Suchergebnisse

Behavioral science is playing an increasing role in public policy, and it is raising new questions about fundamental issues - the role of government, freedom of choice, paternalism, and human welfare. In diverse nations, public officials are using behavioral findings to combat serious problems - poverty, air pollution, highway safety, COVID-19, discrimination, employment, climate change, and occupational health. Exploring theory and practice, this Element attempts to provide one-stop shopping for those who are new to the area and for those who are familiar with it. With reference to nudges, taxes, mandates, and bans, it offers concrete examples of behaviorally informed policies. It also engages the fundamental questions, include the proper analysis of human welfare in light of behavioral findings. It offers a plea for respecting freedom of choice - so long as people's choices are adequately informed and free from behavioral biases.

The aim of this paper is to indicate a diverse nature of the issues investigated in public policy sciences, particularly emphasizing the importance of the health policy in explaining social reality. By resolving public problems, numerous needs of society, inter alia, health needs can be met. One of the sciences which explains social problems and public policy has an interest in is the health policy. Both the health policy and public policy have two dimensions, i.e. applicable and theoretical. In terms of 'applicable' one, active participation of all social life entities affecting awareness of developing health resources is vital. And in the theoretical one, as a science, health policy addresses theoretical problems related to satisfying health needs of individual and collective populations. However, in the existing definitions of the health policy, there is no reference to "health needs". One can only assume that this category is used intuitively as it is hard to imagine numerous activities and decisions taken without identifying the needs, so that the health system could meet them. Reverting to health policy in its practical sense it is crucial to teach the public responsibility for their own behavior towards health. Health education deals with the skills needed to care about health in an accountable and independent way. This kind of education plays an important part in the implementation of public policy since its task is not only to transfer knowledge, but also to develop skills to make informed choices and decisions and thus to shape a democratic society with an independent way of thinking. The applicable role of the health policy is to improve the management of the health sector. In this respect, the organization of the treatment process, which is to provide comprehensive medical care for patients and therefore to improve the existing relations of a public nature, is essential.

Analyzing survey data from the 2007 Cooperative Congressional Election Study, this article examines citizens' preferences for assigning policy responsibility for environmental problems to different levels of government. I find that the public generally prefers the federal government to take the lead in addressing most issues, particularly those that relate to pollution and those that have a national or global scale. The public, however, prefers to give more responsibility to state and local governments to handle local-level issues. These results suggest a desire among many in the public to match governmental policy assignment with the geographic scale of the problem. The best predictor of individuals choice of government level is political orientation, and to a lesser extent ones general confidence in each level of government. Adapted from the source document.

Environmental values and policies : an introduction -- Environmental law : a structural overview -- Preventing harm in the face of uncertainty -- Waste management and pollution prevention -- Air pollution control -- Water pollution control -- Land use regulation and regulatory takings -- Environmental impact assessment -- Preservation of biodiversity -- Environmental enforcement -- Protection of the global environment -- Environmental progress and prospects

Studies of "policy" and l'policymakingll have proliferated recently. One reason is the serious policymaking difficulties of American and other Western governments. Earlier political science did not address these problems well because of its concentration on political input processes rather than outputs. Most policy studies either evaluate programs 0′ explain cases of policymaking, The approach proposed here, called public policy, does both. Analyses of preferred options are played off against the limitations of process, and vice versa. This conception is illustrated and the problems posed by it are discussed.

Public participation is ubiquitous in many contemporary democratic societies – used for many purposes, and in many contexts, with particular and growing relevance for policy-making on science and technology issues. However, there is a dearth of evidence as to its qualities and benefits. We contend that the implementation and interpretation of participation faces a number of dilemmas that – together –undermine its successful adoption. In this paper, we identify and discuss six specific dilemmas that – together – may militate against the practice and development of good quality participation in science and technology policy, notably dilemmas of Timing; of Relevance; of Representation; of Evaluation; of Criticism; and of Impact. We theoretically account for these dilemmas and discuss their likely impacts. Finally, we provide some suggestions as to how the participation community might attempt to pre-empt difficulties due to these dilemmas and demonstrate participation effectiveness.

Proposes an approach to policy study in which "analyses of preferred options are played off against the limitations of process, and vice versa."

Introduction : the plight of the environmental scientist / Willem Halffman, Esther Turnhout & Willemijn Tuinstra -- What is science? (and why does this matter?) / Willem Halffman -- Frames : beyond facts versus values / Willem Halffman -- Case A framing climate-change / Mike Hulme -- Science, politics and the public in knowledge controversies / Esther Turnhout & Thomas Gieryn -- Case B what does 'climategate' tell us about public knowledge controversies? / Silke Beck -- Case C whose deficit anyway? : institutional misunderstanding of fracking sceptical publics / Laurence Williams & Phil Macnaghten -- The limits to knowledge / Willemijn Tuinstra, Ad Ragas & Willem Halffman -- Case D angry bulbs / Ad Ragas & Marga Jacobs -- Usable knowledge : science, policy and society / Willemijn Tuinstra, Willem Halffman & Esther Turnhout -- Case E expertise for European fisheries policy / Willem Halffman & Martin Pastoors -- Interdisciplinarity and the challenge of knowledge integration / Esther Turnhout -- Case F knowledge integration in the millennium ecosystem assessment / Clark Miller -- Case G integrated assessment for long-range transboundary air pollution / Willemijn Tuinstra -- Lay expertise / Esther Turnhout & Katja Neves -- Case H lay expertise and botanical science : a case of dynamic interdependencies in biodiversity conservation / Katja Neves -- Case I the Loweswater Care Project / Claire Waterton -- Environmental experts at the science-policy-society interface / Esther Turnhout -- Case J group think and whistle blowers in CO2 capture and storage / Heleen de Coninck -- Environmental knowledge in democracy / Esther Turnhout, Willem Halffman & Willemijn Tuinstra -- Conclusion : science, reason and the environment / Willem Halffman, Willemijn Tuinstra & Esther Turnhout