Suchergebnisse

In general, it is potentially dangerous for people to use several digital devices while driving because this may cause mental overload. However, it is now common for drivers to use both a smartphone navigation application (app) and an in-vehicle navigation system. We investigated the
behavior of 41 drivers who used both navigation systems, and determined their reason for using, and mode of use of these. Results showed that the majority of participants used a mobile phone app as their primary navigation system and the in-vehicle navigation system as the secondary system.
They often kept the in-vehicle navigation system turned on, to use as backup in certain situations, such as the loss of battery power for their smartphone or the need to receive a phone call. Practical implications are discussed.

This contribution sketches the essential aspects of terrestrial navigation in the late middle ages and early modern times. The emergence of terrestrial navigation is seen in the context of changes taking place in both trade policies and vessel types directly prior to this epoch. Whereas ships had previously remained in the vicinity of the coast for purposes of protection, now every effort was made to keep a safe distance from the coast. This principle was reflected in new navigational methods completely lacking any theoretical basis, particularly in a specific type of icourse-pointö navigation (Wegpunktnavigation). The new methods depended entirely upon the aid of the sounding Iead, the compass and sailing directions passed along in both oral and written form. For territory-related reasons, the log and sea chart did not play a role in navigation until a much later date.

The artilce considers the English-Russian Navigation dictionary in the context of its creation. The dictionary evolved from a small appendix to a textbook into a separate edition, which is a part of a multi-volume Marine Navigation Course. The Navigation Dictionary as part of the Marine Navigation Course ed. by Yakov Lapushkin was published twice: in 1947 by Nikolay Rybakov and in 1960 by Tamara Rutkovskaya. The representatives of the professional naval, academic, and scientific community, including the well-known lexicographer Alexander Taube, contributed to this dictionary. A comparative analysis of the sources shows the continuity between these dictionaries in their content, design and structure. The demand for the new 1960 version was explained by a rapid scientific and technological progress, as well as by the requirements to take into account not only British, but also American sources due to the increasing role of the United States in the navigation in this period. The need to create a navigation dictionary, including both special terminology and basic commands, was justified in the textbooks by Nikolay Rybakov, and in the preface to the dictionary by Tamara Rutkovskaya by the role that this language played in professional naval communication. Navigators needed a modern English-Russian dictionary that could be used for reading foreign manuals, for communication with pilots; such professional skills should have been obtained in the course of studies. Nowadays, old dictionaries compiled scores of years ago, remain a valuable source of information on the history of the Russian scientific and technical thought and professional communication.