposition is to make a decided change, so as to eliminate some of the features which have proved themselves dangerous to the safety of the players and prevent such " acci-dents " as have recently occurred. Yale, Har-vard, and Princeton are announced to begin the work, and it is supposed that this move-ment will meet with approval everywhere. If " rough play " and " interference " could be eliminated, the game would certainly be very much improved, and there would be no need for Synodical or Conference objection to the game. We trust it will be done speedily, so that the almost brutalizing methods employed, which lead to death in many cases, will be entirely forbidden. We hail this movement with joy. We are thoroughly in sympathy with inter-collegiate games, and think they are helpful to the institutions and the students, but deplore the present methods employed, which certainly do endanger life and limb. The Alumni of the college rejoice in the many victories gained for our Alma Mater in the re-cent campaign, and are delighted with the gentlemanly deportment of the team in the contests. '"TO THE ALUMNI.—This paper is for you as * well as for the students of the college. It comes to you in the interests of the institu-tion you love. It is, therefore, in a sense your' paper, devoted to the advancement and growth .of Pennsylvania College, which is your col-lege above all others. Rally to its support. It is not published to make money for its edi-tors and managers. The accumulating gains, if there should be any, will accrue to the liter-ary societies in the. college. It is for them alone. They must be fostered and encour-aged in every way possible. Subscribing, therefore, for THE MERCURY will aid the two societies in a substantial way, and will bring to you every month the news of your college, fresh, interesting, helpful. Send in your sub-scriptions at once. We speak here as an Alumnus to the Alumni. G. GRADUATE LIFE AT JOHNS HOPKINS UNI-VERSITY. TN the busy round of undergraduate life in an American college, the student is often apt, in the struggle for a higher plane of men-tal activity, to forget the existence of a great sphere of thought and action far above and beyond his own little world. It is the world of workers, thinkers, revolu-tionizers, and the student fresh from the neces-sarily narrow fields of college work stands almost dismayed at the widening vistas which everywhere meet his view. Nor can one who has not dwelt in such a world and come under the thrilling influence of its great men and great thoughts altogether realize its peculiar charm. It is an arena of tireless activity, and once in the circle the student seldom looks behind with regretful longings for the easy life of col-lege days. To be sure such conditions are not frequently met with, but even in our own country there are a few institutions which present them in their entirety. Among such schools of ad- THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 141 V vanced work in America, perhaps none stands in a more conspicuous position or exerts a broader influence than the Johns Hopkins University. It approaches nearest to our ideal, the German Universities. Its Faculty contains some of the most prominent and inspiring men on this side of the Atlantic, and the men sent forth from its walls are exerting an influence worthy of their institution throughout our halls of learning. Surrounded by such influences and aroused by such examples of successful work, it will be interesting perhaps to look into the life of a graduate student and see wherein lies the secret of his success. It might be answered in a word—in hard work. He has ceased to deal with glittering generalities and beautiful theories, and is brought face to face with hard facts. He soon loses much of the inter-est he formerly took in non-pertinent subjects amid the engrossment of his life work and de-votes his best efforts to it alone. This may help to explain the sudden metamorphosis of the loiterer along the more flowery paths of learning into . the preoccupied thoughtful worker who is ready to face any obstacle, be it ever so rough and hard to surmount. It is his life work, and all else must fall aside and leave him ready for the struggle. It has ever been the aim of this university to send out fin-ished men, and in this the student is a willing co-worker, and, as,has been repeatedly said by those acquainted with the facts, American students of this class are harder students than the Germans themselves. Most especially is this true in those studies requiring laborious laboratory work. There are at present in the university more than two hundred and fifty post-graduate stu-dents who are divided among these subjects— Languages, History, and Politics, Physics, Mathemathics, and Astronomy, Chemistry and the Biological Sciences. These students may further be divided by the character of their work into the laboratory workers, which in-cludes all students of Pure Science, and into reading students, into which class those fol-lowing Languages and Historical subjects naturally fall, though it must not be understood that those engaged in laboratory work are not readers. Far from it. Their lamps burn the midnight oil most frequently. When the student enters the university he selects a principal subject or major and two allied subordinate subjects known as First and Second Minors. The Minor subjects occupy him, all told, about eight hours a week each for one year. The principal subjects under which the student is classified occupies him in general three years, and one of these must be devoted to original investigation in some new field of work, or old one it may be, whose bounds need widening. This work forms the subject of his thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. In some departments, there is a growing tendency to lengthen the course to four years. Should this be the final result the university will stand second to none in the excellence of its work. As I have said, in such work as this one begins to look at things as they are and not as they may appear at a casual glance. He goes to the fountain-head for his inspiration, and soon learns how others have worked, and to imitate their example. Each department has its own appropriate laboratory—using the word in the original sense—and its own library, where all the works of importance are collected, and all the journals and scientific magazines are constantly received. The chemical department alone receives about 15 publications, of which several come weekly and the rest monthly. Of these probably three are in our mother tongue, while the rest range through French, German, Italian, and Russian, with an occa-sional waif from the land of Japan, which, however, usually " blooms to blush unseen." Such a course of work is necessarily special-izing in its tendency, and, I had almost said, isolating. The student in Sciences begins lab-oratory work on Monday morning and never lays aside his apparatus till Friday night. 