Suchergebnisse

1. Introduction: The Nature of Aphrodisiacs -- What are Aphrodisiacs? -- Aphrodisiacs and the Law -- Advertising Aphrodisiacs -- 2. The Ancient Traditions -- The Hindu Tradition -- China and the Far East -- The Near East -- The Greek Tradition -- The Roman Tradition -- The Arab Tradition -- 3. Magic Charms, Potions and Philtres -- Sex and Magic -- Hippomanes -- Cockle-bread -- Dragon's Blood -- John the Conqueror Root -- Magical Love Charms -- 4. Herbalism and Quackery -- Herbalism -- Witchcraft and the Church -- Vegetable Aphrodisiacs -- Ginseng -- The Legacy of the Herbalists -- Quackery -- Aphrodisiacs in Early Materiae Medicae -- Modern Quackery and Pseudo-science -- 5. The Classical Aphrodisiacs -- Rhinoceros Horn -- Spanish Flies -- The Mandrake -- Alcohol -- 6. The Scientific Approach to Sex and Aphrodisiacs -- Endocrinology of Sexual Function -- The Nature of the Sex Hormones -- Forms of Sexual Inadequacy -- The Origin of the Erection -- Physiology of the Erection and Ejaculation -- Testicular Transplants: the Monkey Gland Story -- The Therapeutic Role of Testosterone -- Prolactin -- Oral Contraceptives and Frigidity -- Use of Sex Hormones as Anaphrodisiacs -- Assessing the Effects of Potential Aphrodisiacs -- The Placebo -- 7. Drugs of Abuse -- Amphetamines -- Cannabis -- Cocaine -- Opium and the Narcotic Analgesics -- Nicotine -- Nitrites -- Nutmeg -- LSD and the Psychedelic Drugs -- Hypnotics and Sedatives -- Kola, Khat and Other Stimulants -- 8. Drugs used Clinically as Aphrodisiacs -- The Use and Limitations of Testosterone -- Yohimbine -- Strychnine -- Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone (LHRH) -- Dopamine and Sexual Function -- Serotonin and Sexual Function -- Drugs with Aphrodisiac Side-effects -- Drugs with Anaphrodisiac Side-effects -- 9. Aphrodisiacs in the Future -- Pheromones -- Perfumes -- Aromatherapy -- Bodily Secretions -- Brain Stimulation -- Subliminal Stimulation -- Conclusion -- Appendix 1: List of Aphrodisiacs -- Appendix 2: Effects of Drugs on the Nervous System.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Illustrations -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Introduction: Interpreting the New Science -- Part 1. Background of the New Science in the Universal Law (1720 -1722) -- Part 2. Reception of the First New Science (1725) -- Part 3. Additions to the Second New Science (1730/1744) -- Appendix. Vico's Writings in English Translation -- Index -- The Editors

For some time, the growing stature of political science as an independent social science has been a notable feature in American universities. Yet, up to the present time, the categories of this new field of scientific endeavor have not found their way into the indexing departments of libraries, nor have they been recognized by indexers of other collections. Even the editors of encyclopedias, people of great learning and ability, have omitted some of the most significant topics of political science, because of the lack of any accepted index indicating the range of the field and focusing attention upon its primary categories. The American Political Science Review itself is confronted with the problem of a suitable subject-index. The growing complexity of all kinds of materials bearing upon the work of political scientists, and more particularly the increasing mass of public documents, has become more and more baffling. Even the skillful indexers of the Congressional Record, for example, seem unaware of the major topics of interest for political science, and thus no sign-posts of the usual kind have been made available to workers in our field.

