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This paper comprehensively examines how school leaders in Kazakhstan managed schools during the COVID-19 school closures. An online survey was conducted with 1,298 school leaders, representing 17.5% of all Kazakhstani schools. Anchored in the concept of crisis leadership, the instrument measured school leaders' views regarding teachers' digital competence, their support toward teachers in digital pedagogy, as well as their practices in communicating with parents and teacher autonomy and monitoring. The results of bivariate tests indicate that a significant proportion of schools offered teachers online professional development opportunities to improve their digital instruction, with school location and size influencing the level of training in digital pedagogy received by teachers. Notably, school leaders' confidence in their teachers' ability to teach effectively online increased significantly after receiving training in digital pedagogy. School leaders also maintained regular communication with parents, but this increased their workload, particularly for women and urban school leaders. Most school leaders allowed teachers to choose online platforms and revise curriculum content, while also monitoring teachers' attendance and observing online lessons. These practices varied based on the school's medium of instruction. This study significantly contributes to crisis leadership by examining practices during school closures in addressing teachers' digital competence, communication challenges, and teacher autonomy, with insights on variations by school type, location, and leaders' gender. The study's findings have significant implications for post-pandemic school leadership, emphasizing equity in professional development opportunities for teachers, effective communication with stakeholders, and striking the right balance between teacher autonomy and monitoring.

The future of refugees in different countries is uncertain. They need support to provide hope for a successful future. Young refugees have their perspectives on the reflection of their personal experiences, needs, accessibility to services, and relevant opportunities. It is a common observation that most of the refugees remain silent regarding their experiences, feelings, and wishes during the journey of arrival in a new country. Nowadays, the voices of young refugees have been penned downed in literature; heard by practitioners, and by those who are involved in policymaking. For the current study, the objectives were to explore the experiences faced by Afghan refugees during their journey for higher education in Pakistan. This was a qualitative study and interview protocol was adopted as a tool for the collection of data. Data was collected through interviews with refugees' students by the researcher. 20 students were selected through purposive sampling technique from four higher education institutions of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa in which 17 students were interviewed. Thematic analysis was done, and themes were generated from interviews. Through this study, it was recommended that the implementation of educational policies for refugees may be checked by the higher authorities so that young refugees may be facilitated in the journey of higher education.

Purpose: The purpose of this research study is to comparatively study George Orwell's Animal Farm (1945) and Pakistani political scenario. The study attempts to find similarities between the two from various aspects such as economy, freedom of speech, leadership, etc., and their effect on the masses. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study is mainly qualitative as the evidence is gathered from the novella Animal Farm and the public speeches, interviews, and from the social media handles of leading politicians. Critical Discourse Model (CDA), developed by Van Dijk (2001), is employed for the analysis and discussion. The selected texts were then contextualized for comparative analysis. Findings: The textual evidence collected from the novella Animal Farm and the speeches, interviews, and social media posts from the political leaders reveal that there are certain common elements in both parties. The common elements include censorship on freedom of expression, lack of deliverance on the part of leadership, worsening economy, etc. Implications/Originality/Value: This research study is significant in the sense it is applicable on various levels such as leadership and its role in shaping the fate of society, the importance of freedom of speech as it paves the way for discussion for a better future of a nation. It also discusses the reason for the failure of economy. Furthermore, it is applicable to prevail justice and equality in society in all forms. This study aimed at discussing the common elements between Animal Farm and Pakistani politics. This is, to the best of my knowledge, perhaps, the first attempt in this regard. It is beneficial for readers in the sense that it provides them to relate the fictional world of Animal Farm to the real happenings in society and its impact on members of the society. Furthermore, it is suggestive in the sense that it provides a solution/alternative for the politicians and stakeholders of the state.

This study examined the operational management strategies for promoting the quality of education at the secondary level in Punjab Province. The secondary school heads, teachers and students were subjects of the study. It used three questionnaires developed for them respectively. The findings suggest that the head teacher perceived his role as an operation manager. These role dimensions indicate that the head teacher acts as an educational manager by using operational management strategies deliver professional support to teachers by; solving the school-based problems of their teachers, promoting a culture of discipline in the school, conducting a performance evaluation of school staff and checking lesson plans regularly, consulting teachers in academic decisions, holding periodic meetings of teachers regarding coverage of syllabus and maintaining conducive to the working environment in their schools.