142 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. Of course he fags a little now and then, when the natural perversity of inanimate objects begins to assert itself, but the Doctor's de-gree, at the end of the race is a never-failing spur. Perhaps I have left the reader under the impression that a graduate student's life is all one weary grind. However, it has a few bright spots. There is a Graduate Students' Association, which holds monthly social gath-erings, where one can brush away the cobwebs from the neglected corners of his brain and learn what his fellow-workers are doing. There are, too, several clubs in the various departments, which, though actuated by the thirst for knowledge primarily, yet have a spice of good fellowship and sociability. Besides, there are the Journal Meetings and Semina-ries, where students can occasionally air their views in original papers. The Journal Meeting especially is an excel-lent factor in keeping us in touch with our own sphere of work. To read all the journals and sift out the wheat from the chaff which finds its way even into scientific papers—cut and dried as they may seem—is evidently a Herculean task, but by the Journal Meeting we have the important- papers presented in compact and generally interesting form, and are entertained and profited at once. An ideal method, surely. Of course we miss the jolly life of college clays, and probably we feel a little sick of the grind at first; but, like the Lotos Eaters, we soon forget the scene of our earlier efforts, when fed on the strong meat of higher thought. With us Time flies on rapid wings, and, though it seems but yesterday that we knocked timidly at the portals, already we are talking of our work with ill-concealed pride in having found another clue to the great labyrinth of Knowledge. We have tasted the waters of the Pierian spring and are ready to drink deeply. R. N. H.,'91. CONVERSATION. T F there is one thing to learn at college, it is to do critical, independent study and think-ing. "A man kens just as much as he's taught himsel', and na mair." A man's mind should become inquiring, desirous of knowing the reason for everything, accepting statements after diligent inquiry only. Yet, although we recommend independent thought, it must be remembered to examine a subject from every standpoint. No man has concentrated within himself all thought upon any question. No matter how learned he may be, there is always room to acquire more, and he can always obtain something from others. There is a want felt by a number of our students who are eager in the pursuit of knowledge, viz.: the need of conversation, as distinguished from talk. Conversation turns upon affairs of higher interest, is more serious, more intellectual, and brings forth and de-velops one's innate powers and acquirements. It is often complained that we have too much serious matter in our studies to converse with interest upon topics of worth. But the true student is always interested in his work, and one finds no trouble in conversing upon a subject interesting to him. But, outside of his studies, there is always something in which one delights, and which would be profitable and pleasing to others; certainly we could relish conversation upon some worthy topic much better than this fragmentary talk upon matters so trivial that it becomes a burden to listen. Life is a race. In the business world men are earnestly active, pursuing their plans with unceasing energy. It is true that our school days are our happy days, the days of pleasure, yet pleasure is not incompatible with diligent study. All men of power have been earnest students. At school their thoughts were high and noble, due to the purposed career before them for which they prepared themselves with unswerving fidelity. In youth are laid the THE COLLEGE MERCURY. H3 foundations of the future life. Ruskin objects to hearing the' follies of youth talked of " indulgently." " Then," he says, " must the habits of thought be begun." Therefore, we find the ambitious student sincere and earnest in his work. He is here to learn, he feels that he needs every moment to add to his development, his mind is ever open to the reception of truth and eagerly seeking it. He profits by everything of value that he hears; trivial matters do not interest him, nor those who deal in them. " Talkers," says Bacon, " are commonly vain and credu-lous withal ; for he that talkctli what he knoweth, will also talk what he knoweth not." He will choose companions with the same high aims as himself, for he receives little sympathy or encouragement from others. The selection of friends is a duty of the most important interest to us. We all need friends, those whom we know intimately, and who know us, and who can be mutual aids to each other. Before we can admit any one into our life as a friend, we must know something of him, his disposition, in what he is interested. He must be made to know us, and this can be done by our life and conversation only. It is strange how often we are acquainted with persons for years, sometimes even live with them, and yet know little of them, often look upon them as inferior, till some extended conversation reveals hidden thoughts and beauties of which we never dreamed. At college, particularly, should such friendships be formed, for they are generally the most enduring. We are told repeatedly to cultivate the ac-quaintance of men superior to ourselves, to be filled with their thoughts, to catch their spirit, to receive the benefit of their molding power upon our lives. A man grows stronger in proportion as he grapples with questions and strives for objects just a little in ad-vance of him. So the acquaintance of men superior to ourselves elevates our standard of excellence and instills the ambition to attain to it. Young men go to our universities to come into contact with the great minds of the age, but better yet is it to cultivate the friendship of fellow-students superior to ourselves. The greatest of Greek philosophers said that there are ideas in every man, thoughts latent, of which he himself is absolutely ignorant, and that he who can draw these forth confers an inestimable benefit, and is profited himself. No one can do this so well as a companion with kindred ideas and filled with the same desire to learn. The human mind is closed to most truths, and remains in total ignorance of them till opened by some agency. We are aiming at the fullest development and widest expansion of the mind; for this a plentiful introduction of ideas is necessary. Study and reading partly supply these, but what and how to study and read ? And even then we do not sap a subject thoroughly. Everything looks a little different when passed through the prism of other minds, and the suggestions of others are continually opening to us new fields of thought and inquiry. It is impossible to travel over the entire field of human knowledge; all that a man can do to-day is to specialize, yet considerable can be learned in almost every department if properly sought. He is wise who in his daily contact with his fellows extracts from each the gist of what he has learned, perhaps, by severe study. Much ground must be traversed to acquire a few truths which can be learned in a short conversation. How often in our classes a student is asked his opinion upon a certain point, and cannot give any. True, to give an intelligent opinion upon any subject requires a thoughtful and dili-gent study of it, yet, with our limited knowl-edge, if before recitations the points in the lessons were discussed and conclusions drawn, we feel sure that not only when asked for an opinion would it be forthcoming, but a good habit also would be formed. Wherever we may go among young men, it 144 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. seems necessary to become acquainted with the slang expressions in use among them. Fortunately, we need not form friendships with them. We believe that all lovers of good English concur in the wish that the aesthetic nature of man be cultivated. Slang is so habitual with a great many of our young men that it is difficult for them to find expression in good English. Conversation upon interest-ing and important topics, we believe, would accomplish this if entered upon for the pur-pose of mutual benefit. Do not fear, either, to use big words if they express the thought exactly. Men with little ideas may use little words habitually. " Conversation maketh a ready man." No power is of any value unless it can be used. We are not disciplining