A hierarchical structure is a widespread organizational form in many areas. My aim in this paper is to provide a rationale for this fact based on two premises. First, a group organizes itself so as to achieve efficient coordination. Second, efficient coordination is achieved only if subgroups as well as individuals agree to cooperate. Even in situations in which there are gains to coordination, the agreement of each possible subgroup may be impossible to reach, resulting in instabilities. I argue that a hierarchical organization avoids such instabilities by distributing in an optimal way autonomy and blocking power to a restricted set of subgroups. Comparisons with nondirected networks are drawn.
This article focuses on the role of the EPS professor in a class with students with disabilities and ordinary students. The emphasis is placed, for example and more or less differently, depending on the characteristics of the pupils, on what the teacher can do to promote their safety and autonomy, to mobilise psychological factors conducive to their engagement, to facilitate the understanding of instructions and advice. Ultimately, it appears that the success in EPS of pupils with disabilities, who are enrolled in mainstream schools, depends to a large extent on educational and pedagogical adaptations. But we go further, by identifying principles that guide their design and by putting forward other conditions that open up opportunities for better integration into this discipline. ; International audience ; This article focuses on the role of the EPS professor in a class with students with disabilities and ordinary students. The emphasis is placed, for example and more or less differently, depending on the characteristics of the pupils, on what the teacher can do to promote their safety and autonomy, to mobilise psychological factors conducive to their engagement, to facilitate the understanding of instructions and advice. Ultimately, it appears that the success in EPS of pupils with disabilities, who are enrolled in mainstream schools, depends to a large extent on educational and pedagogical adaptations. But we go further, by identifying principles that guide their design and by putting forward other conditions that open up opportunities for better integration into this discipline. ; Cet article s'attache au rôle du professeur d'EPS dans le temps où il intervient auprès d'une classe comprenant des élèves en situation de handicap et des élèves ordinaires. L'accent est mis, par exemple et plus ou moins différemment selon les caractéristiques des élèves, sur ce que peut faire l'enseignant pour favoriser leur sécurité, leur autonomie, pour mobiliser les facteurs psychologiques favorables à leur engagement, faciliter ...
Fondato nel 1978 il Partîya Karkerén Kurdîstan si definì un movimento marxista-leninista il cui scopo era quello di creare una società senza classi attraverso la formazione di un nuovo potere statale: il Bakur era il suo campo di battaglia, la Turchia kemalista il suo nemico, la guerriglia il suo mezzo e l'autodeterminazione il suo obiettivo. Poiché l'identità e la linea politica del PKK furono notevolmente influenzate dalle condizioni della Guerra Fredda e dal pensiero socialista, il crollo dell'Unione Sovietica rese imperativo per il movimento costruire una nuova prospettiva ideologico-politica e una nuova struttura organizzativa. Mentre il vuoto di significato derivante dal declino del socialismo sovietico costrinse il partito a rinunciare al suo obiettivo di indipendenza, lo stesso vuoto di significato portò il leader Öcalan ad elaborare un nuovo socialismo autoreferenziale basato sui diritti umani e sulla democrazia. Fu questo processo di ricostruzione e stabilizzazione che permise al partito di riemergere come entità sovrana rendendosi adattabile alle sfide della contemporaneità. Il modello sovietico ed i suoi archetipi furono del tutto sostituiti dal culto di Öcalan, il PKK da classico movimento di liberazione nazionale basato sui principi marxisti-leninisti si trasformò in un'organizzazione sui generis, incarnata nella figura del leader supremo.
The article deals with the interpretations of the meaning of May 1968 events in France. Two main trends can be distinguished, the one which sees the events of May 68 as a step towards the generalization of the consumer society and the other one which refers to the ideas of self-organization and social autonomy. The article aims at understanding the genesis of this interpretative conflict and the way it outlined a new intellectual conscience. ; L'article revient sur les interprétations de la portée des événements de Mai 1968. Deux écoles principales s'affrontent, celle qui dénonce le laxisme et le fait que ces événements aient abouti à la généralisation de la société de consommation et de l'individualisme et celle qui voit au contraire l'aspiration à une forme d'autonomie et à un nouveau projet de société. Il s'agit de comprendre la genèse de ce conflit d'interprétations et la manière dont il a dessiné les traits d'une nouvelle conscience intellectuelle.