In this study we examine how different variables impact sales promotions that ultimately influence purchase intentions of customer. The main purpose of this study is to examine how attitude towards discount affects sales promotional activities to influence customers' purchase intention along with the impact of customer loyalty and in store displays on them. To collect information, the survey method was conducted through questionnaires to take response from the customers of Stylo shoes in Bahawalpur. For this purpose, a sample of 164 customers was selected through the simple random sampling technique and then the data was entered in SPSS software for descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. The results of the study indicate that there is no relationship between customer loyalty and sales promotion whereas attitude towards discount has a positive relation with sales promotion. Likewise, sales promotion, customer loyalty and in-store display has a significant relationship with purchase intention. The results of this study will assist retailers to select the best promotional tool that will influence purchase intentions of customer. These plans help businessmen and marketers to gain competitive advantage over their competitors and enable the businesses to earn maximum profit.

In the current economic and political scenario of Pakistan where new projects of Electrical generation seems impossible, one should adopt such means so as to minimize the power consumption via load management. In this paper a relatively better Electrical power system is proposed for University of Gujrat (UOG) power system. UOG runs its all generators whether it is full load or merely a load of 20 percent as a standby power. It is suggested that if generators system is synchronized and connected in parallel, it can not only minimize the cost, number of personnel required but also increase the reliability of the system. ETAP software is used for simulation and results show that by adopting this method generation cost can be reduced up to 30 percent which is indeed a huge figure. Losses and cable parameters were calculated using this software and found this proposal quite feasible.

Background: eHealth is widely used as a tool for improving health care delivery and information. However, distinct policies and strategies are required for its proper implementation and integration at national and international levels. Objective: To determine the scope of policy issues faced by individuals, institutions, or governments in implementing eHealth programs. Methods: We conducted a structured review of both peer-reviewed and gray literature from 1998–2008. A Medline search for peer-reviewed articles found 40 papers focusing on different aspects of eHealth policy. In addition, a Google search found 20 national- and international-level policy papers and documents. We reviewed these articles to extract policy issues and solutions described at different levels of care. Results: The literature search found 99 policy issues related to eHealth. We grouped these issues under the following themes: (1) networked care, (2) interjurisdictional practice, (3) diffusion of eHealth/digital divide, (4) eHealth integration with existing systems, (5) response to new initiatives, (6) goal-setting for eHealth policy, (7) evaluation and research, (8) investment, and (9) ethics in eHealth. Conclusions: We provide a list of policy issues that should be understood and addressed by policy makers at global, jurisdictional, and institutional levels, to facilitate smooth and reliable planning of eHealth programs.

This thesis traces the diachronic evolution of national images in the visual narratives of Time Magazine (hereafter Time) over the course of three decades (1981-2010). In doing so, it departs from two key trends in relevant existing research: the tendency to study visuals within a synchronic context, and national images within textual news coverage only. With the help of a triangulated methodology that draws on both quantitative and qualitative techniques -- content, semiotic and narrative analysis -- this study investigates the visual treatment of two geo-politically significant countries, Iran and Pakistan. The interpretive potential of the findings is examined through a syncretic theoretical lens, which brings together semiotic and discursive approaches, and draws on the work of Theo van Leeuwen, Michel Foucault, Homi Bhabha, and Judith Butler. Where relevant, historical contextualization is employed, and visual analyses are interpreted using their notions of power, identity, and representation.The findings of this thesis are broadly organized with the help of three semiotic metafunctions: representation, interaction, and composition. This research inventorizes and tracks iterative patterns of semiotic cues employed to illustrate these metafunctions across time and various demographic groups. The study finds that representational cues are central to the manner in which the story of the two countries is structured; politics and political roles dominate the narrative for both. On the whole, Iran's narrative moves away from images of conflict, while Pakistan's story moves towards images of conflict. In terms of individual depictions, certain representational cues, such as activity type, are instrumental in the process of `othering' or stereotyping certain demographic groups. Interactive cues, on the other hand, are employed to connect with and prioritize certain actors. In terms of composition, the language of photography and page design changes across Time over the years; dynamic, axial photographic configurations become more common, color assumes the role of the dominant modality, text is used in increasingly visual ways, and visuals come to dominate over text. This thesis also proposes an original system for analyzing contextual cohesion, Compositional Narrative Devices (CND), which inter-relates the representational and compositional metafunctions.

Books reviewed in this article: Adele E. Clarke, Disciplining Reproduction: Modernity, American Life Sciences, and "the Problems of Sex" Delia Davin, Internal Migration in Contemporary China Anton Kuijsten, Henk de Gans, and Henk de Feijter (eds.) The Joy of Demography… and Other Disciplines: Essays in Honour of Dirk van de Kaa William Petersen, Malthus: Founder of Modern Demography Eric B. Ross, The Malthus Factor: Population, Poverty and Politics in Capitalist Development Nicholas Van Hear, New Diasporas: The Mass Exodus, Dispersal and Regrouping of Migrant Communities Thomas M. Wilson and Hastings Donnan (eds.), Border Identities: Nation and State at International Frontiers