1 Theory of Algorithms and Discrete Processors -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Discrete Processors -- 3. Examples of Discrete Processors -- 4. Computers and Discrete Processors -- 5. Systems of Algorithmic Algebras -- 6. Application of Algorithmic Algebras to Transformations of Microprograms -- 7. Equivalence of Discrete Processors -- 8. Equivalence of Automata with Terminal States Relative to an Automaton without Cycles -- 9. Specific Cases of Solutions to the Equivalence Problem -- 10. Conclusions -- References -- 2 Programming Languages -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Basic Linguistic Nature of Programming Languages -- 3. Programming Languages and Semiotics -- 4. The Formal Definition of Programming Lan guages -- 5. The Definition of Programmable Automata and their Languages -- 6. Parallel Concurrent Processes -- 7. Machine Languages -- 8. Special and General-Purpose Algorithmic Languages -- 9. Special Problem-Oriented Languages -- 10. Simulation Languages -- 11. Conversational Languages -- 12. Conclusion -- References -- 3 Formula Manipulation—The User's Point of View -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Different Types of Formula Manipulation Systems -- 3. Toward a Mathematical Utility -- 4. The Formula Manipulation Language Symbal -- 5. The Syntax of Symbal -- 6. The Basic Symbols and Syntactic Entities -- 7. Expressions -- 8. The Remaining Parts of the Language -- 9. Standard Variables -- 10. Techniques and Applications -- 11. Summary -- References -- 4 Engineering Principles of Pattern Recognition -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Basic Problems in Pattern Recognition -- 3. Feature Selection and Preprocessing -- 4. Pattern Classification by Distance Functions -- 5. Pattern Classification by Potential Functions.. -- 6. Pattern Classification by Likelihood Functions -- 7. Pattern Classification by Entropy Functions.. -- 8. Conclusions -- References -- 5 Learning Control Systems -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Trainable Controllers -- 3. Reinforcement Learning Control Systems -- 4. Bayesian Learning in Control Systems -- 5. Learning Control Systems Using Stochastic Approximation -- 6. The Method of Potential Functions and its Application to Learning Control -- 7. Stochastic Automata as Models of Learning Controllers -- 8. Conclusions -- Appendix. Stochastic Approximation—A Brief Survey -- References -- Author Index.

1. Electrochemistry of Oil-Water Interfaces -- 1. Potential Difference at Oil-Water Interfaces -- 2. Electrocapillarity -- 3. Binding at Oil-Water Interfaces -- 4. Electrocapillary Emulsification -- 5. Coalescence of Droplets -- 6. Potential Distribution of Membrane Systems -- Abbreviations -- Notation -- References -- 2. Kinetic Theory of Flotation of Small Particles -- 1. Specific Features of the Mechanism Involving Fixation of Small Particles on the Surface of a Bubble -- 2. Specific Features of the Mechanism of Transfer of Small Particles to the Bubble Surface -- 3. Quantitative Theory of Flotation of Small and Medium-Sized Spherical Particles -- 4. Quantitative Experimental Research into Flotation of Small Particles -- 5. Detachment of Small Particles in Contactless Flotation and the Dynamic Adsorption Layer of a Bubble -- 6. Nonequilibrium Surface Forces in Flotation -- 7. Collision Efficiency and Flotation Kinetics -- 8. Influence of Aggregation of the Particles on the Elementary Act of Inertia-free Flotation -- 9. Flotation of Submicron Particles -- 10. Conclusions -- Notation -- References -- 3. Specifically Impermeable Precipitate Membranes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Hirsch Effect -- 3. Precipitate Formation by Double Diffusion in Gels -- 4. Place of First Formation of Precipitate Lines in Double Diffusion in Gels -- 5. Evolution of Precipitate Lines in Double Diffusion as a Function of Reagent Concentration and Time -- 6. Nondiffusion Methods for Generating Precipitate Lines -- 7. Single-Diffusion Precipitation -- 8. Liesegang Phenomenon -- 9. Biological Precipitate Membranes -- References -- 4. Dynamic Surface Tension and Capillary Waves -- 1. Introduction: Surface Constitutive Equations -- 2. General Theoretical Discussion -- 3. General Remarks on Ripple Methods for the Study of Dynamic Surface Tension -- 4. Interfacial Wave Methods -- 5. The Spectroscopy of Ripples -- 6. Appendix: Reduction of the Determinant Given by Hansen et al. -- References -- 5. Digital-Computer-Oriented Numerical Analysis in Surface Chemistry -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nonlinear Least-Squares Analysis -- 3. Analysis of Model Stability to Small Errors: Prediction Analysis -- 4. Methods -- 5. Appendix -- References -- 6. Advances in Experimental Techniques for Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Mercury Intrusion Instruments -- 3. Sample Selection and Preparation -- 4. Low-Pressure Intrusion Measurements -- 5. High-Pressure Intrusion Measurements -- 6. Rate of Pressurization -- 7. Presentation of Intrusion Results -- 8. Microcomputers and Porosimeters -- 9. Testing Particulate Materials -- 10. Other Useful Information Available from an Intrusion Experiment -- 11. Closing Statement -- References -- 7. The Contact Angle of Mercury on the Internal Surfaces of Porous Bodies: A Footnote to D. N. Winslow's Review of Porosimetry -- 1. Introduction -- References -- Author Index.

