Suchergebnisse

I. Introduction -- 1. Berlin's Distinction -- 2. MacCallum on Positive and Negative Liberty -- 3. The Strategy of the Argument -- II. The Freedom to do a Particular Thing: The Objective Side -- 4. Restraint and Incapacity -- 5. Coercion -- 6. Coercion and the Wage Agreement -- 7. The Probability of Doing ? -- III. The Freedom to do a Particular Thing: The Subjective Side -- 8. Belief and Information -- 9. Psychological Barriers, Autonomy, and Freedom -- 10. The Desire to Do ? -- IV. Personal Freedom -- 11. Berlin's Five Factors -- 12. The Number and Variety of Alternatives -- 13. The Probability of the Alternatives -- 14. The Value of the Alternatives -- V. Social Liberty -- 15. The Characterization -- 16. Outlines of a Positive Libertarian Social Program -- 17. A Positive Approach to Speech -- 18. Redistribution -- 19. Left and Right Libertarianism -- VI. Criticisms of Positive Liberty -- 20. That Positive Liberty Extends the Notion to Meaninglessness -- 21. Liberty and its Conditions of Exercise -- 22. Liberty and the Conditions that Give it Worth -- 23. "Liberty" in Ordinary Language -- 24. The Special Evils of Restraint and Coercion -- 25. Human Rights, Coercion, and Non-Aid -- VII. The Value of Liberty -- 26. The Consequences of Liberty -- 27. Intrinsic Value Defined -- 28. The Intrinsic Value of Autonomy and Liberty -- 29. Value and the Structure of Positive Liberty -- 30. An Egalitarian Argument for Positive Liberty -- VIII. The Costs and Limits of Liberty -- 31. Decision Costs -- 32. Personal Costs and Paternalism -- 33. Social Costs -- 34. Individual Decision and Collective Decision -- Notes.

This work presents, interprets, and largely defends the legal philosophy of H.L.A. Hart, except for his account of causation. Hart is considered by many persons to be the most important English writer on jurisprudence in the 20th century. The book considers his general theory of law, his theory of rights and of the enforcement of morality, and his analysis of the conditions of legal resposibility and the justification of punishment

"This collection features fourteen original essays, divided into three thematic sections, which explore the work of Wilfrid Sellars in relation to other twentieth-century thinkers. Section I analyzes Sellars's thought in light of his influential predecessors, namely Ludwig Wittgenstein, Rudolf Carnap, C.I. Lewis, Richard Hönigswald, John Cook Wilson, and Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz. The second group of essays explores from different perspectives Sellars's place within the analytic tradition, including the extent of his identification with analytic Kantianism and analytic pragmatism. The book's final section extracts some of the most significant lessons Sellars's work has to offer for contemporary philosophy. These chapters address his views on inference, his views on truth and its connection to recent discussions about truth-relativism and truth-pluralism, his conception of self-knowledge, and his theory of perceptual experience"--

Frontmatter -- Contents -- List of Abbreviations -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction: Secrets of Immanence -- 1. Philosophical Modernity and Experimental Imperative -- 2. Dark Precursors: The Hermetic Tradition -- 3. The Force of Symbols: Deleuze and the Esoteric Sign -- 4. The Overturning of Platonism -- 5. Becoming Cosmic -- 6. The Politics of Sorcery -- 7. The Future of Belief -- Coda: Experimental Faith -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index

Russell and the linguistic philosophy -- I. The quest for logical form -- Reference and meaning -- Two senses of "logical form" -- Logical form, propositional constituents, and reconstructionism -- The "logically perfect" language -- The theory of acquaintance -- Proper names -- The "minimum vocabulary" -- Summary and conclusion -- II. The uses of reconstructionism -- The theory of descriptions -- The analysis of class-symbols -- The logical construction of physical objects -- Conclusion -- III. Critique of Russell's philosophy of language -- The theory of acquaintance -- The doctrine of logical form -- Philosophical analysis as elucidation of ontological structure -- Selected Bibliography.

