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BECAUSE OF THEIR INTEREST TO SOCIAL SCIENTISTS, PUBLIC JUDGMENTS ABOUT THE ECONOMY ARE COMMONLY MEASURED IN SURVEYS. HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE EFFECTS OF THE MEASUREMENT PROCESS ON THESE JUDGMENTS. THE AUTHORS OF THIS ARTICLE CONDUCTED TWO SURVEY-BASED EXPERIMENTS DESIGNED TO EXAMINE THIS ISSUE. BASED ON RECENT THEORIES OF THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SURVEY RESPONSE, THEY EXAMINED WHETHER JUDGMENTS ABOUT THE NATIONAL ECONOMY WOULD BE INFLUENCED BY SURVEY CONTEXT, ESPECIALLY FOR RESPONDENTS WHO LACKED STRONG POLITICAL BELIEFS. THE RESULTS OF BOTH EXPERIMENTS SUGGESTS THAT THIS IS THE CASE.

Data loss is a plague in outcome studies, particularly for research strategies using significant others to rate home and community adjustment of clients in treatment. This study asked, "Do psychological factors contribute to data loss?" for 169 consecutively admitted psychiatric clients who differed in outcome response rates. Clients who evidenced less favorable pretreatment adjustment on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and on psychiatrists' Brief Psychiatric Rating Scales ratings also turned out to be those for whom posttreatment outcome return rates were poorest. The findings suggest data loss is systematic: Clients who are less well-adjusted may be underrepresented in program evaluation.

Introduction. The article points out the need for a special study of psychological aspects of the reasons for the victory of the Red Army at Stalingrad, which for a long time remained undervalued due to the traditional attention of researchers paid to the role of ideological factors. These aspects are revealed in the process of radical change in the moods of soldiers and commanders of the Red Army in the period between the issuance of Order No. 227 in July 1942 and the formation of new urban combat tactics in the winter of 1942-1943. The author notes the need to evaluate measures of command and practices of soldiers' and commanders' behaviour in war, taking into account the achievements of modern psychology.

Methods. The author presents a methodological scheme for analysing the process of changing moods, the transition from confusion and panic to the formation of readiness for active defence and attack. Its elements include studying adaptation to the everyday difficulties of war, interpersonal trust and rational organization of various aspects of life in war as prerequisites for a psychological break in the moods of soldiers and commanders.

Analysis and results. The article emphasizes the role of formation of self-organization and liberation of personal initiative of soldiers as one of the manifestations of positive psychological changes. These changes are conceptualized in a new understanding of courage. Along with the 'courage of self-sacrifice' characteristic of archaic culture and traditional society, the 'courage of self-affirmation', which is rooted in the values of the Renaissance and the early modern period and focused on success in military confrontation and preservation of the lives of soldiers and commanders, arises and spreads. The emergence and spread of new psychological attitudes and orientations during the Stalingrad battle can be assessed as the beginning of moral and psychological break in the Red Army, the beginning of the formation of the 'psychology of victory' as a powerful mobilizing factor.

The article presents a theoretical analysis of socio-psychological aspects of emotional response development in childhood. It considers Russian and foreign authors' scientific approaches to understanding of the emotional response phenomenological nature, identification of socio-psychological factors and mechanisms determining its emergence, formation and development in the framework of cultural and historical tradition. It covers scientific concepts, theoretical approaches and doctrines that reveal the improvement of emotional response as a process of hierarchical differentiation in ontogenesis, mediation of emotional reactions by social and content areas, progressive development of regulation, control and management mechanisms initiated by maturation, cognitive and psychosocial development and socialization. The article also focuses on theoretical approaches to outlining of periodization patterns of emotional response formation in childhood, regarding the emotional response as a process that ascends from elementary forms of emotional reflection to higher socially determined, consciously regulated and controlled forms of emotional behavior. In the process of the child's ontogenetic development, these processes turn from externally directed, materialized forms to the level of internal regulation of behavior. Based on the analysis of existing scientific approaches, the article reveals the deficiencies and identifies the prospects for the research in the field under consideration. It states the necessity of the development of universal complex classification and periodization schemes, reflecting ontogenetic features of progressive development, accumulation and complication of psychological new formations in a multicomponent structural and hierarchical organization of emotional response. The article determines theoretical and practical importance in the development of the conditions for psychological support for the child's emotional response formation and development, implying the introduction of monitoring, forecasting and management technologies for the purposeful formation of the younger generation's emotionally competent behavior