International audience The agro-industrial food system after major advances is now facing heavy negative externalities, with health, social and environmental crises. An alternative prospective scenario (territorialized food systems) is driven by the objectives of sustainable development. It is based on product quality, autonomy, proximity, and local, national and international solidarity. It requires new food policies. ; Le système alimentaire agroindustriel après d'importantes avancées se heurte désormais à de lourdes externalités négatives, marquées par de multiples crises sanitaires, sociales et environnementales. Un scénario de prospective alternatif (systèmes alimentaires territorialisés) est piloté par les objectifs du développement durable. Il est fondé sur la qualité des produits, l'autonomie, la proximité, et la solidarité locale, nationale et internationale. Il suppose de nouvelles politiques alimentaires.
RESUMEN The work is driving the evolution of the Cuban state-owned enterprise (CCP) from the late 1980s to the present day. It analyses the changes in its management systems, the prevailing relationship between centralisation and decentralisation of the economy and business autonomy. Directions are also suggested for a programme of transformations of the state-owned enterprise, a leading economic player in the Cuban model of economic and social development. ; RESUMEN El trabajo recorre la evolución de la empresa estatal cubana (EEC) desde finales de los ochenta hasta la actualidad. Analiza las transformaciones en sus sistemas de gestión, la relación prevaleciente entre centralización y descentralización de la economía y la autonomía empresarial. Asimismo se sugieren direcciones para un programa de transformaciones de la empresa estatal, agente económico principal en el modelo cubano de desarrollo económico y social.
Resumen:La Ley Nº 21.076 introdujo el art. 139 bis a la Ley General de Servicios Eléctricos, el cual amplió la red de distribución eléctrica hasta incluir el medidor de consumo, y radicó en las distribuidoras la titularidad del dominio sobre dicho equipo. Este artículo de investigación sostiene la inconstitucionalidad de fondo de la Ley N° 21.076; y la existencia de un trade-off económico favorable a los intereses de empresas distribuidoras en desmedro de los usuarios regulados. Cuestiona también -en hipótesis determinadas- incluir en tarifas el financiamiento de instalaciones de reemplazo y servicios asociados. La metodología de la investigación comprende el análisis de la Ley N° 21.076 frente al de las normas constitucionales, administrativas y regulatorias del sector y mercado relevante, conjuntamente con el análisis económico de su interacción. El estudio concluye que el art. 139 bis es inconstitucional y -como tal- pasible de variadas acciones constitucionales, administrativas y jurisdiccionales. Concluye también y en todo caso, la derogación tácita de una función pública de arbitraje, la lesión a la autonomía de un grupo intermedio y la desaparición de contrapesos de los usuarios regulados al poder de mercado de las concesionarias de distribución en cuanto monopolistas naturales.
Peer reviewed ; Some weeks after the referendum on independence was held in Scotland, Catalonia's institutions of self-government promoted the celebration of a similar consultation. Despite that it was declared illegal by the Spanish Constitutional Court, the Catalan Generalitat went ahead with the idea of organizing a public consult, which finally took place 'informally' on November 9. A majority of 80 per cent of those who participated in the consult voted for secession ('Yes' to both submitted questions to the electorate on self-determination).Turnout was around 37 per cent of the registered voters. Interdependence in the Old Continent goes beyond internal boundary-building and the establishment of self-centered compartments of governance, as happened with the old Westphalian nation-states. Catalans have reiterated their support for encouraging further Europeanization, a process which many aim to make congruent with territorial subsidiarity and home rule.
Quong's influential book probably represents the most sophisticated defence of Rawlsian political liberalism. This review focuses on its content and systematizes it by chapters, emphasizing its relevance both in the first part, where the author puts the liberal perfectionist position under critical scrutiny by advancing three major objections (regarding autonomy, paternalism and political legitimacy), and the second, where the author presents and defends a distinctive version of political liberalism that clearly differs from the one presented by Rawls in several important features. The review also summarizes Quong's innovative arguments regarding the nature of an overlapping consensus, the structure of political justification, the idea of public reason, and the status of unreasonable persons.
