Suchergebnisse

Department Head: Michael J. Manfredo. ; 2008 Summer. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Community managed water systems are some of the oldest forms of social organization, however, due to a number of postcolonial issues, such as dynamic political change, rapid population growth, environmental degradation, climate change, misguided development policies, and the shift from agrarian economies to market economies, these systems are in jeopardy of losing their resilience and effectiveness. These issues cause development practitioners to ask two questions: (1) what are the circumstances that contribute to the sustainability of rural water supply systems; and (2) what are the best ways to support rural communities in meeting their water supply needs? These two questions are explored by summarizing the major theoretical concepts and methodological practices of rural water supply development, and examining a case study of an ongoing water supply project in La Laguneta, El Salvador. The investigation of the theoretical underpinnings of current development thought and practice, and the application of those concepts during the preliminary phases of the project in El Salvador are then combined into a framework for assessing system effectiveness and sustainability: the Water Project Assessment Framework (WPF). The results of this research indicate that there are four major topic areas that contribute to water system sustainability and effectiveness, including the physical environment, the financial conditions, the socio-political context of the country and community, and a community's ability to access some form of outside development assistance, be it private, public, or non-governmental. Furthermore, this research found that participatory methods, when used during the assessment phase of a water supply project, support better information collection and communication, ultimately leading to more effective and sustainable water supply systems.

This is a conference paper. ; The study discusses the experience of a village in the semi arid area of Gujarat, India, where inadequate water supply was an impediment in the implementation of sanitation programme. The village had a total population of 7050 people. The undulating topography was affecting access to water supply to about 211 households counting to 45 per cent of 466 households falling under the low socio-economic segment. Though these households were falling under the Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)1 benefeciaries, they did not go for sanitary latrine construction due to non availability and accessibility of water supply. With the catalytic inputs from the project partners and active collaboration of government agencies the construction of a supplementary water tank with standpost cum washing platforms assured water supply making sanitation interventions easy for the underprivileged segments.

Sri Lanka's water supply and sanitation sector is overviewed. The project seeks to improve water supply and sanitation services, public health and sector management by rehabilitating and augmenting water supply, sewerage, sanitation and drainage systems in the Amparai, Anuradhapura and Colombo areas, while strengthening the National Water Supply and Drainage Board's financial management, and enhancing its operations and maintenance capacity. Project costs and financing. ICB procurement: civil works, material and equipment. Statistics, 1983-2005. (Econom. Voorlichtingsdienst)

Development and management of an improved water supply system is a great challenge faced by most developing nations. With rapid population growth and urbanization most, states in Nigeria find it difficult to deliver potable water to a substantial number of people who are in dire need for this resource, especially in the Urban areas. In this study, we attempt to relate public water supply to population density in Kebbi State. An inventory of water supply facilities was taken in 21 Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Kebbi State. Census data was collected from the National Population Commission (NPC), Birnin-kebbi. Results showed that, population density correlates very strongly and positively with handpumps (r=0.95), urban schemes (r=0.88), semi-urban schemes (r=0.69) and village scheme (r=0.74). There was a very weak but positive correlation between population density and boreholes (r=<0.001); population density and tabs (r=<0.001). PCA results showed, that the 21 LGAs cluster nicely across a spectrum of public water supply infrastructure. The ratio of persons to water sources is thus: Borehole 1:12794.1; Handpumps 1:7640.2; Taps 1:2821.8; Urban scheme 1:233799.6; Semi-urban scheme 1:63739.7; and Village scheme 1:67245.9. Suggesting that, the existing public water supply facilities are inadequate. More water supply infrastructure is needed to provide people with improved water supply. However, there are no statistics on private boreholes and people depending on them in Kebbi State. An inventory of private water supply sources in Kebbi State is recommended. This will guide policy regarding improved water supply in Kebbi State. Article visualizations:

A review of the progress made in developing countries toward provision of clean water & adequate sanitation in cities & rural areas since 1970, with focus on the International Water Supply & Sanitation Decade, 1981-1990. Only indicative estimates are presented due to variation in data sources & wide differences in populations. Given the uncertainty regarding these & other factors, a systematic flexible approach for analysis & decision making concerning water issues is proposed. The key elements of the Integrated Water Resources Planning (IWRP) framework are economic evaluation of water projects & programs, optimization of water supply systems, water environmental & demand analysis, & policy instruments for water management. Effectiveness of IWRP is dependent on national objectives & a feasible financing plan, engineering & technical standards, an institutional framework for water supply, & proper maintenance & follow up in the field. Typical characteristics of institutional frameworks are illustrated, utilizing the examples of Cyprus, Egypt, Ghana, Haiti, Uruguay, Yemen, & Zaire, whose problems of finance, government interference, & lack of technical staff show that strategies for water supply & sanitation must be planned according to sound economic & environmental principles. 6 Tables, 1 Figure, 28 References. Adapted from the source document.