Preface -- Notation Frequently Used -- 1. Introduction -- I. Hilbert Space -- 2. Inner Product of Functions. Norm, Metric -- 3. The Space L2 -- 4. Convergence in the Space L2(G) (Convergence in the Mean). Complete Space. Separable Space -- 5. Orthogonal Systems in L2(G) -- 6. Hilbert Space -- 7. Some Remarks to the Preceding Chapters. Normed Space, Banach Space -- 8. Operators and Functionals, especially in Hilbert Spaces -- II. Variational Methods -- 9. Theorem on the Minimum of a Quadratic Functional and its Consequences -- 10. The Space HA -- 11. Existence of the Minimum of the Functional F in the Space HA. Generalized Solutions -- 12. The Method of Orthonormal Series. Example -- 13. The Ritz Method -- 14. The Galerkin Method -- 15. The Least Squares Method. The Courant Method -- 16. The Method of Steepest Descent. Example -- 17. Summary of Chapters 9 to 16 -- III. Application of Variational Methods to the Solution of Boundary Value Problems in Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations -- 18. The Friedrichs Inequality. The Poincaré Inequality -- 19. Boundary Value Problems in Ordinary Differential Equations -- 20. Problem of the Choice of a Base -- 21. Numerical Examples: Ordinary Differential Equations -- 22. Boundary Value Problems in Second Order Partial Differential Equations -- 23. The Biharmonic Operator. (Equations of Plates and Wall-beams.) -- 24. Operators of the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity -- 25. The Choice of a Base for Boundary Value Problems in Partial Differential Equations -- 26. Numerical Examples: Partial Differential Equations -- 27. Summary of Chapters 18 to 26 -- IV. Theory of Boundary Value Problems in Differential Equations Based on the Concept of a Weak Solution and on the Lax-Milgram Theorem -- 28. The Lebesgue Integral. Domains with the Lipschitz Boundary -- 29. The Space W2(k)(G) -- 30. Traces of Functions from the Space W2(k)(G). The Space W?2(k)(G). The Generalized Friedrichs and Poincaré Inequalities -- 31. Elliptic Differential Operators of Order 2k. Weak Solutions of Elliptic Equations -- 32. The Formulation of Boundary Value Problems -- 33. Existence of the Weak Solution of a Boundary Value Problem. V-ellipticity. The Lax-Milgram Theorem -- 34. Application of Direct Variational Methods to the Construction of an Approximation of the Weak Solution -- 35. The Neumann Problem for Equations of Order 2k (the Case when the Form ((v, u)) is not V-elliptic) -- 36. Summary and Some Comments to Chapters 28 to 35 -- V. The Eigenvalue Problem -- 37. Introduction -- 38. Completely Continuous Operators -- 39. The Eigenvalue Problem for Differential Operators -- 40. The Ritz Method in the Eigenvalue Problem -- 41. Numerical Examples -- VI. Some Special Methods. Regularity of the Weak solution -- 42. The Finite Element Method -- 43. The Method of Least Squares on the Boundary for the Biharmonic Equation (for the Problem of Wall-beams). The Trefftz Method of the Solution of the Dirichlet Problem for the Laplace Equation -- 44. The Method of Orthogonal Projections -- 45. Application of the Ritz Method to the Solution of Parabolic Boundary Value Problems -- 46. Regularity of the Weak Solution, Fulfilment of the Given Equation and of the Boundary Conditions in the Classical Sense. Existence of the Function w ? W2(k)(G) satisfying the Given Boundary Conditions -- 47. Concluding Remarks, Perspectives of the Presented Theory -- Table for the Construction of Most Current Functionals and of Systems of Ritz Equations -- References.

The aim of the publication is to clarify the role and meaning of the functions of general theoretical science. In the process of achieving this aim, it has been applied a system of philosophical approaches to knowledge, principles, general scientific and special scientific research methods. It has been noted that changes in the functional purpose of the theory are due to changes in the perception of the subject field of the theory and the dependence of the cognitive process on the system of subjective and objective factors. It has been singled out such as the level of development of society; features of social consciousness, culture and ideology; openness of the social system for democratic institutions; the need for the study of fundamental state and legal categories, substantiation of their role in ensuring social processes and ways of their improvement. An important factor in rethinking the functional purpose of legal theory is changes of the methodological basis of knowledge of state and legal phenomena, which consist in increasing the role of philosophical approaches, introducing a system of principles of knowledge, expanding the spectrum of general scientific methods and special scientific techniques. It is they that significantly increase the role of theory in the knowledge of scientific, cognitive and educational aspects of the state and law as important institutions of social reality. The above-mentioned changes of the subject and methodological nature cause changes in the functional purpose of general theoretical science, which consist in changing the paradigm of the functions of the theory, their orientation towards clarifying the social purpose of state and legal categories, increasing the significance of the methodological function of the theory and its role as a means of forming professional knowledge. The article summarizes the existing approaches to understanding the functions of the theory, highlights the practical and applied, systemic, cognitive, essential, activity, scientific and theoretical aspects of their perception. The own vision of the category "functions of the theory of law" has been substantiated and its main features have been singled out. Educational, scientific, fundamental, social, political, legal character, ensuring the independence of the theory and achieving the aim and the tasks of this fundamental science are among them. The meaningful direction of such general functions of the theory of law as heuristic, ontological, prognostic, political, ideological and axiological has been determined. Peculiarities of special functions of the theory have been studied. As such, methodological, communicative, educational, system and creating, epistemological and practical-applied have been defined. As a result of the study, it has been made some conclusions about the changing dynamic nature of the functions of the theory, which is due to the system of objective and subjective factors, as well as changes in the subject and methodological field of scientific knowledge. Changes in the functional purpose of the general theory of law are associated with increasing the social role of state and legal categories, overcoming monism in the perception of functions and ensuring the pluralism of the influence of the theory on knowledge of the state and law.