our minds to make them mere reservoirs for the reception of knowledge, but we want to use them. The ability upon occasion to call to mind whatever we may have learned, and which is possessed by few, is well worth striving after. Telling something we know, too, makes it sink still more deeply in our memories. Good manners, it is claimed, will serve as an introduction to the best society everywhere. This is certainly to be desired. But the kernel of good manners is a good heart, and their adornment, a cultivated mind united with en-gaging conversation. Brilliant conversation of itself, no matter how unprepossessing may be one's appearance will attract and make friends. " People used to say that they never knew what conversation could be till they had heard Carlyle, seated at his table with his pipe." Mirabeau, although rough and brutish in ap-pearance, charmed every one with his brilliant conversation and was passionately admired, particularly by the women. We have spoken only of the value of con-versation to ourselves ; its influence upon oth-ers is without limit. For these and many other reasons which might be given, we think that the art of conversation should be culti-vated. A. F. G. '97. THE MUSICAL CLUB'S TRIP. /^N Friday, December 8th, the Glee, Banjo, ^^ and Mandolin Clubs of the College filled their first engagement outside of Gettys-burg at Westminster, Md. The Club left the Western Maryland depot on Friday morning in a special car gayly decorated with college colors and banners. Although crippled to some extent by the absence and sickness of some of their members, they felt not the slightest hesitation after the success of their entertainment given in Brua Chapel the week previous. The programme, although not rendered in the style in which the boys could have de-sired, was nevertheless received with high favor by the delighted audience. Odd Fel-lows' Hall, the only building of the kind in the town, although small, was packed with Westminster's wealthiest people and hand-somest girls and with the students of Western Maryland College. After the entertainment, a surprise of a most agreeable nature awaited the boys in the shape of a reception tendered the Clubs by Mr. H. M. C. Claybaugh, Esq., and wife. When the boys arrived at the residence of their warm-hearted host and hostess they were met by a bevy of twenty-five of Maryland's fairest daughters. Here a most enjoyable evening was spent, which came to an end only too soon, and at 12 o'clock the boys left, filled with praise for the hospitality of Westminster's citizens and its attractive ladies. Early next morning the boys assembled at the train, bid-ding good-bye to their genial host and newly-formed friends, and as the train pulled out of the station and the last looks were taken at the receding town many a staunch Pennsylva-nian was heard softly singing, " Maryland, my Maryland," and all agree that the trip to Westminster was by far the most enjoyable ever taken by the Clubs. One week later, on Friday, December 15th, the Banjo and Mandolin Clubs gave an enter- THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 145 tainment in Zion Lutheran Church, of Harris-burg, under the auspices of the Luther Union. The large Sunday-school room was decorated with orange and blue, and was crowded with an inspiring audience, whose enthusiasm for the college and appreciation for the music was evidenced in many ways. Although, on account of death, the reception that had been planned was not given, yet the boys spent a very enjoyable time in the city noted for its beautiful women. This trip to Harrisburg has revealed the fact that we have legions of friends there, and it is quite sure that when the entire organization takes its trip to Harrisburg in January a warm reception will be given them. The concert which was scheduled for Han-over, December 19th, was postponed until a later date. THE TRUSTEES MEET. A. SPECIAL meeting of the Board of Trus-tees of Pennsylvania College was called for last Thursday evening. There was a full attendance. The meeting was called for the purpose of receiving and acting upon the report of,the Special Committee (Graff, Albert, Baum, Dun-bar, and McPherson), appointed at the annual meeting upon the action of certain Synods which criticised the resolutions of the Board passed in June, 1892, when establishing the Strong Professorship of English Bible and Chaplain, and which asked for Synodical representation in the Board of Trustees. The report of the Committee was fully considered in detail, amended, and adopted as follows with entire unanimity: Resolved, 1st. That the Board most earnestly repudiates the construction placed upon its action, when establishing the Strong professorship, as an entire misconception of the intent thereof, and the Board deeply deplores the fact that the misconception has caused misunderstanding, and has given wholly unnecessary alarm as to the status of our Col-lege. 2d. That the Board maintains the principle involved in its action, viz.: No denominational teaching in the class work required of all students of the College, with ample provision for the teaching of Lutheran doctrine by the Chap-lain to all students who may be willing to receive it, as the proper policy for the administration of our College, as in ac-cord with the policy pursued by all our Colleges and by this College from its beginning, and as entirely consistent with the Lutheran status of this College. 3d. That with a desire to remove all occas'on for uncer-tainty, we add the following statement to Item III of former action : " It is to be u iderstood that this action shall in no way be regarded as affecting the status of the College as a Lutheran Institution." In regard to the Synods who have requested representation by Synods in the Board of Trustee's of the College, and have asked for such modifications of its Charter as will enable them to secure in that form definite Synodical representation with rotary membership, the following resolutions were adopted: Resolved, 1st. That while we cannot see our way clear to grant the request of the Synods referred to, in the precise form in which it is made, we direct, in order to allay all un-easiness in regard to the Lutheran control of the Institution, and to give assurance thereof, the officers of the Board to apply to the Court of Adams County, and to ask the inser-tion in Section 6 of the Charter, after the words " Board of Trustees," where they first occur, the words " of whom not less than three-fourths shall always be members of the Lutheran Church." 2d. That the Board in filling vacancies as they from time to time occur, will, by the election of new Trustees, secure as far as possible a ratable representation to all Synods in its territory, especially to such as give to the College their undivided support. All the above action was adopted by the Board with unanimity, and having been sub-mitted to the Faculty, it was concurred in by them, who each and all agreed to accept this action in its entirety as a final settlement of these questions, to frown upon all agitation to unsettle it, and to use their best endeavors to overcome existing discontent and to restore confidence in the College. The meeting of the Board was looked for-ward to with anxiety, owing to the feeling which had been aroused, and the happy and unanimous solution of all the difficulties which confronted the Board led to general congratu-lation upon the result. Rev. Dr. McKnight, President of the Col- 146 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. lege, presented to the Board, on meeting, his resignation of the Presidency, to take effect on April 1st, 1894, in order to enable him to ac-cept the call to become pastor of St. Paul's Evangelical Church at Easton. This matter was duly considered in all its aspects, where-upon the Board unanimously declined to ac-cept it and requested its withdrawal. To this request Dr. McKnight on Friday morning as-sented. On motion the Board expressed its satisfac-tion at the pleasure and profit afforded the students last year by Rev. Dr. Huber's course of lectures on Luther's Shorter Catechisms, and requested a repetition of them this year, and that they may be made a feature in his course of instruction. Adjourned.