Water, being the basic requirement of life, is important to
all living organism, human health and food production. A positive
correlation between economic growth and rate of water utilisation has
also been observed in a growth model with water as a productive input
for private producers [Barbier (2004)]. In addition, high per-capita
consumption (PCC) of water is regarded as an indicator of the level of
economic development where per-capita water consumption is defined as
the average of water consumed by a person in a day. The declining
availability of water supply, mainly due to global climate change, is
one of the important issues faced by many developing countries at the
present time. It is estimated that nearly two third of nations across
the globe will experience water stress by 2025.1 Thus, the safety and
availability of clean water is an on-going concern within the global
village

Etwa die Hälfte der ländlichen Bevölkerung des Mekong-Deltas hat nicht das ganze Jahr über Zugang zu sauberem Wasser. Zusammen mit unzureichender Hygiene und mangelnder sanitärer Grundversorgung erhöht diese Situation das Krankheitsrisiko. Auf globaler Ebene sind Mikrokreditprogramme eine gefragte Strategie, um diese Probleme zu behandeln. Der vorliegende Artikel analysiert die widersprüchlichen Ergebnisse eines solchen Mikrokreditprogramms für ländliche Wasser- und sanitäre Grundversorgung im Mekong-Delta in Vietnam im Rahmen einer qualitativen Studie, die auf halbstrukturierten Interviews im Raum Can Tho City basiert. Die Studie kommt zu dem Schluss, dass das Programm eine positive Wirkung in Bezug auf die sichere Entsorgung von Fäkalien und die Qualität des Regenwassers hat, jedoch nur einen begrenzten Beitrag zur Armutsbekämpfung leisten kann, da hauptsächlich finanziell besser gestellte Haushalte erreicht werden, die bereits Zugang zu sauberem Wasser haben. Der Artikel zeigt, dass die Wirkung von ländlicher Wasser- und sanitärer Grundversorgung maßgeblich von lokalen ökologischen, technologischen und sozialen Verhältnissen beeinflusst wird, allen voran von den unterschiedlichen Interessensgruppen. Die AutorInnen stellen die Annahme in Frage, dass Wasser- und sanitäre Grundversorgung unter allen Umständen in die gleiche politische Strategie integriert sein sollten. ; Around half of the Mekong Delta's rural population lacks year-round access to clean water. In combination with inadequate hygiene and poor sanitation this creates a high risk of diseases. Microcredit schemes are a popular element in addressing such problems on the global policy level. The present paper analyses the contradictory results of such a microcredit programme for rural water supply and sanitation in the context of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, through a qualitative study primarily based on semi-structured interviews in rural communes of Can Tho City. We come to the conclusion that the programme has a positive effect regarding the safer disposal of human excreta as well as surface water quality, but a marginal impact on poverty reduction as it only reaches better-off households already having access to clean water. The paper shows how the outcome of rural water supply and sanitation policies are strongly influenced by the local ecological, technological, and social settings, in particular by stakeholders' interests. The authors challenge the assumption that water supply and sanitation should be integrated into the same policy in all circumstances. ; Peer-Reviewed ; Peer-Reviewed

Water, as a resource, is integral to human activities of all kinds. The water sector, as a society's means of ensuring individuals have sufficient water is fundamental to recovery and development. While designing and implementing water supply operations in any societal context is a complicated endeavor, doing so in contexts affected by conflict, fragility and violence is inherently associated with compounded challenges. The objective of this study is to summarize operational lessons from task teams to inform effective water supply and access operations in conflict-affected and fragile situations. This paper defines common operational challenges and describes actions that task teams have taken in Bank projects in order to address those challenges. Further, the paper explores ways to ensure that water supply projects in fragile and conflict-affected situations (FCS) contexts, in addition to achieving technical objectives, can also address perpetual causes of conflict and fragility. The risks of escalating violence and decreasing stability are exacerbated in situations where access to water resources and services is poor, constrained, inequitable, and unsustainable. This knowledge product summarizes lessons from World Bank task teams that have prepared and implemented water supply projects in locations affected by conflict, fragility and violence. The findings intend to support operational problem-solving during water operations that are conducted in these situations. The study engaged task team members and surveyed project documentation, consolidating data on contextual and operational challenges and responsive methods that staff recommend. The findings of this study show that clear priorities in process and organizational capacity, with a focus on access, are needed to ensure that water supply operations in FCS contexts are conflict-sensitive.

Development and management of an improved water supply system is a great challenge faced by most developing nations. With rapid population growth and urbanization most, states in Nigeria find it difficult to deliver potable water to a substantial number of people who are in dire need for this resource, especially in the Urban areas. In this study, we attempt to relate public water supply to population density in Kebbi State. An inventory of water supply facilities was taken in 21 Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Kebbi State. Census data was collected from the National Population Commission (NPC), Birnin-kebbi. Results showed that, population density correlates very strongly and positively with handpumps (r=0.95), urban schemes (r=0.88), semi-urban schemes (r=0.69) and village scheme (r=0.74). There was a very weak but positive correlation between population density and boreholes (r=<0.001); population density and tabs (r=<0.001). PCA results showed, that the 21 LGAs cluster nicely across a spectrum of public water supply infrastructure. The ratio of persons to water sources is thus: Borehole 1:12794.1; Handpumps 1:7640.2; Taps 1:2821.8; Urban scheme 1:233799.6; Semi-urban scheme 1:63739.7; and Village scheme 1:67245.9. Suggesting that, the existing public water supply facilities are inadequate. More water supply infrastructure is needed to provide people with improved water supply. However, there are no statistics on private boreholes and people depending on them in Kebbi State. An inventory of private water supply sources in Kebbi State is recommended. This will guide policy regarding improved water supply in Kebbi State.