Among the names traditionally considered as event names [NEV], i.e. which can serve as a nucleus for an SN subject to take place, a distinction is made between two types of N. Autonomous NEVs (e.g. concert, avalanche) are sufficient to describe events, while dependent EVOs (e.g. increase, dismantling) require additional information to identify events. The distinction between these two types of N is not the same as that proposed by Grimshaw (1990) between 'simple NOMinals event' and 'complex event NOMinals'. It is established that the distribution between autonomous and dependent EVNs is not based on strictly morphological or syntax properties, and that the semantic structure, i.e. all relevant semantic traits, is not the same for all EVs. The assumption is made that the autonomy or dependence of VNEs may be a condition for the type of event that is descored. ; Two categories of nouns denoting events [ENs], i.e. of nouns which can be the subject of avoir lieu ('take place'), can be distinguished. Autonomous ENs (e.g. concert 'concert', avalanche 'avalanche') provide a sufficient description of events, whereas dependent ENs (e.g. augmentation 'increase', démantèlement 'dismantling'), need a complement to denote events. The distinction between these two categories is not equivalent to the one proposed by Grimshaw (1990), between " simple event nominals " and " complex event nominals ". It is shown that the distribution between autonomous and dependent ENs does not rely on pure syntactic or morphological properties, and that the semantic structure, i.e. the relevant semantic features, is not the same for all ENs. Furthermore, the autonomy or dependency of ENs may determine the ontological type of events denoted by ENs. ; Among the names traditionally considered as event names [NEV], i.e. which can serve as a nucleus for an SN subject to take place, a distinction is made between two types of N. Autonomous NEVs (e.g. concert, avalanche) are sufficient to describe events, while dependent EVOs (e.g. increase, ...
International audience Objective: To compare the expectations of patients with brain injury (TBI) entering a post-acute programme to the recommendations made at the end.Design: Retrospective study (1997 and 2009).Intervention: This 12-week post-acute programme included ecological multidisciplinary assessment of physical and cognitive disabilities, independence in activities of daily living and work abilities. Recommendations made at the conclusion of the programme included advice regarding the ability to work in an unsheltered or a sheltered environment and possible social activities.Results: Two hundred and forty patients participated. The main objective of 95.8% was return-to-work: 93.7% expected a normal work environment, 2.1% considered a sheltered environment and 4% entered the programme with the aim of improving social abilities and integration in the community. The recommendations included return-to-work in 68.3% of cases, in an unsheltered environment in 44.2% and in a sheltered environment in 24.1% and advice for contact with social services in order to achieve better social integration in 31.7%. There was a discrepancy between expectations and recommendations in half of the cases.Conclusion: The discrepancy between patients' expectations and recommendations is in part due to the cognitive disorders; long-term rehabilitation programmes should focus on this issue.
Rhetoric and Poetics have a long cultural and conceptual history in common. Although Aristotle claims in these treatises the autonomy of their respective disciplines, he also recognizes that they share a common domain. This paper wants to show the external and internal confluence that closely links both works and both disciplines. In the first section, we do some research on the two positions that the ancient catalogues and presentations assign to the teachings of Rhetoric and Poetics. The analyses of the second section intend to establish that the conceptual interdependence of the two disciplines occurs in the joint field of diánoia and léksiz. Finally, we argue that in thought and elocution -as we cautiously translate them- could be suggested the common history that rhetoric and poetic have had in their later development, as they were mutually and alternatively absorbed. ; La Retórica y la Poética tienen una larga historia cultural y conceptual en común. Aun cuando Aristóteles afirma en ambos tratados la autonomía de sus respectivas disciplinas, también reconoce que éstas comparten un terreno común. Este trabajo pretende mostrar la confluencia externa e interna que unió ambas obras y ambas disciplinas. En la primera sección, documentamos las dos ubicaciones que los antiguos catálogos y presentaciones asignaron a las enseñanzas de Aristóteles en la Retórica y en la Poética. Los análisis de la segunda sección intentan establecer que la interdependencia conceptual de las dos disciplinas acaece en el terreno común de la diánoia y de la léksiz. Finalmente, sostenemos que en el pensamiento y en la elocución -como tentativamente los traducimos- podría estar sugerida la historia que la retórica y la poética han tenido en su desarrollo posterior, en la medida en que fueron mutua y alternativamente absorbidas. Documento incorporado en 2018 en el marco del "Programa de becas de experiencia laboral" de la Biblioteca Profesor Guillermo Obiols para estudiantes de Bibliotecología, a partir de un procedimiento técnico de ...