—Star and Sentinel. eOLLEGE LOCALS. ORVILLE L. SIGAFOOS and WILMER A. HARTMAN, Editors. TPIE Preparatory department closed on the 15th ult. The verdancy of the Freshmen is only surpassed by their originality. This was shown by their holding their last class meeting on the steps in Recitation Hall. A midwinter athletic contest will be held in the Gymnasium. Some of the students are already practicing for the event. Fassold, '95, and Brosius, '95, were called home before the close of last term because of the deaths of relatives. Dr. Baugher attended the meeting of the International Sunday-school Committee last month at Boston. The College Banjo and Mandolin Clubs furnished music at a concert in Zion's Lutheran Church, Harrisburg, on Friday evening, Dec. 15th. Owing to the illness of Physical Director Aukerman, Weist, '95, conducted the class drills during the closing weeks of last term. Dr. Menges has fully recovered from his illness and is again about his duties. Mrs. DeYoe, of Harrisburg, and Miss Mc- Knight, of Brazil, are the guests of Dr. and Mrs. McKnight. The musical organizations have several tours in prospect during the present term. Sickness prevailed to a larger extent in col-lege during the closing weeks of last term than for a number of years. Owing to a num-ber of students being confined to their rooms and several returning home because of sick-ness,, the opinion became prevalent that ex-aminations would probably be omitted. This hope of the students was partly realized by the action of the Faculty, in that only two exami-nations would be required of each.class. Those two subjects were chosen which came on Monday and Tuesday mornings in the sched-ule of recitations. The following were the branches: Seniors, Astronomy and Political Economy; Juniors, English and Latin ; Sophomores, Greek and Latin; Freshmen, Greek and Latin. A large audience gathered in Brua-Chapel on Friday evening, Nov. 24th, to listen to the initial concert of the College Glee, Banjo and Mandolin Clubs. The reputation which the Clubs had established during past years added to the faithful practice since the opening of college, united in stimulating interest in the occasion and in arousing the expectation of the auditors for the rendering of a musical programme of a high order. Neither were they disappointed. Ample evidence was given of the enjoyment of the programme by liberal applause and repeated encores. The following is the programme in full : PART FIRST. 1. The Water Mill, Macy. GLEE CLUB. 2. Newport Galop, Jennings. BANJO CLOT. 3. Danube Waves Waltzes, Arr. by Maxcy. MANDOLIN CLUB. 4. Down by the Riverside, Shepard. MR. KLINE AND GLEE CLUB. 5. Virginia Bells, Lansing. BANJO CLUB. 6. Medley, . GLEE CLUB. PART SECOND. 1. Gettysburg College Medley, Arr. by Baum. MANDOLIN CLUB. 2. Minstrels' Carnival, Grover. MESSRS. ECKELS, HERSH, BIKLE, IIERR. THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 147 3. A Southern Zephyr, Arr. by Hersh. BANJO CLUB. 4. My Old Kentucky Home, Foster. MR. W. H. NICHOLAS AND GLEE CLUB. 5. Flash Galop, Lansing. BANJO CLUB. 6. Evening Bells, Sheard. GLEE CLUB. The rumor of Dr. McKnight's possible resig-nation of the Presidency has been received with universal regret by all connected with the institution. A mass meeting of the students was held Thursday afternoon, December 14th, in Brua Chapel, for the purpose of inducing him to remain. Strong resolutions were unani-mously passed asking the Board of Trustees not to accept it, should it be presented. The Proctor wishes to announce to all the students that, with the beginning of this term, all absences from the required services must be accounted for within two weeks after the time. All excuses presented after the stated time will be refused. Some excuses that have hitherto been considered valid will not be ac-cepted hereafter. The lecture course tickets will be on sale in a day or two. Have your order and money ready when the Committee comes around, and patronize the Y. M. C. A. to the best of your ability. Dr. S. to M., '94—" What characterizes mountain air ?" Mr. M.—" It is very embracing." Dr. S.—" How does it effect the heart ?" Mr. M.—" It produces lung disease." Dr. N., in Freshman Class, Mathematics— " Is there a man that don't see that proof?" Co-ed.—"/don't, Doctor." R., '95, to W., '95 (in laboratory)—"Say, Werty, do you have to dilute the distilled water before using it ?" A " Prep." has signified his intention to join the " Philo. Debating Fraternity." We were in hopes that higher critics would ever stand aloof from the Lutheran Church, but were surprised to find H., '94, in a recent recitation, asserting himself in that direction. He expounded at considerable length in " Evi-dences " on Saul of " Tyrus." Dr. N. (in astronomy, on Monday morning) —" I was reading up a lunar theory last night " —(quickly correcting himself)—" Oh ! no, not last night! It was night before last." Prof. H. to M., '94—" Is this law which we are speaking of universal ?" Mr. M.—" Well, yes, sir, it's universal to some extent." The cause of the frequent tardiness of K., '94, has ever been a problem beyond the solu-tion of the students. This is Dr. N.'s expla-nation, which he gave to the Seniors recently: " Mr. K., having charge of the Observatory, goes on Observatory time, and Observatory time is slower than college time." That trip of the musical organizations to Westminster last month was one conspicuous for jokes at the expense of the boys, if nothing more. One of the young ladies asked " why they carried a Jew along ?" Another declared that those cheeks of S., '97, were painted. Two of the members who had been assigned lodg-ings at a distinguished townsman's house were met by the Senator himself when they rang for admittance. After a survey of the duet, his majesty remarked that he did not have any marriageable daughters, and then sent them to the hotel. The effect, according to their own statement, was so appalling they " couldn't eat any dinner." A certain lady asked the manager to send two of the finest gentlemen in the clubs to her house. Ask the manager who was there, and then ask one of the other fellows what the lady afterward remarked concerning her guest. Dr. S. to Mr. V., '94—" How would you test for hard water?" Mr. V.