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Central-local relations have been of particular interest since the Labour government came to power in 1997. Both academics & practitioners have pointed to tensions within the Labour government's reform agenda -- between a "top-down" & "bottom-up" approach; between a drive for national standards & the encouragement of local learning & innovation; & between strengthening executive leadership & enhancing public participation. It is argued that while Labour's modernization strategy has clear elements of a top-down approach (legislation, inspectorates, white papers, etc) there is also a significant bottom-up dimension (a variety of zones, experiments, & pilots, albeit with different degrees of freedom). This article utilizes a multi-level governance framework of analysis & argues that, while much of the research using such frameworks has hitherto focused on the EU, recent developments in governance at neighborhood, local authority, subregional & regional levels facilitate its application within a nation state. The central thesis is that, while there is extensive interaction between actors at subnational level, this should not be seen as a proxy for policy influence. The local political arena is characterized less by multilevel governance than by multi-level dialogue. Subnational actors participate but they are rarely major players in shaping policy outcomes: the plurality that characterizes subcentral governance does not reflect a pluralist power structure. 2 Tables, 54 References. Adapted from the source document.

Local governance and decentralization is an ever growing topic in politics and public administration studies. This is better achieved by a good relationship between the local and central governments. A coordinated relation between these two important institutions provides prosperity and stability for a country.This paper aims to describe the notion of central-local governments relations, based on decentralization. It begins by briefly presenting the theoretical aspects of the abovementioned concepts of central-local relations and decentralization.The paper first gives an overview of these concepts in the Republic of Albania, by describing the situation in different periods and different regimes. The aim of this study is to show how the central-local relations have evolved during the years in Albania and how much this relation has been concerned with decentralization and local self-governance.This study provides different competencies and budget capacity of both levels ofgovernment and gives examples from different developed countries in order to show how the system works in reality in Albania and how they should function in order to be more effective and efficient.Finally this study presents some of the problems that the local government institutions are facing in Albania, with the main issue being corruption in all levels of public administration and possible solutions for these problems will be suggested.Keywords: Albania, Central-local relations, Decentralization, Local government,Corruption

Previous studies of business‐government relations have tended to
take either a macro approach (using a single theoretical framework to
explain all business‐government relations) or a micro approach (one that
fails to explain why business‐government relations have not improved
over time). This article applies Lowi′s four‐part typology of policy
types. In order to test the typology′s usefulness, a survey of business
executives and government officials was carried out. The findings
confirmed the thesis: business satisfaction with its relationship to
government will be highest in the case of distributive policies, and
decline to lowest in the case of constituent policies. A
"meso‐level" theoretical framework is recommended to provide
not only a better understanding of the multi‐levelled character of
business‐government relations, but also future research with a practical
orientation.

The evolving nonprofit–government relations in China have attracted increasing attention from scholars over the past four decades. The complexity and fluidity of the relations, however, pose substantial challenges to analysis. Recently, to disentangle the myth of the important relationships, research has been progressing primarily in three directions toward greater methodological diversity, stronger focus on the behaviors of nonprofit organizations vis-à-vis the governments, and more research synthesis. This symposium brings together three studies that represent these trends. After providing a brief historical overview of the study on nonprofit–government relations in China, individual contributions to this symposium are characterized.

As prefectoral systems are generally regarded to be systems that underpin and serve as the basis for centralization, this article examines how they have developed and how they work, and why they are still considered necessary in decentralized Scandinavia. The article finds that the prefect's authority towards the municipalities varies in Scandinavia. The Norwegian and Swedish prefectures hold rather powerful roles, while the Danish ones do not. The article suggests that this may have something to do with the need for an institution that brings about cohesion and coordination. Prefectoral systems are basically pragmatic solutions to the problem of enforcing national standards and common values across regions and municipalities, but their role may vary with institutional conditions created by local government reforms. The article further suggests that the authority of the prefecture varies with the character of central-local relations, and that it is vulnerable to changes in dominant political goals and values. en. References. Adapted from the source document.

Central-local relations have been of particular interest since the Labour government came to power in 1997. Both academics and practitioners have pointed to tensions within the Labour government's reform agenda—between a 'top-down' and 'bottom-up' approach; between a drive for national standards and the encouragement of local learning and innovation; and between strengthening executive leadership and enhancing public participation. It is argued that while Labour's modernisation strategy has clear elements of a top-down approach (legislation, inspectorates, white papers, etc) there is also a significant bottom-up dimension (a variety of zones, experiments and pilots, albeit with different degrees of freedom). This article utilises a multi-level governance framework of analysis and argues that, while much of the research using such frameworks has hitherto focused on the EU, recent developments in governance at neighbourhood, local authority, sub-regional and regional levels facilitate its application within a nation state. The central thesis is that, while there is extensive interaction between actors at sub-national level, this should not be seen as a proxy for policy influence. The local political arena is characterised less by multi-level governance than by multi-level dialogue. Sub-national actors participate but they are rarely major players in shaping policy outcomes: the plurality which characterises sub-central governance does not reflect a pluralist power structure.

Focuses on municipalities. Argues that recent decentralization serves to increase central state control over local government expenditure.

The institutionalization of business-government relations has acquired a global character and has spread not only in the developed Western countries but in Latin America too. Informal practices are being replaced by the formalization of lobbying in business-government relations. Using the example of Chile and Peru, which were among the first in the region to embark on the path of forming an open and transparent system of business-government relations, this article analyzes the legal regulating of lobbying. The subject of comparative analysis is the lobbying laws is these states. The features of formal lobbying institutionalization are identified on the basis of the following criteria: interpretation of lobbying and lobbying activities, subjects and objects of lobbying, requirements for actors, ways and opportunities for their communication, and sanctions for non-compliance with these norms.