L'articolo presenta uno sguardo specifico sulle norme linguistiche: partendo dalla Sprachnormenkritik della germanistica l'articolo si concentra sulle implicazioni socio-politiche delle problematiche sulla norma linguistica. Il termine Sprachnormenkritik non ha in inglese, francese, italiano o croato alcuna espressione corrispondente. Il concetto di "Sprachnormenkritik", o meglio le sue specifiche componenti, sono malgrado ciò oggetto di discussione nell'inglese, francese, italiano e croato. Da una prospettiva europea di tipo contrastivo, è interessante notare che non in tutte le discussioni nazionali sulle norme linguistiche viene discusso il rapporto diretto da una parte delle norme linguistiche e dall'altra il potere socio-economico, o meglio la capacità politica di agire come fenomeno unificante – ed esattamente questo è il nucleo della originaria Sprachnormenkritik nel tedesco. Particolarmente convincente è il carattere politico della Sprachnormenkritik in croato. Negli anni Sessanta la Sprachnormenkritik in croato è non solo una "critica", che regressivamente ha cercato di svelarne lo stato, ma anche soprattutto una "critica progressiva", che si può considerare come apripista del movimento politico di indipendenza della Croazia.
L'idea di fondo del libro parte da una riflessione critica sull'originale e complessa intuizione per cui – come recita il titolo mutuato dalle parole di Giovanni Pirelli – «la Resistenza continua» e «continua nelle lotte dei popoli soggetti al colonialismo, all'imperialismo, per la loro effettiva indipendenza». All'interno della vasta costellazione terzomondista e antimperialista delle molteplici sinistre italiane (anche extraparlamentari) che occupano il campo politico-ideologico tra gli anni Sessanta e Settanta, disegniamo le traiettorie e le intersezioni di alcune figure cruciali della politica e della cultura italiana come Giovanni Pirelli e Joyce Lussu. La militanza critica e politica, l'opera di promozione e divulgazione di certi pensatori (Frantz Fanon, Amílcar Cabral, Agostinho Neto tra gli altri) e di certe culture periferiche (in particolare quelle provenienti dall'Africa di lingua portoghese che in quegli anni lotta per la sua liberazione) sono il contrappunto intellettuale di un sostegno effettivo, reale, "storico" alle cause dei movimenti di liberazione africani. Quando il leader della Frente de Libertação de Moçambique Samora Machel afferma che «per noi mozambicani, Reggio Emilia era l'Europa», iscrivendo in termini di solidarietà i rapporti tra un certo PCI italiano, un certo sindacalismo emiliano e la Frelimo, cogliamo in maniera icastica il ruolo che l'Italia ha svolto in quegli anni non solo per interpretare ma per anche per condividere la «collera del mondo» dei dannati della terra.
Questo articolo esplora le origini del sistema partitico taiwanese, la sua evoluzione e la sua struttura contemporanea. Dopo aver valutato le dinamiche sociali e politiche che hanno portato al primo sistema di partito democratico degli anni '90, vengono discussi i fattori specifici che sono alla base dell'attuale sistema. Ciò che si sostiene è che l'attuale configurazione bipartitica è il prodotto di due serie di fattori. In primo luogo, l'attuale sistema è il prodotto di dimensione dominante della competizione politica, vale a dire l'asse "indipendenza-unificazione", una frattura sociale e politica determinata dal rapporto cruciale di Taiwan con la Cina. In secondo luogo, l'attuale configurazione è dovuta anche all'esistenza di incentivi e vincoli istituzionali, derivanti dall'interazione di (1) un sistema elettorale maggioritario uninominale per l'elezione del Presidente della Repubblica taiwanese, e (2) l'esistenza di regole elettorali miste ma per lo più maggioritarie per l'elezione dell'assemblea legislativa. L'articolo si conclude con una discussione sulla resilienza del sistema partitico taiwanese e sulla sua possibile evoluzione. ; This article explores the origins of the Taiwanese party system, its evolution, and its current structure. After assessing the social and political dynamics leading to the early democratic party system of the1990s, the specific factors that underpin the current party system are discussed. What is argued is that the current two-party configuration is the product of two sets of factors. First, the dominance of a single dimension of political competition, namely the 'independence-unification' axis, a social and political cleavage determined by Taiwan's crucial relationship with China. Second, the existence of institutional incentives and constraints, deriving from the interplay of (1) a majoritarian, plurality electoral system regulating the competition for Taiwan's presidency, and (2) the existence of mixed but mostly majoritarian electoral rules for the election of the legislative assembly. The article ends with a discussion of the resilience of the Taiwanese party system and its possible evolution.