—" Dissolve a little of it in alcohol, and then use a viscid filter." " Our Pearlie " wishes to find some facts in the Life of Luther. Picking up Grote's History of Greece, he remarks, triumphantly: " That is just what I want." Failing in this, he ex-plores Geike's Hours with the Bible. He is now perusing Skeat's Etymological Dictionary. Dr. H. speaks about the strangeness of the fact that there were no Smiths among the Israelites. Strange community! Y. M. C. A. NOTES. The Y. M. C. A., on December 14th, held its last business meeting of the term. Owing to the absence of quite a number of the mem- 148 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. bers of the different Committees, the reports of committee work usually given at that time were deferred, and may be expected early next term. The funds belonging to the Association were ordered to be invested in such a manner as to yield an increased amount of interest. We hope, during the coming year, to make addition to these funds, which will be eventu-ally appropriated to the erection of a suitable Y. M. C. A. building. A hearty and liberal patronage of our lecture course will help, we trust, to accomplish this. The Association deplores the possible inter-ference with its lecture course by a prior entertainment in the chapel, and trusts that there will be no conflicting of interests. With the beginning of a new year and a new term, let us anew exert our efforts in winning young men for Christ, as that is our mission in college. A retrospect of the past term shows much for our encouragement, and Gettysburg College is far better with than she would be without this organization. GENERAL COLLEGE NEWS. The November number of the Ohio State Inter-Colegiate Record contains a full-page cut of Recitation Hall of Gettysburg College.' That co-education is making a wonderful advance is shown by the fact that 500 women are in attendance at the University of Michigan. Lehigh University has in prospect one of the finest Laboratories in the world. It will cost $200,000. The large colleges of the country as to the number of students stand in the following order: Harvard, Johns Hopkins, Cornell, Columbia, and Yale.—Ex.' Yale recitations have been changed from one hour to 50 minutes.—Ex. There are 430 colleges in the United States, with 122,523 students.—Ex. Dartmouth has turned out 40 College Presi-dents, 200 College Professors, 60 members of Congress, and 24 Governors.—Ex. The college yell is a purely American inven-tion, and is unknown in other countries. In England the students simply cheer or scream the name of the college or university. No attempt is made at a rhythmical, measured yell as in tliis country.—Depauw Weekly. Improvements of the near future at Yale are a covered base-ball ground and a campus lighted by electricity. " Young gentlemen," said a Professor to his class in Evolution, " when I am endeavoring to explain to you the peculiarities of a monkey I want you to look straight at me."—Ex. Caps and gowns have been adopted by this year's Senior classes at Amherst, Dartmouth, Harvard, Lafayette, Princeton, Williams, and Yale. German boys are said to be the strongest intellectually in the world, Irish boys the wittiest, French boys the cleverest, and American boys the brightest.—Ex. The New University of Chicago already has over 1,000 students.—Ex. THE MERCURY is pleased to add to its list of exchanges The Radiator, published by the A A 2, fraternity of the Hillhouse High School of New Haven, Conn., and the Echo of the Illinois Wesleyan University, both of which are excellent journals, published in an attrac-tive form and full of interesting college news. Muhlenberg College is agitating a move-ment which will do away with the afternoon recitation and transfer it to the morning. The Bucknell Mirror is now issued semi-monthly. In the past 25 years 19 college buildings have been added to the Princeton campus. In the last seven years Yale has scored 886 points to her opponents' 88 on the foot-ball field. James Kitchens, of the class of 1819, of the U. of Pa., is the oldest living college graduate. Miss S.—" When 1 was a child I spake as a child, but now that I am a man, or very nearly one, I act as a man."—Ex. The largest salary which any college pro-fessor receives is $20,000, the annual income of Prof. Turner, of Edinburgh. THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 149 Governor Pattison of Pennsylvania deliv-ered an address on the " Higher Education of Women" at the recent dedication of the " Latin School" of the Woman's College of Baltimore. " Where are you going, my pretty maid?" " I am going to college, sir," she said, " For I am an ambitious gay co-ed, And I am going to college, sir," she said. " And what is your fortune, my pretty maid ?" "To be independent, sir," she said, " And able to earn my butter and bread By what I learn in college," she said. " I believe I will marry you, my pretty maid." " Oh ! no thank you, no thank you, sir," she said, " You are wealthy and worldly, but not well-bred, Not manly as college boys, sir," she said. S. M. G. in The Occident. The registering of the Freshman classes at Yale has been completed, and the lists show 380 students in the academic and 222 in the scientific department. Over 9,000 students attend the University of Paris. The Class of '93, University of Michigan, numbered 731, the largest ever graduated from an American college. Yale, Harvard, Brown, Princeton, Leland Stanford, Cornell, University of Wisconsin, and University of Michigan now publish daily papers, and the University of Pennsylvania will begin the publication of one soon. Man wants but little here below, Is a sentiment we love, And, judging by his conduct here, He won't get much above. ALUM/SI. FRANK E. FICKINGER, Editor. '41. Rev. Henry Baker, D. D., one of the oldest living Alumni, who was stricken with paralysis about two weeks ago, is gradually passing away at his home in Altoona, Pa. '46. The Philadelphia Ledger, of Friday, December 1st, contained a portrait engraving of Rev. W. M. Baum, D. D., pastor of St. Mat-thew's, together with a very full report of his Thanksgiving sermon. '55. Revs. O. G. Klinger, '86, and Eli Huber, D. D., '55, addressed the Christian Endeavor Convention of Adams County, Pa., at Arendts-ville, Pa., lately. '56. Rev. G. W. Leisher, of Duncannon, Pa., has accepted a call to the Boalsburg charge in Centre County, Pa., lately served by Rev. Wm. A. Trostle. '56. Rev. J. W. Schwartz, D. D., of Worth-ington, Pa., informs us that at a meeting of his Synod action was taken to organize a Western Alumni Association, and that a meeting will soon be called for that purpose at Trinity Lutheran Church, Allegheny, Pa. '57. Dr. H. L. Baugher will preach in St. Mark's Lutheran Church, the one formerly served by Dr. C. S. Albert, on the first Sunday of the new year, January 7th. '57. The committee on the Revision of the Hymnal portion of the Book of Worship of the General Synod met recently in Dr. D. M. Gilbert's church in Harrisburg, Pa. The com-mittee consists of Drs. Gilbert, H. L. Baugher, '57 ; W. E. Parson, '67 ; Rev. H. B. Wile, '77, and Rev. E. H. Delk. The next meeting will be held some time in February, probably in Gettysburg. '59. Rev. J. G. Goettman, D. D., of Alle-gheny City, Pa., attended the December meet-ing of the Board of Church Extension, in the interests of several missions in the Pittsburgh Synod. On Sunday, November 26th, 1893, he celebrated his 30th anniversary as pastor of Trinity Lutheran Church of Allegheny. '61. Rev. M. L. Kunkleman, of Norcatur, Kan., has accepted a call to Wayne, Neb., and will,take charge there in the near future. '61. On Tuesday evening, December 5th, Dr. J. B. Reimensnyder, of New York, deliv-ered an address in the " Morgan Lecture Course" before the faculty and students of Auburn Theological Seminary on " The Sig-nificance of the Lutheran Church for Chris-trianity." '62. Hon. F. E. Beltzhoover has lately in-troduced a bill into the House of Representa-tives for the transferring of the Pension Bureau from the Interior to the War Department. '63. Dr. Enders, of York, being sick with the grippe, Dr. E. J. Wolf filled his pulpit on the 10th inst, preaching and holding communion in the morning in German, and at night preach-ing in English and conducting a large English communion. ISO THE COLLEGE MERCURY. '65. Dr. J. C. Roller's congregation, Han-over, Pa., celebrated its 150th anniversary by-appropriate services during the entire week of November I9th-26th. Quiteanumberaidedthe pastor in the jubilee services, prominent among whom were Drs. H. L. Baugher, L. E. Albert, E. J. Wolf, Charles E. Hay, and Rev. J. J. Al-bert. The history of the church is varied, but of continued prosperity, and the congregation is a glory to the denomination to which