Introduction: Greatness of Western Man -- Introduction: Greatness of Western Man -- I: Ordinance -- I Philosophy and Myth -- II Disintegration of Phtsis-is-Logos -- III Concealed Re-Entry of Phtsis-is-Logos Into the Western World -- IV Re-Disclosure of Phtsis-is-Logos in Contemporary Times -- II: Philosophy in Philosophies -- V the Early Greek Philosophers -- VI Plato -- VII Aristotle -- VIII Saint Thomas Aquinas -- IX Rene Descartes -- X George Berkeley -- XI Immanuel Kant -- XII Friedrich Nietzsche -- III: Contemporary Man -- XIII Greatness of Contemporary Man -- XIV Scientism -- XV Technology.

A defense of the view that philosophical propositions are true in some perspectives and false in others, arguing that the rationalist, intuition-driven method of acquiring basic beliefs favored by analytic philosophy is not epistemically superior to such alternate belief-acquiring methods as religious revelation and the ritual use of hallucinogens. The grand and sweeping claims of many relativists might seem to amount to the argument that everything is relative--except the thesis of relativism. In this book, Steven Hales defends relativism, but in a more circumscribed form that applies specifically to philosophical propositions. His claim is that philosophical propositions are relatively true--true in some perspectives and false in others. Hales defends this argument first by examining rational intuition as the method by which philosophers come to have the beliefs they do. Analytic rationalism, he claims, has a foundational reliance on rational intuition as a method of acquiring basic beliefs. He then argues that there are other methods that people use to gain beliefs about philosophical topics that are strikingly analogous to rational intuition and examines two of these: Christian revelation and the ritual use of hallucinogens. Hales argues that rational intuition is not epistemically superior to either of these alternative methods. There are only three possible outcomes: we have no philosophical knowledge (skepticism); there are no philosophical propositions (naturalism); or there are knowable philosophical propositions, but our knowledge of them is relative to doxastic perspective. Hales defends relativism against the charge that it is self-refuting and answers a variety of objections to this account of relativism. Finally, he examines the most sweeping objection to relativism: that philosophical propositions are not merely relatively true, because there are no philosophical propositions--all propositions are ultimately empirical, as the naturalists contend. Hales's somewhat disturbing conclusion--that intuition-driven philosophy does produce knowledge, but not absolute knowledge--is sure to inspire debate among philosophers.

"Philosophical inquiry into the theory and practice of responsibility is a major and fast-growing area of study. It spans perennial philosophical, political, and legal questions about free will and agency as well as more recent, controversial topics such as coercion, ignorance, and responsibility for historical injustices. The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Responsibility is an outstanding survey and exploration of these issues and more. Comprised of forty-one chapters by an international team of contributors, the Handbook is divided into three clear parts - on the history, theory, and practice of responsibility - within which the following key areas are examined: responsibility and wrongdoing responsibility and determinism the scope of responsibility individuals and society the concepts of responsibility the conditions and challenges of responsibility being and holding responsible the ethics and politics of responsibility responsibility in the law. Including suggestions for further reading at the end of each chapter, The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Responsibility provides an extremely useful guide to the topic. It will be valuable reading for students and researchers in philosophy and applied ethics, as well as for those in related disciplines such as politics, law, and policymaking"--

This book expounds the dialectical conception of science largely implicit in the writings of Marx and Engels, offering a sympathetic reconstruction of a philosophy of science commensurate with Marx's thought. Drawing on a reading of dialectics found in Plato and Hegel, it recasts Marx's implicit ontology in terms of dialectical conceptions of the world, as these conceptions have responded to the growing sophistication of modern science. It thus deepens our understanding of materialist philosophy as it relates to science and draws out Marx's logic of science in light of continuing discussions. As such, it will appeal to philosophers with interests in the nature and development of science and Marxist thought.

This volume investigates the paradigm changes which occurred in ethics during the early modern era (1350-1600). While many general claims have been made regarding the nature of moral philosophy in the period of transition from medieval to modern thought, the rich variety of extant texts has seldom been studied and discussed in detail. The present collection attempts to do this. It provides new research on ethics in the context of Late Scholasticism, Neo-Scholasticism, Renaissance Humanism and the Reformation. It traces the fate of Aristotelianism and of Stoicism, explores specific topics such as probabilism and casuistry, and highlights the connections between Protestant theology and early modern ethics. The book also examines how the origins of human rights, as well as different views of moral agency, the will and the emotions, came into focus on the eve of modernity. Target audience: students of medieval, Renaissance and Reformation history, students of the history of philosophy, ethics and theology, those interested in humanism, human rights and the history of law.