First published in 1967. Based on original Chinese sources, including the press and government documents, this book describes the operation of the Chinese economy in the twentieth century. Certain trends become apparent, notably the extent to which China's economic life is decentralized and the tendency towards self-sufficiency within provinces and smaller administrative units. Among the topics covered are: Agriculture, the organization of large and small scale industry, mining and transport, management and labour in state enterprises. The fiscal system, together with th.
At the end of the twentieth century - the beginning of the 21st century the transformation of the world system of international economic relations occurs primarily under the influence of global trends. Globalization as the growth of mutual influence and interdependence between the countries of the world, the interweaving of their economies has become the main megatrend of world development. Modern concepts of economic development reflect these global trends, as well as containing possible solutions to global problems facing humanity. Global issues have led to a change in views on the concepts of economic development, problems have begun to be investigated comprehensively. A young science of Globalism has emerged, studying the essence, laws and trends of globalization.
Since the end of last year, much public attention has been focused on the growing importance of sovereign wealth funds (hereafter SWFs), which are large investment pools managed by national governments primarily among oil exporters and emerging market economies. Many of these governments have accumulated substantial foreign reserves because of large trade surpluses, some of which they have begun to invest in a range of financial instruments that is more diversified than is typically the case for central bank international reserves in order to improve the yield on their foreign asset positions. While SWFs have been in existence for many years, their recent growth reflects two significant developments in the international economic system: one is a redistribution of economic power and wealth away from the industrial economies toward rapidly growing emerging market economies, such as Brazil, China, India and Russia; and the other is a loss of confidence in, and diminished authority of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) which was created to exercise surveillance over the international monetary system. This article is intended to explain the nature of these two phenomena and how they are related, as well as the implications of these developments for the international economic reform agenda. Adapted from the source document.
"The upcoming U.S. presidential election presents an opportunity to confirm, better define, or redefine America's role in the world. Economic power and policy will have an important place in any conception of the United States' role in the world. This report presents the strategic choices America faces regarding the international economy over the terms of the current and next U.S. administrations. The goal of U.S. international economic policy is to contribute to national economic growth and prosperity. Although the United States faces many choices regarding the global economy, this report focuses on policy choices in the areas of maintaining and improving the rules-based international economic system; working with China and better integrating it into the existing system; supporting the economic growth of allies, friends, and partners; and using economic tools to change unwanted behavior and counter adversaries"--Back cover
The potentially widespread damage that could stem from global warming has prompted the search for international policy solutions. The problem for policy makers is to initiate programs that not only will mitigate the global buildup of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, but also will facilttate cooperation and be perceived as equitable. To this end, tradeable emissions permits, or entitlements, are a promising policy instrument. Nations could be assigned emission allowances on the basis of present and future baseline levels, but would be free to trade these permits. Such a program would share the burden of abatement, protect the interests of developing nations, and encourage cooperation through technology transfer.
Takenaka, H.: Major challenges for the world economic system. S. 1-6. Inouchi, M.: Agenda for the post-Uruguay Round era. S. 7-12. Utagawa, R.: Regionalism and globalism. S. 13-22. Ueda, E.: International monetary and financial issues. S. 23-29. Fukuda, K.: Rethinking the role of global framework. S. 30-39
The belief that globalization has resulted in a multipolar global village transcending political, territorial, economic and socio-cultural particularities seems to be mistaken. On the contrary, it has been a convenient metaphor for the US to promote its own political and economic thinking on all nations at the expense of their cultural, social, economic and political diversity through the instrument of Transnational Corporations (TNCs) and the process of homogenization of production, labour and trade. The developing countries have remained captive to the wishes of these US-based corporations. Globalization has not meant more democratization, freedom, independence or emergence of a multipolar world and regional powers. Instead, it has become an expedient euphemism for the US to decide the economy of the entire globe by its own domestic imperatives of providing a luxurious life style to its own citizens. The disintegration of Soviet Union and the end of Cold War, instead of ushering in a new world order, has resulted in the emergence of the US as a great leviathan, which by virtue of its own military prowess feels free to spread auits own liberal market economy binding all the nations of the world to all its nuances at the cost of their independence and sovereignty. American foreign policy behaviour with respect to Afghanistan, Iraq and global climate change negotiations is a testimony to this fact.
THE CURRENT INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL SYSTEM IS DOMINATED BY THE ECONOMIC CRISIS CAUSED BY GROWING INFLATION ACCELERATED BY THE INCREASING OF THE COSTS OF RAW MATERIALS AND OIL. AMERICAN POLICY WITHIN THIS CONTEXT IS AIMED AT TRYING TO MONITOR THE CHANGE IN THE WORLD ORDER. AS FAR AS EUROPE IS CONCERNED THERE ARE NO STATEMENTS OF PARTNERSHIP ANY LONGER.
The production of arms is systemically based in the dynamic of international economic growth. Major arms exporters, primarily northern industrial states, are locked into a structure that retards economic development worldwide. Unable to remedy internal structural difficulties, these nations export, through arms trade, inequality and injustice to Third World nations. This arms trade, in turn, serves to preserve the political and economic predominance the northern industrial states now enjoy in the global hierarchy. In analyzing the potential for a New International Economic Order, greater emphasis should be placed on the role played by the war system-including arms trade-in inhibiting the realization of the NIEO's stated goals. To this end the complex interplay between the war system and the political economies of those states most actively engaged in arms trade is examined. Finally, alternative futures are explored, based on an emerging multipolar world, and which entail a substantial reduction in the level of global armaments.