it belongs. '66. A. J. Riley, Esq., who declined the ap-pointment as President Judge of Blair County, is now Solicitor of the Pennsylvania Railroad Co. '67. Rev. Dr. Charles S. Albert was pre-sented with a purse containing $250 in gold by the congregation of St. Mark's Lutheran Church, of Baltimore, at the reception tendered himself and family before leaving for Phila-delphia. '69. The new Lutheran Church at Daven-port, Neb., was dedicated on November 12th, Rev. J. A. Clutz, D. D., president of Midland College, preaching the sermon. '73. Rev. J. F. Hartman, of Altoona, Pa., has been appointed to and accepted the editor-ship of the Keystone Christian Endeavor Herald. '73. Rev. T. J. Yost, of Altamont, N. Y., has received a call to the Lutheran Church at Montoursville, Lycoming Co., Pa. '73. Rev. VV. S. Freas, D. D., has been elected pastor of St. Mark's Lutheran Church, Baltimore, to succeed Dr. Charles S. Albert, but has declined the call. Dr. Freas is presi-dent of the Board of Church Extension, and secretary of the General Synod, and has had a highly successful pastorate at St. Paul's, York, Pa. Dr. Freas recently celebrated the eighth anniversary of his ministry in York, Pa. '75. Rev. E. D. Weigle, of the First Luth-eran Church, of Altoona, Pa., preached the annual Thanksgiving sermon before Pride of Mountain City Council, No. 472, and Coun-cil No. 152, Junior Order United American Mechanics. '78. Rev. Albert E. Bell, of Boiling Springs, Pa., has been unanimously elected pastor of St. Mark's, York, Pa., recently made vacant by the resignation of Rev. Mr. Bowers. It is hoped that Mr. Bell will accept the call. Un-til a pastor arrives upon the territory, Rev. Wm. C. Bare, '93, will be in charge. '79. Rev. Luther Kuhlman's congregation at Frederick, Md., are improving the parson-age by having another story added to it. '80. Rev. George S. Bowers, late of St. Luke's, York, Pa., preached his opening ser-mon at St. Mark's, Hagerstown, Md., on Sun-day, December 3d. '82. Rev. J.E. Zerger, of St. Paul's Church, Leetonia, O., has resigned, to take effect Feb-ruary 1st, 1894, and accepted a unanimous call to the Lutheran Church at Mt. Holly Springs, Pa., this change having become nec-essary on account of the health of Rev. Zerger's family. '83. Rev. George W. Baughman, of Everett, Pa., has accepted a call to the Uniontown charge in Maryland. '83. L. A. Brewer has been elected treas-urer, and is one-sixth owner of the Republican Printing Company, of Cedar Rapids, la. '84. Rev. Andrew S. Fichthorn, a few weeks since, resigned as secretary of the P. R. R. branch of the Y. M. C. A. at Tyrone, Pa. The following week he was unanimously elected secretary of the Association at Washington, Pa., at an annual salary of $1,000. This call he declined, preferring the work of the active ministry. His health is now fully restored, and he is well qualified in every way to do good work in any field. '85. Rev. G. G. M. Brown has removed from Union Bridge, Md., to Everett, Bedford County, Pa. '88. The members and many kind friends of Grace Lutheran Church, Canal Dover, O., tendered their new pastor and wife, Rev. John J. Hill, a very fitting reception on Thurs-day evening, November 16th. '89. Rev. C. B. Etter, of the Second (St. Paul's) Church, Akron, O., has been tendered a call to the pastorate of the Sharon Charge, near Wads-worth, O., and will probably accept. '90. Rev. F. S. Geesey, ofthe Trinity charge, York Co., Pa., was installed on last Sunday, December 10th. '90. Rev. G. H. Reen, pastor of St. Luke's at Mansfield, was installed on Sunday, Novem- THE COLLEGE MERCURY. I5i ber 26th. Dr. L. A. Gotwald, '57, delivering the charge to the pastor in the morning, and that to the people in the evening. '91. Schmucker Duncan, now pursuing a course in Philosophy at Yale, spent the Christmas holidays with his mother at home in Gettysburg. '91. Rev. A. Pohlmann, recently appointed missionary for the Lutheran Church to Africa, has been making a tour through the churches of Eastern Pennsylvania, talking in the interest of missions. He recently addressed large crowds of students at the Clarion State Nor-mal School. '91. Frank Swartz, at present a student in Hartford Theological Seminary, spent Thanks-giving week with his parents in Gettysburg. '91. Rev. A. C. Stup is to be addressed at Asheville, N. C. '93. Honor Luffer Wilhelm is the editor of an interesting college paper and one that should be in the hands of every student.— T/ie Inter- Collegiate Record. Little grains of sand, Drops of H20, Make the mighty sugar trust, And the broker's dough. F-RTVTE-RNITy /NOTES. PAUL W. KOLLER, Editor. PHI KAPPA PSI. Bro. Lutz, '94, spent his holiday vacation " doing " Baltimore, Washington, Philadelphia, and New York. Bro. Keffer, '95, visited friends in Pittsburgh during most of the Christmas holidays. Bros. Carty, '96, and Graff, '97, are about again after a brief illness. Bro. Claybaugh, 'yj, gave a reception to the musical clubs at his home in Westminster, Md. PHI GAMMA DELTA. Bros. Rietz, '95, and Aukerman, '97, were compelled to leave college before the close of the term on account of sickness. Bro. Herr, '97, also went home with an attack of the grip, but returned for the examinations. Bro. D. F. Garland, '88, spent a short time in our midst recently. His church is growing wonderfully and the entire section of the city in the neighborhood is being built up. We are represented on the musical clubs this year by the following men : On the Glee Club—Bro. Fickinger; on the Banjo Club— Bros. Baum and Fickinger; on the Mandolin Club—Bros. Wert, Herr, Baum, and Fickin-ger. Bro. E. E. Blint, '90, pastor of the First Lutheran Church of Littlestown, Pa., paid a visit to Gettysburg with his wife a short time ago. Bro. S. B. Martin, '90, spent his Christmas vacation with his parents in Gettysburg. Bro. D. A. Buehler, '91, is at present at home, having severed his connection with the firm in which he has been employed for the last two years. SIGMA CHI. A chapter of Sigma Chi is being organized at the University of Chicago. Sigma is one of the five Greek-letter societies which have thus far taken possession of this new fraternity territory. Bro. McPherson, '83, spent several days last month visiting friends in Baltimore. Bro. Hersh, '91, has removed his law office to the rooms in the Star and Sentinel Build-ing on Baltimore Street. Bro. Damuth, '92, spent part of his vaca-tion as the guest of friends in Harrisburg. Bro. Olewine, '97, was called home on busi-ness before the close of last term. Bro. Trowbridge, '82, who was compelled to relinquish his duties for a season as pastor of St Paul's Church, Baltimore, because of ill-ness, has returned to his pastorate after a rest, much improved in health. ALPHA TAU OMEGA. Bro. Lewis Gehrhart, '85, of Martinsburg, West Va., spent Thanksgiving in Gettysburg. Bro. Gehrhart, in connection with his law prac-tice, is editing the Martinsburg Independent. Bros. Hutton, Cable, and Menges spent Thanksgiving at home. Bro. G. G. M. Brown resigned his charge at Union Bridge to accept a call from the con-gregation at Everett, Pa. 152 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. Bros. H. G. Mentzer, '87, and J. C. Clug-ston, '89, have formed a partnership, having purchased a drug store in Waynesboro, Pa., where they will do business under the firm name, Mentzer & Clugston. Bro. Mentzer is a graduate of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, Bro. Clugston a graduate of the Baltimore Pharmaceutical College. Chapters have recently been established at the Polytechnic Institute, Terre Haute, Ind., and at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb. ATHLETICS. HENRY E. CLARE, Editor. THURSDAY, November 30th, our team closed the foot-ball' season with a very