1 Theory of Parallel Programming. I. Survey of Practical Aspects -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Parallel Programming Languages and Methods -- 3. Scheduling Problems for Parallel Programs -- 4. Automatic Construction of Parallel Programs -- 2 Theory of Parallel Programming. II. Survey of Formal Models -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Memory -- 3. The Operator and Database -- 4. Computational Processes -- 5. The Metamodel -- 6. The Control -- 7. Equivalence of Computational Processes -- 8. Determinacy of Metasystems -- 9. Equivalence of Metasystems -- 10. Asynchronism -- 11. Programs and Systems -- 12. Conclusions -- 3 Data Structure Models in Information System Design -- 1. Data Morphology -- 2. Data Structure Models for Simple Information Retrieval -- 3. Data Structures for Information Systems of Flexible Use -- 4. Conclusions -- 4 The Mathematical Theory of L Systems -- 0. Introduction -- 2. Squeezing Languages out of L Systems -- 3. Fitting Classes of L Languages into Known Formal Language Theoretic Framework -- 4. Other Characterizations of Classes of L Languages within the Framework of Formal Language Theory -- 5. Structural Constraints on L Systems -- 6. Squeezing Sequences out of L Systems -- 7. Growth Functions -- 8. Decision Problems -- 9. Global Versus Local Behavior of L Systems -- 10. Deterministic Versus Nondeterministic Behavior of L Systems -- 11. L Transformations -- 12. Getting Down to Properties of Single L Languages or Sequences -- 13. Generalizing L System Ideas: Toward a Uniform Framework -- 14. Some Proof Techniques -- 15. Conclusions.

1. Kapitel. Naturwissenschaft und Erfahrung -- 2. Kapitel. Die Mitwirkenden -- 3. Kapitel. Das Ende der Welt -- 4. Kapitel. Der Niedergang des Determinismus -- 5. Kapitel. Indeterminismus und Quantentheorie -- 6. Kapitel. Wahrscheinlichkeit -- 7. Kapitel. Der Bau der Sterne -- 8. Kapitel. Inneratomare Energie -- 9. Kapitel. Kosmische Wolken und Nebel -- 10. Kapitel. Die Expansion des Weltalls -- 11. Kapitel. Die Naturkonstanten -- 12. Kapitel. Die Gruppentheorie -- 13. Kapitel. Kritiken und Kontroversen -- 14. Kapitel. Ausklang.

7: Impact -- United States Department of Agriculture Implements Scientific and Technical Information Policy by Management Action -- Gray Box, Black Box, Gold Box: A Recipe for Blending Man, Machine and Society -- Economics and Information Science -- Research, Integrity and Privacy—Notes on a Conceptual Complex -- Impacts of Information and Communication Systems in Developing Countries -- Humanizing Information Systems—The Designer's Responsibility -- Measures and Models to Assess the Impact of Information on Complex Problem Solving -- Possible Technical and Social Impacts of Personal Computing -- Some Problems in Information Policy -- 8: Resources -- The Changing Structure of the Knowledge-Producing Labor Force -- Information Science, A New Discipline. -- A "Social" Approach to Social Science Information -- Staffing for the Implementation of an Integrated Computer-Assisted Human Resource Planning System -- Toward a Paradigm for Education in Information Science -- The Development of Management Information Systems Programs in Schools of Business -- The Emerging Information Manager Professional -- V -- 9: Synopsis of Other Perspectives A. Knowledgment Management -- What Do We Know About the Scientific/Technical Information System -- National Systems Analysis of Scientific and Technical Communication -- B. Design -- Database Management and Information Systems -- The Applicability of Existing Measures of Effectiveness to Operational Information Systems -- Systems Design as Applied to Information Systems: Opportunities and Limitations -- The Need for Graphical Displays to Effectively Use Large Numerical Data Bases for Decision Making and Problem Solving -- C. Cognitive Processes Language -- Information System: Concepts and Constructs -- The Basic Notions of Semantics and the Possibility of Quantifying Over Meanings -- D. Social Issues -- Research, Integrity and Privacy: Some notes on a Conceptual Complex -- Systems Specifying Information Systems for Coping with Social Complexity -- The Information Economy: Implications for Education -- The Commercial Information Capability in the United States: Manufacturers, Distributors, Retailers and the Technologies -- E. Resources -- Required Resources to Support Information Science -- Technical Segment Addressed: Manpower -- VI -- Working Group Reports -- System Design -- Applications -- Impacts -- Resources -- List of Participants -- Author Index.

