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Punctuated equilibrium is supposed to be a viable alternative to incrementalism, &, indeed, the authors of the model have sometimes made such claims. But punctuated equilibrium was developed to explain change in policy subsystems & does not serve as a complete model of policy choice in the same way that incrementalism has served. This article develops a full-blown & viable model of choice for public policy based on disproportionate information processing. Its dynamics are based in the allocation of political attention to policy topics & the manner in which political systems process information. The model leads directly to outcomes that are consistent with punctuated equilibrium & are not generally consistent with incrementalism. Incrementalism, however, may be deduced from the model as a special case. The model is best tested using stochastic process approaches. Incrementalism logically must yield a normal distribution of outcomes, but disproportionate information processing yields leptokurtic outcomes. Adding institutional constraints only makes the stochastic process implications more severe. To support our arguments, we present both static & dynamic simulations of these processes. We also show that these simulations are consistent with observations of U.S. government budgets. 1 Table, 8 Figures, 36 References. Adapted from the source document.

Intro -- The Logic Of Organizational Disorder: An Introduction -- Introduction -- The Emergence Of Organizational Disorder: The Garbage Can Model'S Messing With Tradition -- Parallel, Emergent Behavior -- Formal Structures And Emergent Behaviors -- Ambiguity And Loose Coupling -- Modeling Organizational Disorder -- This Book -- References -- Sifting The Garbage: Conceptualizing And Explaining Processes Of Strategic Decision Making -- Introduction -- Topics Of Decision -- The Settings For Decision -- Sample And Data Collection -- Three Types Of Decision Making Process -- Sporadic Processes -- Fluid Processes -- Constricted Processes -- Which Way Will A Decision Move? -- Differences Between Organizations -- In Conclusion -- References -- Organized Anarchies: A Reconsideration Of Research Strategies -- Introduction -- Presentation Of The Garbage Can Model -- Questions Raised By The Use Of The Garbage Can Model In Empirical Studies -- Most Of These Empirical Studies Deal With Exceptions -- The Organizational Context Is Ignored -- The Actors' Rationality Is Put Into Doubt -- The Interpretation Of Data Emphasizes Ambiguity And Neglects Any Kind Of "Regulation" -- Our Research Strategy For The Study Of French And German Universities -- Priority To The Whole System Rather Than To Isolated Decision Processes -- Priority To Actors -- Results And What We Learned From Them -- References -- The Diffusion Of Innovation In The Judicial System -- Introduction -- Uniformity And Diversity In The Judicial System -- The Tribunaux De Grande Instance -- High Organizational Diversity -- Limited Management Discretion -- The Two Dimensions Of The Diffusion Of Innovations -- Judges Have Their Own "Toolbox" -- Courts Have Their Own History -- Different Types Of Innovations -- The Judges' Itinerary -- Judges And Their New Assignments -- The Problem Of Succession.

Imagine that the neighborhood you are living in is covered with graffiti, litter, and unreturned shopping carts. Would this reality cause you to litter more, trespass, or even steal? A thesis known as the broken windows theory suggests that signs of disorderly and petty criminal behavior trigger more disorderly and petty criminal behavior, thus causing the behavior to spread. This may cause neighborhoods to decay and the quality of life of its inhabitants to deteriorate. For a city government, this may be a vital policy issue. But does disorder really spread in neighborhoods? So far there has not been strong empirical support, and it is not clear what constitutes disorder and what may make it spread. We generated hypotheses about the spread of disorder and tested them in six field experiments. We found that, when people observe that others violated a certain social norm or legitimate rule, they are more likely to violate other norms or rules, which causes disorder to spread.

"Effective Programs for Treating Autism Spectrum Disorder: Applied Behavior Analysis Models is written for teachers, parents, and the many service providers who work with individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Part I reviews the characteristics of ASD, summarizes the major theories and research findings regarding cause(s) of ASD, and discusses the most popular treatment claims, examining each approach's scientific base and value. Part II provides an informative overview of applied behavior analysis, focusing on the principles of learning and basic procedures based upon those principles. These two parts provide the necessary foundation for understanding the strategies implemented by the outstanding treatment programs described in Part III. The eight models described in Part III represent the state-of-the art in terms of comprehensive, evidence-based programs for the treatment of persons with ASD, from infancy through adulthood. Programs reviewed include the Lovaas Institute, Koegel Center, Strategic Teaching and Reinforcement Systems (STARS), Project DATA, New England Children's Center, May Institute, Princeton Child Development Institute, and Judge Rotenberg Center"--Provided by publisher

It was expected that the increasing coverage of EU affairs in national public spheres would lead to a greater sense of European belonging. The Internet was expected to foster this process. However, these expectations do not square with the current political climate of identity politics and the revitalisation of nationalism. How can this incongruence between theory and reality be understood? An intervening variable has added an unpredictability to the mix: information disorder. It is our view that this theory needs revising to include other intervening variables such as social media and information disorder. In this article, we argue that the current dynamic of Europeanised political communication is likely to compromise the civic and vertical components of EU-identity.