creditable game with York Collegiate Institute at York, Pa. The game proved an easy vic-tory for our team. After a few ineffectual on-slaughts the York men despaired of making any impression on our line or of running the ends. Punting was then resorted to, with veiy little effect, although the York full-back, Van Baman, did some fine work. In this way only couldtheyput the ball on our territory, and then only momentarily. Our men had no difficulty in breaking through their line or running the ends. Emmert made some veiy long runs, as did Mottern. The bucking of Apple was very effective. Manifold did the great playing for York. The teams lined up as follows : GETTYSBURG. POSITIONS. YORK. McCartney, left end, Manifold. Byers, left tackle, Williams. Tholan, left guard, Polack. Rank, centre, Anderson. Becker, right guard, Randolph. Minges, right tackle, Crider. Earnest, right end. Diehl. Emmert, left half-back, Jessop. Mottern, right half-back, Crider. Nicklas, quarter-back, Keyworth (McEall) Apple, full-back, Van Baman. Score : Gettysburg, 24; Y. C. I., o. In this game only five of the regular players participated. The other positions were filled by those who had never played in a regular game. The score shows that they filled their places with credit. This season, which opened so creditably in a game with Cornell' University at Ithaca, N. Y., has proved to be probably the best in the history of foot-ball at this college. With unprecedented difficulties and obstacles in the way of success, the team has made a record that is a credit to themselves and the college. Several times the team played in a condition that hardly justified their playing, but a defeat was considered more honorable than the cancelling of a game. The team played eight games. Three of the opposing teams were university teams, and two of them rank among the best in the land. The games won were two from Dickinson, one from Washing-ton and Jefferson College, one from York Col-legiate Institute. One tie game was played with F. & M. Those lost were with University of Pennsylvania, Cornell University, and Buck-nell University. From the pecuniary standpoint, the season has not been so profitable. As matters now stand, we are considerably in debt. The cause has not been patronized as it should have been by the students. But the principal cause of our indebtedness is the lack of an athletic field. Money was lost on every home game, not be-cause we failed to draw large crowds, but because we could not get them to pay when they could see the game for nothing. This is our great drawback. It is necessary now to work earnestly. All subscriptions should be paid at once, as well as term dues. Our debts must be met, and the fact that not a cent has-been added to the Athletic Field Fund for an age shows us conclusively that no one takes enough interest in us or our noble cause to help us out of the difficulty. We must do it ourselves. It would be unfair to allow this number of THE MERCURY to go to press without saying a word about Manager Kloss. All who have watched our varying fortunes this season could not help seeing that a great part of our success was due to his indefatigable efforts and un-abating interest. He deserves the thanks of all for his labors. Twenty-six players participated in the differ-ent games of the season. To give an account of the playing of each one would require more space than can be allowed, and probably would not be interesting to the majority of the readers. On the other hand, to make mention of a few and leave unnoticed others who equally deserve praise for the faithfulness and zeal with which they performed their duties would be unfair. THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 153 In order to avoid this, only the touch-downs and the players who made them will be men-tioned. During the season 15 touch-downs were made, giving us 80 points : First game with Dickinson—Aukerman, 3 ; Keefer, 1. Bucknell—Aukerman, 1. Washington and Jefferson—Keefer, 3. Franklin and Marshall—Aukerman, 1. Second game with Dickinson—Keefer, 1. York Collegiate Institute—Mottern, 3 ; By-ers, 1 ; Emmert, 1. Total, 15—Aukerman, 5 ; Keefer, 5 ; Mot-tern, 3 ; Byers, 1 ; Emmert, 1. Gymnasium work has begun in earnest. All seem to be pleased with the work of Director Aukerman. It is to be hoped that this very important part of athletic training be not neglected, and that good and well-trained ma-terial may be developed for our coming seasons. At a recent meeting of the Athletic Associ-ation, the advisability .of chartering the body was referred to the Advisory Committee. There was a young man from Ky., Who at gambling thought he was a dy., But he altered his mind, After trying to find, The ace, with a monte-man ly. TOW/S 7VND SEMI/NTVRy. ROSCOE C. WRIGHT, Editor. TOWN. BY the will of the late Mrs. Sarah Eichel-berger, of Gettysburg, the college, with the " College " Church, is made residuary legatee. It is supposed that each of these will realize about $1,500. Her husband's will adds $2,000 to the funds of the college, and about $22,000 to the endowment of the seminary. These bequests from citizens of the town are very gratifying to the friends of the institution, and it is to be hoped that others will follow this good example, and so arrange their wills that these noble institutions will be helped to much needed equipment and teaching force. Postmaster Kitzmiller's commission expires on January 27th. Ex-County Treasurer Rufus E. Culp, R. M. Elliot, and ex-Prothon-otary George L. H. Grammer are the appli-cants for the position. Murderer Heist, who was to have been hanged here on December 14th, has made a statement in which he places the guilt on a man named Reese. His attorney has secured a reprieve from Governor Pattison un-til January 17th, during which time he will make an effort to secure a commutation of the sentence to life imprisonment. The Sunday-schools of the town held ap-propriate Christmas services. Those con-ducted by the students in the country held theirs before vacation. Dr. Breidenbaugh made an analysis of the stomach of Associate Judge Donohue, who died so mysteriously a short time ago, and found strychnia in sufficient quantity to cause death. The coroner's jury rendered a verdict that he had come to his death at the hands of an unknown person. The County Commis-sioners offer a reward for the arrest of the person. The schedule on the Phila. & Reading road is even more inconvenient than that of the old Gettysburg & Harrisburg railroad. The college musical clubs furnished the music for the evening sessions of the Institute. This was the most successful Institute ever held in Adams County. No services were held in the College Church on Sunday, December 17th, on account of diphtheria in the family of the sexton who occupies a portion of the building. Mr. Chas. Young, Gettysburg's talented young artist, has received liberal praise from the Art Editor of the Pldladelphia Inquirer. Mr. William B. Duncan, of Arkansas, has returned to his home after a pleasant visit to relatives and friends here. Miss Richards, daughter of Rev. Dr. Rich-ards, of Muhlenberg College, visited her aunts, the Misses McClean, the latter part of the term. Prof, and Mrs. Huber G. Buehler, of Lake-ville, Connecticut, are visiting Mrs. Buehler's parents, Dr. and Mrs. E. J. Wolf. Mr. Chas. Shapley, father of Mr. J. S. Shap-ley, of the Class of '90, died in Carlisle, De-cember 18th. 154 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. SEMINARY. The Seminary closed Monday, December 4th. Two cases of fever caused much anxiety among the Theologues. As a result the Faculty thought it best to close the term im-mediately. It is reported that a Harrisburg paper has published a letter from John C. Grimes, of the Junior Class, who