Paper 1. Food and Health from Conception to Extreme Old Age -- Paper 2. The Control and Standardisation of National Food Quality -- Paper 3. The Validity of the Concept of Health Foods -- Paper 4. Healthy Eating -- Paper 5. Education and Responsibility of Modern Food Technologists -- Paper 6. Consumer Health Considerations in EEC Legislation -- Paper 7. The Microbiological Control of Salmonellae in Processed Foods -- Paper 8. The Occurrence and Control of Clostridium botulinum in Foods -- Paper 9. Mycotoxins in Foods -- Paper 10. Assessment and Control of Microbiological Health Risks Presented by Foods -- Paper 11. Biochemical Aspects of Food Safety -- Paper 12. Food Additives: Industrial Uses, Value and Safety -- Paper 13. Acceptable Limits for Pesticides in Foods: The FAO/WHO Approach -- Paper 14. The Role of Food Processing in Decreasing Pesticide Contamination of Foods -- Paper 15. Trends and Perspectives in Food Contaminants -- Paper 16. Use of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Culture Systems for Examining Biological Activity of Food Constituents 251 -- Paper 17. Erucic Acid -- Paper 18. Detoxification of Foods in Food Processing -- Paper 19. Performance of Process Plant in Relation to Food Quality and Safety -- Paper 20. The Processing of Food Using Ionising Radiation; Present Status -- Paper 21. Technological and Health Considerations of Modern Food Packaging -- Paper 22. Interaction of Food Components During Processing -- Paper 23. Methodology to Detect Nutritional Damage During Thermal Food Processing -- Paper 24. Are We Adequately Fed? -- Paper 25. Optimisation of Food Nutrient Composition -- Paper 26. Some Aspects of Dietary Fibre Metabolism in the Human Gut -- Paper 27. Obesity and Anorexia -- Paper 28. Infant Nutrition -- Paper 29. Protein Deficiency and the Brain -- Paper 30. Food and the Brain -- Paper 31. Lead and Brain Function.

Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- 1 Introduction: When Science Meets the Public-Bridging the Gap -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Content of This Book -- References -- The Big Picture: Communicating Science to Win the Hearts and Minds -- 2 Responsibilities of Science, Responsive to Society: A New Dialogue -- Abstract -- Responses of Science Communication Experts -- References -- The Indian Landscape of Communicating Science and Technology -- 3 India's Maiden Mission to Mars: Many Firsts and Some Missed Opportunities in ISRO's Efforts at Public Outreach and Communications -- Abstract -- More on Mangalyaan and Its Context -- Further Reading -- 4 Challenges in Communicating about Defence Research: Insight into Defence Research and Development Organisation's Media Strategy -- Abstract -- DRDO: Genesis and Journey to Success -- Distorted Image and Visibility in Public Domain -- The NCAER Study -- DRDO's Image: The Gaps in Perception -- Communication Strategy -- Communicating through Media: Challenges and Opportunities -- Case Study 1: MBT Arjun-Image Transformation -- Case Study 2: Vibrant Coverage and Global Message -- Impact on Organisation and Its Performance -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Communicating Issues Related to Land and Natural Resources -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Diversion of Public Lands in Challakere -- Tata Nano Project in West Bengal -- The Odisha Mining Case -- What Do the Case Studies Reveal? -- How to Ensure Transparency and Adequate Flow of Information? -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 The Art and Science of Communicating Risks of Natural Hazards -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Risk Communication -- Purposes of Risk Communication -- Principles of Risk Communication -- Key Elements of Risk Communication -- Stakeholders -- Communication -- Message