disappeared so mysteriously last term. The letter is written to his father from Chicago. Rev. Dr. E. J. Wolf has an article on the " New Doctrine " in the New York Independent of December 14th. Mr. W. S. Oberholtzer and Mr. Edgar Suth-erland recovered from their sickness in time to spend Christmas at their homes. The work on the foundation of the new building progresses rapidly when the weather permits. Mr. E. E. Parsons, of the Junior Class, supplied the pulpit of Fourth Lutheran Church of Altoona during vacation. Rev. M. L. Tate, of the Senior Class, preached in the Lutheran Church of Bellwood during vacation. Mr. N. F. Bare, of the Junior Class, will preach in the Lutheran Church of Boiling Springs until a pastor has been secured. Bishop Daniel Payne, at one time a student in Seminary, and the oldest Methodist Bishop in the world, died at Wilberforce, Ohio, recently, aged 72 years. LITE-RTVRy SOCIETIES. WALDO D. MAYNARD, Editor. OF the many advangages which the literary societies afford to the students, those gained from the reading-rooms are of no little consideration. Here are to be found the leading newspapers, such as the Philadelphia Press, New York World, and many others of equal importance, together with the best magazines published. These rooms are main-tained for the convenience of the students at a considerable expense. Most of the students appreciate these privileges. There are, how-ever, some who are not only unappreciative of them, but even abuse them. It is next to an impossibility to keep Puck and Judge or the illustrated papers in the reading-rooms for any length of time. The Christmas number of Judge was not in Phrena. reading-rooms long enough to permit one-quarter of the members of that society to read it. Then, again, many men have an idea that this is a place for smok-ing and lounging. Men of this class make a nuisance of themselves, to the annoyance of those who wish to read. Isn't it about time that there is better decorum in the reading-room ? Many of us have only a few minutes to spend in reading the papers, and our time is too valuable to be wasted on account of the interruption of carelessness and indifference on the part of certain individuals. Again, it is unjust to expect the societies to furnish read-ing material for the monopoly of a few. We are now about to enter upon another term of work in the literary societies as well as in the other departments. The last term was considerably broken up, so that there were not many evenings for regular work. There-fore, we should tiy to make our work as interesting and profitable as possible. We hope to see some good men developed for the coming oratorial contest in June. Now is the time and the societies the place to train for the contest. There are still many men who have not as yet connected themselves with either of the societies. We would call attention to the fact that all non-society men are required to pay one dollar for the use of the reading-rooms after the first term, so from a financial stand-point it is about as cheap to be a member of a society as not to be. The two societies will continue the special meetings which have been found to be so profitable. Miss Lillie Tipton had charge of Philo. library during the holiday vacation. Messrs. Maynard, Barndt, Bell, Burger, and Clare are on the Committee to prepare special programmes for Phrena. Philo. has elected Mr. O. L. Sigafoos, '94, to fill the vacancy on Staff of THE MERCURY. ADVERTISEMENTS. Wanamaker's. What makes Wanamaker's so dis-tinctively Wanamaker's is the spirit that actuates the merchandising—all the time striving: to serve our customers better and better, shortening the road from producer to consumer and saving to patrons every possible penny of cost. How well we have done it is a matter of history, how well we shall do is what concerns us. The look is always ahead. Every part of the store shows points of unusual interest. Sporting Goods. Things for wear. Things for home helping. And there are lower-than-ever prices on many of them. JOHN WANAMAKER. SEND FOR CATALOGUE OF you^s L^D^S, NEAR. BALTIMORE, MD. This widely known, thoroughly equipped, and extensively patronized School will open its 41st Annual Session, Sept. 13th, 1893. All the Departments of a High Grade Seminary. Address, Rev. J. H. TURNER, A. M.,Principal, LUTHERVILLE, MD. PROFESSIONAL CARDS. CHJl^IiES S. DU^CA^i, '82, ATTORNEY AND COUNSELLOR-AT-LAW, Baltinxoi-e Street, GETTYSBURG, PA. CHAS. E. STffltfkE, '87, ATTORNEY-AT-LAW, Baltimore Street, GETTYSBURG, PA. DR. CHAS, B, STOUFFER, OFFICE, STAR AND SENTINEL BUILDING, GETTYSBURG. PA. fj tiber's Dr^2 Store, Baltimore Street, GETTYSBURG, PA. Prescriptions Carefully Compounded. atest Styles \r\ IS Hats, Shoes, AND Gents' Furnishings, R. M. ELLIOTT'S. N. B.—Stiff Hats made to Fit the Head in two minutes A. D. BUEHLER&CO., Headquarters for Stationery and Blank Books. LOWEST CASH PRICES. VI ADVERTISEMENTS. DECKER BROTHERS' PIANOS. Absolute Evenness of Touch, Richness and Brilliancy of Tone, Extraordinary Singing Quality, Unequaled Workmanship, Power of Standing in Tune longer than any other Piano made, are among the characteristic qualities of DECKER BROS. PIANOS, 33 Union Square, fieux Yot*k. Used in Philo. Hall at Gettysburg College. GO TO C.A.BLOCHER'S Jecxielfy Store for Souvenir * Spoons, i Sword Pins, &c. Post Office Corner, Centre Square. COLLEGE EMBLEMS EMIL ZOTHE, Engraver, Designer; and fllanafaetufing Jerjuelep, 19 SOUTH NINTH STREET, Opp. Post Office, PHILADELPHIA. Specialties: Masonic Marks, Society Badges, College Buttons, Pins, Scarf Pins, and Stick Pins. Athletic Prizes. ALL GOODS ORDERED THROUGH G. Z. STUP. ADVERTISEMENTS. VI1 R. H. REININGER, fl]V[OS EC^EHT, Merchant * * *■■*'•■* Tailor. DEALER IN Hats, Shirts, Shoes, Ties, Umbrellas, Gloves, Satchels, Hose, THE BEST WORK AT THE LOWEST PRICES. Suits from $12.00 to $40.00. Pants from $4.00 to $12.00. Pocket Books, Trunks, Telescopes, Rubbers, NEXT DOOR TO POST OFFICE, Etc., Etc. UP-STAIRS. CENTRAL SQUARE. AMOS ECKERT. PETE THORNE, Shaving $ Hair Cutting SPECIAIi TO STUDENTS. pine Tailoring. Parlors JOSEPH JACOBS, 1 LXl l\J 1 0» Merchant Tailor, FmST CLASS 7VRT1STS. Chambersburg Street, (Below Eagle Hotel) CENTRAL SQUARE. GETTYSBURG, PA. FLEMMING & TROXEL, Red Front Cigar Store Billiard R. H. RUPP, Proprietor. fio. 8 Baltimore St., Gettysbufg. ANt> The place for a fine Cigar or a good Pool 'Rooms. chew. Solid Havana filler, 5 for 25c. An elegant article. BALTIMORE STREET. A FINE ASSORTMENT OF PIPES AND SMOKING MIXTURES. Vlll ADVERTISEMENTS. ESTABLISHED 1876. PE/NKOSE MgEKS, AY/dTcnndKER ™ JEWELER. Iiafge Stoek of LCiatehes, Clocks, Jexxielvy, etc., on Hand. GETTYSBURG SOUVENIR SPOONS. COLLEGE SOUVENIR SPOONS. 10 BALTIMORE STREET, GETTYSBURG, PA. Students' Headquarters IS AT J. R. STINE S. SON'S CLOTHING STORE The Cheapest Clothing and Gents' Furnishings in Gettysburg. MERCHANT TAILORING A SPECIALTY. COME AND SEE US. J. R. STINE & SON, THE LEADING CLOTHIERS, MAIN STREET, GETTYSBURG, RA. A. G. SPALDING & BROS. MANUFACTURERS OF .Athletic $> ^porting Goods OF EVERY DESCRIPTION THE NATIONAL LEAGUE BALL, BATS, CATCHERS' GLOVES AND MITTS. MASKS. BODY PROTECTORS, ETC. ETC THE SPALDING TOURNAMENT TENNIS BALL, THE SLOCUM RACKETS. RACKET COVERS, PRESSES AND NETS, COURT MEASURES, MARKERS, POLES. FORKS. ETC., ETC. Uniforms and Clothing for all Sports, Outing and Gymnasium use- The finest imported Serges and flannels. Newest Styles and Patterns. SEND FOR OUR NUW CATALOGUE'S CHICAt.O, NEW YORK. PHILADELPHIA, 10S Madison St. 243 Broadway, lojz Chestnut St. DMTLLTIELD LIVEKT. Rear of Washington House, Opposite W. M. R. R. Depot. GETTYSBURG, PA. ^W& All Kinds of Teams. Good Riding Horses. -:o:- The Battlefield a Specialty, With First-Class Guides. DAVID McCLEARY, Prop.